How Rail, Terminal Design and Aeronautics All Combine Together: A Real Life Case Study

How Rail, Terminal Design and Aeronautics All Combine Together: A Real Life Case Study A Presentation to the The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics by Matthew A. Coogan Principal Investigator, ACRP Report 118

Integrating Aviation and Passenger Rail Planning follows from

How does rail affect aviation? Air is impacted by rail in three ways From diversion of trips from air From metropolitan rail access to airports From long distance rail access to airports Establishing a sense of scale for each?%?%?%

2 1.8 Six million rail riders have been diverted from air Graph in millions of annual rail riders 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Madrid- Barcelona Paris- Marseille Paris - Strasbourg London- Manchester Paris - London Madrid Seville- Malaga Madrid Seville Paris-Lyon

Europe and NEC Rail Share of Air+Rail 100% European and USA/NEC Mode Share Comparison Both for O-D Markets Only 90% 80% Phil --Washington Mode share 90% Rail as Share of Rail+Air Market 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% London to Manchester Mode share 80% 0% 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 In-vehicle Rail Travel Times, in Minutes

Europe and NEC Rail Share of Air+Rail 100% European and USA/NEC Mode Share Comparison Both for O-D Markets Only 90% 80% Boston to NYC Mode share 55% Rail as Share of Rail+Air Market 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Madrid to Barcelona Mode share 53% 0% 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 In-vehicle Rail Travel Times, in Minutes

Conclusion for Rail in the competitive mode Amtrak/NEC rates of rail substitution are directly parallel to those of Europe When Americans are offered high quality rail, they choose it over air just like the Europeans.

Rail Complementarity: Scales of impact of air/rail intermodality? From metropolitan access to airports? From long distance access to airports???%??%

How Many People Use Rail to European Airports? 12.0 100 million annual rail trips from 18 airports 75% of them from metro origin 25% from longer distance origins 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 In millions of rail passengers

How Many Passenger Kilometers to Rail? 6.3 billion kilometers of travel to the 18 airports 30% from metro passengers 70% from longer distance passengers 1,400 1,200 1,000 Long Distance Short 800 600 400 200 0 In millions of person km

Passenger kilometers of travel by rail in the three categories of air/rail interaction Long distance feeder 4.4 billion Local feeder 1.9 billion Diverted from air 2.4 billion 70% of Calculated Impact Comes from the Complementary Mode

Interaction between Air and Rail Rail services play a vital role in making aviation systems work Next, a case study in how planning for rail is a part of airport planning, which also includes Terminal configuration Runway design Noise contours resulting from changed configurations Policy decisions based on environmental impacts

Heathrow as a Case Study in Interdisciplinary Design How Heathrow s design evolved Without much consideration from rail planners How rail and air planners at Heathrow resolved a major design issue Terminal Four is in the wrong place Heathrow adopted the Toast Rack solution With this, they won the support of the Davies Commission But, what is left to do?

Gatwick By 1958, rail planners had found a concept The airport was designed to make rail work.

Heathrow Airport Design -- 1948 Heathrow layout began a decade before that of Gatwick And a sewage plant was in the way then..

1986 Sewage Plant in 1980s planning Heathrow s master plan assumed that Terminal 4 would be the final terminal Terminal 4

The Next Master Plan prosed a challenge for the rail planners. Heathrow Planning: the 1990s

Heathrow Planning: 2000 and beyond The Heathrow rail plan became ambitious

Heathrow Planning: 2000 and beyond Effective rail capacity to west and south was inconsistent with going to Terminal Four

February, 2014 Time to bring the Design Issue to Resolution Conclusions: from Coogan s Waterfront Presentation Three major runway options are on the table Each should be examined for its role in a regional environmental strategy for ground access Lessons can be learned from the international experience to bring these about

Air/Rail Terminal Air/Rail Terminal

Our Revised Terminal Concept Check-in Terminal for Parking, Rental and Drop-off Air/Rail Terminal Air/Rail Terminal

A new vison of airport layout.. Our Three Terminal Concept Heathrow Car Check-in Terminal West Air Terminal No Unauthorized Vehicles in the High Security Air Concourse Area East Air Terminal

At Terminal 2, valuable terminal land is underused for parking garages and surface roads

With no autos allowed, the land can be used to bring aircraft gates as close as possible to the rail services

Near Terminal 5, roadways make an important parcel unusable for needed airside concourses

With no roadway access, land can be used to bring gates closer to rail terminals..

In Summary.. Best connections for rail and bus users Eliminate unintended preference for pickup +drop off Facilitate any congestion pricing policy chosen Public mode share can rise above 50% Check-in Terminal for Parking, Rental and Drop-off West Air Terminal East Air Terminal

An Example of a Two Gateway Concept Direct ramps serve The Northern Car Intercept location Several local roads serve The Southern Car Intercept location All lines on this diagram are conceptual, and may not reflect actual alignments

For years, planners have been working to move landing activity toward the west. This one is from the Economist Magazine

This concept was refined by Heathrow Airport Limited, and submitted to the Davies Commission

The Northwest Runway was recommended by the Davies Commission

The UK Government (CAA) is concerned about overall costs of the project

What do we know about the environmental implications of a shorter NW runway?

What might a shorter runway operation look like?

Questions for the consultation process: Can the noise contours be improved with a shorter NW runway? 55 60 60 55

Long NW Runway, all planes Existing Southern Runway Threshold 65 db 65 db

Short NW Runway, small planes only (Orange County contours) Existing Southern Runway Threshold 65 db 65 db

Existing Southern Runway Threshold 60 db zone 65

Are there strategies to minimize noise from Southern runway? 60 dblzone?

Are there strategies to minimize noise from Southern runway? 60 db zone?

What do we need now? We need new and improved tools to measure and monitor the noise implications of our public policy decisions 60 db zone?

Thanks, to everyone at AIAA who made this conference possible! All lines on this diagram are conceptual, and may not reflect actual alignments