Slovenian Entomological Society, download unter LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 1994 VOL. 2: 13-17

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Slovenian Entomological Society, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at - k. LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 1994 VOL. 2: 13-17 DIM ORPH OCORIS SA U L II WAGNER, 1965 RELIKT M EDITERANSK IH POLPUŠČAV V SLOVENIJI (HETEROPTERA: m i r i d a e ; DIMORPHOCORIS SA ULII WAGNER, 1965 A MEDITERRANEAN SEMI-DESERT RELIC IN SLOVENIA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) Andrej GOGALA Ljubljana Abstract The genus Dimorphocoris is represented in Slovenia by two species. D. schmidti (Fieber, 1858), found in Kamniško-Savinjske Alps, is an Eastern Alpine species, with the closest relatives in the Western Alps. D. saulii Wagner, 1965, on the other hand, is an endemic species, bound to the ridge of Vremščica in the Karst. It is most closely related to the semi-desert species of Northern Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean. Izvleček Rod Dimorphocoris je v Sloveniji zastopan z dvema vrstama. D. schmidti (Fieber, 1858), najden v Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpah, je vzhodnoalpska vrsta z najbližjimi sorodniki v Zahodnih Alpah. D. saulii Wagner, 1965, pa je endemična vrsta, omejena na greben Vremščice na Krasu. Njeni najbližji sorodniki so polpuščavske vrste iz severne Afrike in vzhodnega Sredozemlja. Stenice iz rodu Dimorphocoris Reuter, 1891, so razširjene v širšem območju Mediterana, le redke vrste živijo zunaj njega. Značilen za večino vrst je izrazit spolni dimorfizem. Samci so krilati, samice pa imajo krila reducirana in ne morejo leteti. Ta značilnost je rodu dala ime. Pri nekaj vrstah pa sta nekrilata oba spola. Naj bodo samci krilati ali ne, nekrilatost samic močno zmanjšuje mobilnost vseh vrst tega rodu. Zato imajo mnoge vrste zelo majhno območje razširjenosti (Wagner, 1965a, 1973). Hranilne rastline stenic iz rodu Dimorphocoris so različne trave. Vrste so zato razširjene le na območjih travnatih ekosistemov, v gozdovih jih ni. Gozdovi tako omejujejo posamezne vrste na njihova območja razširjenosti, ki so lahko zelo majhna. Mnoge vrste 13

Slovenian Entomological Society, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Acta entomologica slovenica, vol. 2 (1994) živijo nad gozdno mejo v gorah mediteranskega območja. Druge naseljujejo travnate površine ob peščeni morski obali. Te so veliko bolj razširjene, najdemo jih v cirkummediteranskem obalnem pasu od Španije do Grčije. Tretja skupina vrst naseljuje polpuščave severne Afrike in vzhodnega Sredozemlja (Wagner, 1965a, 1973). V Sloveniji živita dve vrsti tega rodu. Dimorphocoris schmidti (Fieber, 1858) je vzhodnoalpska vrsta, ki jo je opisal F. X. Fieber po primerkih, ki mu jih je poslal Ferdinand Schmidt. Po njem je Fieber vrsto tudi poimenoval. Schmidt jo je našel verjetno na Dolgi njivi pri Krvavcu v Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpah. Tam smo jo po mnogih letih spet našli (M. Gogala, 1992). Vrsta je zelo razširjena v avstrijskih Alpah, najdena pa je bila tudi na Slovaškem. Najbližje sorodnike ima v italijanskih Alpah (D. tomasii Tamanini, 1971) in v Alpah južne Francije (D. gallicus Wagner, 1965). Samci teh vrst so krilati in veliko daljši od čokatih samic, ki jim reducirana gornja krila segajo do 5. ali 6. tergita (Wagner, 1965b, 1973). Druga vrsta, ki živi v Sloveniji, je Dimorphocoris saulii Wagner, 1965. Edino najdišče te vrste je Vremščica, do 1027 m visok greben na slovenskem Krasu. Tam jo je našel Tržačan L. Sauli, po katerem je E. Wagner vrsto leta 1965 tudi poimenoval (Wagner, 1965a). Na Vremščici smo jo ponovno našli v zadnjem času in ugotovili vsaj eno vrsto trav, s katero se hrani. To je Bromus condensatus (M. Gogala, 1992). Oba spola vrste D. saulii imata močno reducirana krila, ki segajo le do tretjega tergita. Samec in samica sta čokata in približno enako velika. Ko skušamo najti najbližje sorodnike te vrste kje v bližini, se znajdemo v zadregi. Pri večini vrst so samci krilati, samice pa imajo daljša krila ali podolgovato telo. Alpske in druge visokogorske vrste zato ne moremo šteti za najbližje sorodnike naše kraške vrste. Najbližje živeča vrsta, pri kateri so tudi samci kratkokrili, je D. tristis (Fieber, 1861), ki ima cirkummediteransko razširjenost in je bila najdena tudi v Grčiji. Toda pri tej in še eni sorodni vrsti iz severne Afrike so samci precej manjši od samic, kot posebno skupino pa jih opredeljuje tudi zelo kratek tretji člen anten (Wagner, 1965b). Preostale vrste, pri katerih so samci kratkokrili, so veliko bolj podobne naši vrsti. Družijo jih mnoge skupne značilnosti, kot so kratkokrili samci, približno enaka velikost samcev in samic in zelo kratka krila, ki ne presegajo 3. tergita. To so naslednje vrste: D. marginellus (Puton, 1887) iz Maroka, D. lateralis Reuter, 1901, z otoka Krete in iz Libije, D. eckerleini Wagner, 1965, iz Libije, D. punctiger (Horvath, 1881) iz Sirije, in D. longiceps Wagner, 1968, iz Maroka (Wagner, 1973). Vse so vrste mediteranskih polpuščav, katerih ostanke lahko najdemo tudi na Balkanskem polotoku. Pred poledenitvami in v toplih vmesnih obdobjih, ko je bilo podnebje v Evropi toplejše in bolj suho, so bile polpuščave razširjene daleč v Srednjo Evropo (Matvejev, 1961). V času poledenitev je večji del njihovega območja prerasel gozd. Ostanki polpuščav so se ohranili le v refugijih, kjer različni klimatski dejavniki ne dopuščajo rasti gozdov. Danes so večja območja egejsko-anatolskih polpuščav na jugu Balkanskega polotoka in v Anatoliji, vzdolž jadranske obale pa so ohranjene le v refugijih (Matvejev, 1961). Eden izmed dejavnikov, ki preprečujejo rast gozda, je močan, hladen veter, ki pozimi piha s celine. Poleg poletne suše je morda prav močna burja kriva, da so se na Vremščici ponekod ohranile zaplate travišč, ki so omogočile ohranitev polpuščavske vrste, ki je drugod izumrla. Vremščica pripada submediteranskemu fitogeografskemu območju. Ob njenem vznožju raste submediteranski listopadni gozd. Ker je Dimorphocoris saulii vrsta, ki živi na travah in je endemit Vremščice, je na Vremščici gotovo moral obstajati dovolj velik travnati biotop, ki je 14

A. Gogala: Dimorphocoris saulii Slovenian Wagner, Entomological 1965 Society, relikt download mediteranskih unter www.biologiezentrum.at polpuščav v Sloveniji (Heteropterä: Miridae) omogočil obstanek vrste. Vremščica je najbolj zahodno znano nahajališče biotopov z elementi egejsko-anatolskih polpuščav (Matvejev et Puncer, 1989). Polpuščavske vrste zaključijo svoj razvoj pred obdobjem poletne suše, ki jo preživijo le v obliki jajčec. Na Vremščici lahko najdemo odrasle osebke junija in julija, medtem ko se ličinke verjetno razvijajo spomladi. Alpske vrste, tudi D. schmidti, nastopajo poleti, julija in avgusta. Morda živijo sorodniki naše vrste z Vremščice tudi kje južneje na Balkanu (Matvejev et Puncer, 1989), a jih ni še nihče našel. Za iskanje odgovora na to vprašanje pa žal ni ravno pravi trenutek. Summary The bugs of the Mediterranean genus Dimorphocoris Reuter, 1891 are poorly mobile because of the reduced wings in females, and sometimes also in males. They feed on grasses and are bound to sometimes very small areas of grass above the upper limit of the forest in the moutains, along the sea coast, or in semi-deserts of Northern Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean (Wagner, 1965a, 1973). Two species live in Slovenia. Dimorphocoris schmidti (Fieber, 1858) is an Eastern Alpine species, found by F. Schmidt and described by F. X. Fieber. Schmidt probably found it on Dolga Njiva near Krvavec in the Kamniško-Savinjske Alps, where it was rediscovered recently (M. Gogala, 1992). The species is broadly spread in the Austrian Alps. Its closest relatives are D. tomasii Tamanini, 1971 of the Italian Alps and D. gallicus Wagner, 1965 of the Alps in Southern France. The males of these species are winged and much longer than the stubby females with reduced wings, reaching the 5th or 6th tergum (Wagner, 1965b, 1973). Dimorphocoris saulii Wagner, 1965 has been found only on Vremščica, a ridge up to 1027 m high in the Slovenian Karst. It was found by L. Sauli from Trieste and described by E. Wagner (1965a). We rediscovered it recently and determined one of its nourishing plants: Bromus condensatus (M. Gogala, 1992). D. saulii belongs to a group of species characterized by reduced wings in both sexes, reaching only the third tergum, and approximately the same size of males and females. Other members of this species group are D. marginellus (Puton, 1887) of Morocco, D. lateralis Reuter, 1901 of the island Crete and Libya, D. eckerleini Wagner, 1965 of Libya, D. punctiger (Horvath, 1881) of Syria, and D. longiceps Wagner, 1968 of Morocco. They are all semi-desert species. D. tristis (Fieber, 1861), which has a circummediterranean distribution and was found also in Greece, cannot be included in this group, although the males of this species also have reduced wings. But in this, and in a related North African species, the males are much smaller than the females. They are also characterized by a very short third antennal segment (Wagner, 1965b). The semi-desert remains exist also in the Balkans. They spread much further in warm and arid periods before and between the glacial periods (Matvejev, 1961). During the glacial periods, they were preserved only in refuges. Elsewhere they were occupied by forests. Today, the largest areas of Aegean-Anatolian semi-deserts are in the South of the Balkan Peninsula and in Anatolia. Along the Adriatic coast, they were preserved only in refuges, where the climatic factors did not permit the growth of forests (Matvejev, 1961). One such 15

Slovenian Entomological Society, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Acta entomologica slovenica, vol. 2 (1994) factor is a strong cold wind blowing from the mainland in the winter. Besides the summer drought, it is probably the bora that caused the preservation of the grass and a semi-desert bug species on the mountain Vremščica. As far as is known, Vremščica is the westernmost locality with the elements of the Aegean-Anatolian semi-deserts (Matvejev et Puncer, 1989). Literatura Gogala, M., 1992: Zgodba o dvoličnikih Dimorphocoris. Proteus, 55: 59-61. Matvejev, S., 1961: Biogeografija Jugoslavije, osnovni principi. Biološki inst. N.R. Srbije, Posebna izdanja, 9 (Beograd, lat.). Matvejev, S., L Puncer, 1989: Karta bioma, Predeli Jugoslavije i njihova zaštita. Prirodnjački muzej, Posebna izdanja, 36: 1-76 (Beograd, lat.). Wagner, E., 1965a: Über die Gattung Dimorphocoris Reuter, 1891. Reichenbachia, 5: 135-156. Wagner, E., 1965b: Die Gattung Dimorphocoris Reuter, 1891, II. Reichenbachia, 6: 33-66. Wagner, E., 1973: Die Miridae Hahn, 1831, des Mittelmeerraumes und der Makaronesischen Inseln. Entom. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden, 39, Suppl. Naslov avtorja/author s address Andrej GOGALA Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Prešernova 20, p.p. 290 SLO-61001 Ljubljana 16

A. Gogala: Dimorphocoris saulii Slovenian Wagner, Entomological 1965 Society, relikt download mediteranskih unter www.biologiezentrum.at polpuščav v Sloveniji (Heteroptera: Miridae) Sl. 1: Vremščica z jugozahoda, izpred gradu Školj (Foto A. Gogala). Fig. 1: Vremščica from the southwest, from the castle Školj (Photograph by A. Gogala). SI. 2: Dimorphocoris saulii Wagner, levo samec, desno samica (Foto M. Gogala). Fig. 2: Dimorphocoris saulii Wagner, male on the left, female on the right (Photograph by M. Gogala). 17