Marine Biodiversity and Conservation Status of Malacca Straits Yusni Ikhwan Siregar Department of Marine Science, University of Riau, INDONESIA June 9th-12th, 2015 With support and collaboration with
Presentation overview 1) The INTRO World Major Environmental Problems 2) Threats to Riau, Malacca Straits, Marine Ecosystem Conservation 3) Properties and Value of Biodiversity
The INTRO
The World s Environmental Challanges
Reason 1: World s Population Explosion
Unequal World s population Distribution
Reason 2: The Rise of Anthropocentrism & Liberalism
Presentation overview 1) The INTRO World Major Environmental Problems 2) Threats to Riau (Malacca Straits) Marine Ecosystem Conservation 3) Use of biodiversity measurements Conservation International s Hotspots
Threats to Riau (Malacca Straits) Marine Ecosystem Land-base Pollution Sea-base Pollution Explosive Fishing Cyanid Fishing Inshore Mining (Oil, LNG, Sand, Tin) Over Exploitation (fishing, logging)
MARITIME TRANSPORTATION FOR CRUDE OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS JAPAN Malacca strait Jakarta Bay Segara Anakan (Source: Tropical Coasts, 2000)
INDONESIA AT GLANCE Riau, Malacca Strait
Marine Ecosystem Threats (Stressor) Satelite Wisata Bahari Fishing CAGE CULTURE Transportasi Wave energy Oil Refinary Industry River Navigation Offshore Mining Deep sea Mining
Presentation overview 1) The INTRO World Major Environmental Problems 2) Threats to Riau (Malacca Straits) Marine Ecosystem 3) Biodiversity measurements Conservation International s Hotspots
Properties and Value of Biodiversity
Value of Biodiversity
Properties and Value of Biodiversity
Biodiversity Hotspots
Indonesia At Glance RIAU
Indonesia at Glance Largest archipelagic country Stretching across 3 time zones 86,700 km 2 coral reef (18% of world coral reef) 24,300 km2 mangrove area 235 milion of population
Twelve Indonesian Marine Eco-region
Characteristics of Indonesian Sea INDONESIAN SEA the Highest Marine Mega- Biodiversity in the world, 8.500 fish sp, 555 sp sea grass and950 associated spreef fauna Three techtonic plate (Eurasia; Indo-Australia and Pasific), meet Indonesia, thus active vulcanoes and earthquake) Major sea current of Pasifi Ocean pass through Indonesia to Indian Ocean 25
Marine Biodiversity of Riau Marine Coast (Malacca Straits) Coral Reef
CORAL REEF CONSERVATION IN RIAU, INODESIA
Proposed Marine and Coastal Conservation in Riau
Marine and Coastal Conservation
CORAL REEF
FREENGING REEF 1-2 km 30 40 M
Marine Protected Area In Batam, Riau (Malacca Straits)
Zonation Plan MMA of Natuna 107 50'40" 108 16'00" 108 41'20" PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN NATUNA DINAS KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN UNIT PELA KSA NA REH ABILITAS I DAN PENG ELOLAAN TERUMBU KARA NG/ COREM AP Kawasan I PETA ZONA PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN KONSERVASI LAUT DAERAH 4 16'00" Daerah Taman Nasional Perairan dan Suaka Perikanan 0 2 4 6 8 Km SKALA 1 : 50.000 Daerah Taman Rekreasi dan Wisata Selam Kawasan II LEGENDA : Kawasan I Kawasan II Kawasan III Kawasan IV Bakau / Mangrove Daratan Dataran Lumpur / Mud Flat Pa sir / Sandba r Rataan Terumbu / Reef Flat CATATAN HASIL SURVEI : Daerah Perlindungan Hutan Bakau dan Perikanan Berkelanjutan 3 50'40" Kawasan III Kawasan IV SUMBER : 1. Data Citra Landsat 7ETM tahun 2003 2. Peta Rupa Bumi (BAKOSURTANAL) 3. Data Survei (Tahun 2004-2006) Daerah Perlindungan Terumbu Karang dan Pengembangan Ekowisata layout b y : F er ry Elw ind UNIVERSITAS RIAU BADAN PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN LINGKUNGAN LAUT DAN PESISIR (BPPL2P) FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN 107 50'40" 108 16'00" 108 41'20" 3 50'40" 4 16'00"
MARINE PROTECTED AREA DPL CORE ZONE BUFFER ZONE
The objectives of MPA in Riau
ZONATION PLAN OF MPA
REEF TRANSPLANTATION IN RIAU Koloni koral (induk coral) Pengikatan I Anakan karang Substrat beton Nursery ground Pengikatan II substrat Rangka besi Sampel dilekatkan pada jaring yang terletak pada kerangka besi
Transplanted Reef 2 mounths Reef.
SEEDING
REEF MONITORING
REEF MONITORING 8 months REEF 0 month
REEF Growth 8 month) sandy-mud
MANGROVE Giesen (1993) : 2,5 million Ha INTAG (1996) : 3,5 m Ha Spalding dkk (1997) : 4,5 m Ha AWB (1999) : 3,5 m Ha Asian Region 32-41,5 % (Spalding, 1997) of world World largest (18-23 23%) Brazil (1,3 juta Ha), Nigeria (1,1 juta Ha) dan Australia (0,97 juta Ha)
MANGROVE BIODIVERSITY MANGROVE 1. 202 sp vegetation, 89 sp, 2. 5 sp palmae, 3. 19 jenis pemanjat, 4. 44 jenis herb, 5. 44 epifit and 1 sp fern
Mangrove zonation
MANGROVE ZONATION 1.Muddy soil, Rhizophora mucronata dan Avicenia marina. 2.Sandy substraterhizophora stylosa dan Sonneratia alba 3.Wide range salinity : Avicenia marina
High salinity tolerance Aegiceras corniculatym (20-40%o) Rhizophora mucronata & Rhizophora stylosa (55 %o) Ceriops tagal (60 %o) Lumnitzera racemosa (90 %o) Bruguiera (umumnya < 25 %o) Bruguiera parviflora (20 %o) Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (10-25 %o) Mangrove zone Rare > 4 km except in shallow estuaria can 18 km (S. sembulang) dan > 30 km (Teluk Bintuni)
PENGARUH PASANG SURUT ZONASI MANGROVE (Tide table and Undation Frequency)
ADAPTATION excrete salts from the tissue hanging root syatem Vivipar=Kandelia Kandelia, Burguiera, ceriops)
Growth factors muddy tide Salinity
Threats to Mangrove Ecosystem Economic Government Policy Land Convertion
Ecological - Economic conflicts Human activity: Habitat loss Pollution Overharvesting ECOLOGICAL LOSS ECONOMIC WIN Biodiversity loss Conversion of Ecological Capital to Economic Capital Ethical and aesthetic costs not measured in $ Economic growth measured in $ how to compare?
Reasons to conserve species diversity: Ethical and aesthetic Evolutionary capital Functional importance in ecosystems & ecosystem services to humans
Coastal Ecosystem functions are biological processes that involve the flow of energy and nutrients in, out and through food webs. - Carbon fixation - Water purification - Pollination - Decomposition - Pest suppression - Production of biomass - Nitrogen fixation - Energy flow through food webs Ecosystem services are those ecosystem functions that benefit humans.
CORALL REEF ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION IN MALACCA STRAITS
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Terima Kasih Merci 58