Airfield Geometric Design Prof. Amedeo Odoni Istanbul Technical University Air Transporta5on Management M.Sc. Program Air Transporta5on Systems and Infrastructure Module 4 28 April 2014
Objective and Outline! Review briefly the rationale underlying the geometric design specifications for airfields Outline: - ICAO and FAA Reference Codes - Practical observations - Principal documents - Examples of specifications and rationale Page 2
Airfield Design Specifications! The two most-commonly used sources of geometric specifications for airfield design are: 1. ICAO Annex 14 ( Aerodromes ) [latest 2009, 5 th Edition] and many associated documents, esp. Aerodrome Design Manual, Parts 1 + 2 2. FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13 ( Airport Design ) [latest: Sept. 2012] FAA updates of specifications are usually developed earlier than updates to ICAO Annex 14 (e.g., Group VI standards) Runway length requirements: AC 150/5325-4B Reference: de Neufville and Odoni, Ch. 9, Secs. 2-3, 5-9 Page 3
ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code! Code # ICAO Code Element 1 ICAO Code Element 2 Reference Code Wing span Outer main field length (RFL) letter (WS) gear wheel span (OMG) 1 Up to 800 m A Up to 15 m Up to 4.5 m 2 800-1200 m B 15 24 m 4.5 6 m 3 1200-1800 m C 24 36 m 6 9 m 4 More than ( ) 1800 m D 36 52 m 9 14 m E 52 65 m 9 14 m F 65 80 m 14 16 m Page 4
FAA Runway Design Code (RDC)! Aircraft Approach Category (AAC) Approach Speed (AS) A: < 91 knots B: 91 <121 knots C: 121 <141 knots D: 141 <166 knots E: 166+ knots Airplane Design Group (ADG) Wingspan (WS) Tail Height (TH) I: < 49 ft <20 ft <15 m <6 m II: 49 <79 ft 20 <30 ft 15 <24 m 6 <9 m III: 79 <118 ft 30 <45 ft 24 <36 m 9 <13.5 m IV: 118 <171 ft 45 <60 ft 36 <52 m 13.5 <18.5 m V: 171 <214 ft 60 <66 ft 52 <65 m 18.5 <20 m VI: 214 <262 ft 66 <80 ft 65 <80 m 20 <24.5 m Page 5
Remarks: ICAO and FAA Airport Reference Codes! Practically all major commercial airports belong to the ICAO Code #4 class In practice, Outer Main Gear Wheel Span (ICAO) is dominated by Wing Span Similarly, Tail Height (FAA) is dominated by Wing Span ICAO Code Letters A-F Wing Spans correspond exactly to FAA Airplane Design Groups I-VI wingspans Most geometric specifications for airports are determined by the Wing Span of the most demanding aircraft Page 6
A380 vs. B747-400! (79.8 m) (72.2 m) (24.1 m) (64.4 m) (70.6 m) (19.4 m) (560 tons) (396 tons) Page 7
A380 vs. 777-300ER! Note: Boeing 777-300ER Is longer than the A380 Page 8
787-8 A350-800 A350-900 747-8 Page 9
Reference Codes of Wide-Body Aircraft! Page 10
Airport Reference Code (ARC)! Determined by the most demanding aircraft (or design aircraft, or critical aeroplane ) that the airport is designed to serve The design aircraft need NOT be An aircraft which is currently using the airport An existing aircraft (can be a hypothetical future aircraft) Different runways may have different Runway Design Codes (RDC): ARC of entire airport will then be determined by the highest RDC available E.g., if RDC of Runway 1 is D-V and of Runway 2 C-III, then ARC is D-V Page 11
Examples of Geometric Specifications (ICAO Annex 14)! C D E F Runway width 45 45 45 60 Taxiway width 18 23 23 25 Runway centerline to taxiway centerline 168 176 182.5 190 Runway centerline to holdline 90 90 90 107.5 Taxiway centerline to taxiway centerline 44 66.5 80 97.5 Taxiway centerline to object 26 40.5 47.5 57.5 Taxilane centerline to object 24.5 36 42.5 50.5 Distances in meters; assumes instrument runway at sea level Page 12
LAX Diagram (October 23, 2008)! Page 13
LAX: Handling ADG VI Aircraft Today! Page 14
Rationale for Dimensional Specifications! The rationale for many of the dimensional specifications in the ICAO Annex 14 is provided in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Doc 9157 (Part 1: Runways, Part 2: Taxiways) The Aerodrome Design Manual can also be used to estimate dimensional specifications for accommodating future aircraft development (e.g., Code Letter G) The rationale for some of the FAA s dimensional specifications can be found in Appendices 8 (Runways) and 9 (Taxiways) of older versions (e.g., 1989) of the FAA s Airport Design advisory circular (AC 150/5300-13) Page 15
ICAO: Taxiway Centerline to Taxiway Centerline! S = WS + C + Z For Code F, WS=80 m, C=4.5 m, Z=13 m; therefore S=97.5 m Page 16
Single lane vs. dual lane access to stands! Source: FAA AC 150/5300-13 (1989 edition) Note as well: Taxiway to taxiway centerline: 1.2x(wingspan of most demanding a/c) + 10 ft (3m) Taxiway centerline to object: 0.7x(wingspan of most demanding a/c) + 10 ft (3m) Page 17
Wind Coverage (ICAO)! For operations on any given runway, crosswinds should not exceed [FAA rules roughly the same]: 37 km/h (20 knots) for aircraft whose reference field length is 1500 m or more, except with poor braking action, when the limit is 24 km/h (13 knots) 24 km/h (13 knots) for reference field length between 1200 m and 1,499 m 19 km/h (10.5 knots) for reference field length of less than 1,200 m Crosswind coverage (or airport usability factor ) should be at least 95% [same with FAA] Page 18
Wind Rose and Wind Coverage Page 19
ICAO: Obstacle Limitation Surfaces Source: ICAO Annex 14 Page 20
Questions? Comments?! Page 21