Social Enterpreneurship in Ecotourism: An Opportunity for Fishing Village of Sebuyau, Sarawak Borneo

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-38 Social Enterpreneurship in Ecotourism: An Opportunity for Fishing Village of Sebuyau, Sarawak Borneo Johanna Adlin Ahmad Dr. Abang Zainoren Abang Abdurahman Dr. Jati Kasuma Ali Lenny Yusrina Bujang Khedif Zubaidah Bohari Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah, Malaysia Silverina Anabelle Kibat Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak, Malaysia johanna@sarawak.uitm.edu.my ABSTRACT This paper discusses literatures pertaining to community engagement in social enterpreneurship with aim to develop a higher institution and community engagement in ecotourism model for Sebuyau village, Sarawak. Sebuyau is a coastal fishing village that lies 70km away from the main city of Kuching, Sarawak. The resident s economic dependence mainly comes from fishing, farming, small businesses and cottage industries products. The paper s discussion is based on three main objectives which are i) to identify the antecedents that contribute to community engagement in social enterpreneurship ii) to propose the instruments in measuring the success of social enterpreneurship project and iii) to identify the supporting system and industries required in complementing social enterpreneurship business, particularly for ecotourism in Sarawak. For data gathering purposes, interview survey has been employed to gain more information on Sebuyau s community background and opportunities for social enterpreneurship business. This include interviews with Sebuyau s Malaysian Fisheries Development Board, Sebuyau District Office, local village enterpreneurs and the village people. The literature findings enables the researcher to design an ecotourism model that allows for knowledge-transfer and ecotourism business development for the village. Keywords: Social Enterpreneurship, Ecotourism, Homestay, Sebuyau INTRODUCTION Tourism is the second largest industry in Malaysia with RM125.4 billion in total gross domestic product contributions (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2013). In 2012, Malaysia received 25.03 million in tourist arrival with lucrative RM60.5 billion in tourism receipts (Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board, 2013). The popularity of Malaysia in international tourism is further acknowledged by the country s number nine position in United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Top 10 Best Tourism Destination in the world survey (UNWTO Top 10 Tourism Destinations, 2010). Due to its economic significance, the tourism sector has been chosen as one of the catalyst in Government & Economic Transformation Program to drive Malaysia to become a high-income nation by the year 2020. In line with this, ecotourism has long been identified by the government as one of the tourism branches to be developed in helping the country sustain its tourism income.

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-39 Geographically, Malaysia boasts abundant of ecotourism products. The country possesed 15,000 biodiveristies of floras and faunas in a number of protected marine and national parks in East and West Malaysia. The main attractions of Malaysia to visitors are wildlife, scenery, forest, and beaches. Some tourism spots are famous to the tourists for ecotourism development (Hossain Bhuiyan, Siwar, Mohamad Ismail & Islam, 2011. p.561). Ecotourism was first recognized and developed under Malaysia National Ecotourism Plan in 1996. The main aim of the plan was to ensure sustainability for ecotourism development at 20 sites around East and West Malaysia. For Sarawak s tourism industry, ecotourism is one of the major attractions with the availability of sixteen national parks and 400 homestay operators in the state. In 2012, a total of 431,505 tourist have visited the sixteen national parks altogether in Sarawak (Ministry of Tourism Sarawak, 2012). In principle, ecotourism s definition is not defined by the nature of the attractions alone, but also on the impact of tourist s actions when travelling to natural environment. This is reflected by the term ecotourism coined by The International Ecotourism Society (2002). It says ecotourism is a responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well being of the local people. With this in mind, ecotourism is synonymous with other name in the industry that primarily promotes low impact tourism. This includes responsible tourism, nature tourism, alternative tourism, sustainable tourism and even community-based tourism (CBT). Each form of tourism enables both tourists and host community to carry the responsibility towards social, cultural and environmental sustainability at destination. Mowfort & Munt (1998) (as cited in Kayat & Mohd Nor, 2006) observes three important elements which ecotourism must be able to fulfilled which are it; i) conserves the well-being of the natural environment, social, culture and the economy; ii) consists educational elements to the host community, tourists and business. iii) emphasizes local community participation in the activities. One of the key element of ecotourism emphasized by many researcher is on the community participation. Libosada Jr. (2009) (as cited in Asadi & Zahraei Kohan, 2011) noted that local community presence on natural resource should be considered as an important task in planning and managing an ecotourism area. Since many of the ecotourism destination are situated at rural location, the willingness from the host community to participate in the business determines the success or failure of ecotourism destination. This is due to the host community that involuntariy becomes part of ecotourism elements. Without their participation, the basic principles of ecotourism may not fully be fulfilled. The management of destinations recognizes that local communities, habits, and lifestyles are important segments of tourist products and that the local population has to benefit proportionally from the positive economic effect of tourism (Dávid, 2011. p.213). Ecotourism plays the role of providing job employment and raise the standard of living of the local people. Relevant employments which can be offered to the community include homestay operator, tour operator, tour guide, handicraft producer, restaurant operator, traditional cultural dancers, musicians, logistics and others. In Sarawak, homestay products remains popular for tourism. This can be seen on the total income generated by homestay operators in Sarawak in the first half of the year 2012 which is RM408,245.10; with Kampung Mongkos and Bario Highland as the highest income earners (Ministry of Tourism Sarawak, 2012). Thus creating wealth among the homestay owners. Ibrahim & Abdul Razzaq (2010) suggests three important components that matters in homestay development which are the product, participants and the principal. These components are the core in determining homestay program s success or failure. Products refers to supplementary attraction such as nature, habitat, vernacular architecture, historical significance, arts & craft, music and cultural activities, traditional food and beverage, agriculture projects or

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-40 activities and special phenomena (Yahaya & Abdul Rashid, 2010.). Without the availability of the products, the homestay may not have the pull factors in attracting the tourists. Whereas participants is a direct reference to the local community s attitudes in participating in the community-based tourism. Elements such as motivations to become enterpreneurs, attitude towards the project and among others are some of the success or failure factors in homestay programs. The last components is the principal or village committee. As such this group must be able to initiate improvement on the economic state of the village people. Qualities such as leadership, networking, knowledge and others are required in supporting the homestay programs. Other support system for homestay programs is highlight by Hossain Bhuiyan et al (2011) that lists strategies by the government in developing ecotourism products which include employment training, marketing promotions, investment, product improvement, infrastructure improvement, cooperations among state authorities, and local enterpreneurship. Another important support elements of homestay is the establishment of community organization or cooperatives in operating and marketing the homestay in the village. The cooperative provides a platform for homestay owners whereby each members are part of entity to help market the homestay to outside and execute other administrative work. An example can be seen in Miso Walai Homestay in Kinabatangan, Sabah that established Koperasi Pelancongan (KOPEL Bhd). The cooperative consists of 260 members in which the ownerships are shared among the members (Harun, Hassan, Abdul Razzaq & Mustafa, 2012). Despite the promising outcome of CBT towards social and economic state of a community, the challenges of CBT should not be ignored. Few literatures discussed the importance of tackling community intentions and attitudes toward undertaking homestay enterpreneurship, as the grassroot of homestay s success and failure starts from them. Past research shows one of the criteria of enterpreneurship is risk taking. Risk taking business has tendency for downfall when leadership does not have ground foundation. Furthermore, ecotourism is risk activity in the field of managing and performing (Asadi & Zahraei Kohan, 2011). Thus, understanding (community intention) enabling them to react appropriately to achieve a sustainable CBT which can develop community member (Raja Othman, Mohamad, Hamzah, Razzaq & Khalifah, 2011). The antecedents of community engagement for the project will be discussed further in the literature. SOCIAL ENTERPRENEURSHIP Community participation in ecotourism can be developed in the form of social enterpreneurship. To date, many scholars have defined the term social enterpreneurship in the context of business, be it for profit or non-profit purposes. Ferri & Urbano (2011) states social enterpreneurship must entail three dimensions which are i) enterpreneurship and innovativeness, ii) social mission (such as social wealth creation) and iii) social impact. Hence Ferri & Urbano (2011) outlined the three dimensions into definite definition which is social enterpreneurship is an enterpreneurial and innovative process by which social enterpreneurs build to transform institutions to catalyze social changes. The ultimate goal of social enterpreneurship is to create social changes or social value through the enterpreneurship venture. Mair and Marti (2006) (as cited in Ferri & Urbano, 2011) regards social enterpreneurship as a process involving an innovative use and combination of resources to pursue opportunities to catalyze social change and/or adress social needs. In this case, such needs can be in the form of wealth creation and/or alleviating society s poverty level. Though it has not been mentioned in previous literature, social enterpreneurship project shares similarity with community based tourism (CBT) concept in Malaysia. Mihãlcescu, Firoiu, Sion & Maniu (2010) states that CBT aims community participation in the development and operations of

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-41 tourism with their consent and support. As such, one of the features of CBT is the reasonable share of the revenue by the community and sustainability of the local culture, heritage and traditions. This fits well with social enterpreneurship concept that aims to initiate social change in the community through enterpreneurship. Social Enterpreneurship for Homestay Program For years, goverment have opted for CBT as means to alleviate poverty in Malaysia. Particularly, in training and developing communities into becoming homestay enterpreneurs. Homestay was first introduced under Rural Master Plan Malaysia in 1988. In the plan, homestay programs was identified as one of the means to raise local people s economic well-being in the rural area through their participation in ecotourism. For rural community, homestay program is an accessible sector due to lower investment and start up costs as compared to agriculture and manufacturing industries and yet, it offer abundant of natural resources as attractions (Raja Othman et al, 2011). Today, homestay program is one of initiative program identified in Government Transformation Programme (GTP) to help stimulate sustainable tourism by the year 2020 (Economic Transformation Program, 2013). The Minister of Tourism Malaysia, Datuk Sri Dr Ng Yen Yen stated that homestay product in Malaysia is a package of culture, adventure and nature (CAN) and it is widely promoted by the Ministry of Tourism. In 2010, former Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board Sarawak s Director Ahmad Johanif Mohamad Ali stated homestay is the main product of Sarawak state as it complements all three elements of CAN (Ruekeith, 2010). Today, there are 28 registered Homestays villages throughout Sarawak with 400 homestay operators available. The Homestay is currently being promoted domestically and internationally under the umbrella of Sarawak Tourism Board (STB) and represented by the Sarawak Homestay Association. In 2012, the tourist arrival to Sarawak fetched 3,318,263 people for the whole year in which 3,259 foreign and domestic tourist had stayed in homestay in the first quarter of the year 2012. (Ministry of Tourism, 2012). The strength of Homestay in Sarawak is based on the state s resources that identifies with CAN. As mentioned by Sarawak Homestay Association s director Jamilah Shukri on the uniqueness by stating guest have a choice to choose whether they want to experience the different ethnicity of the people of Sarawak whether Bidayuh, Iban, Malay, Chinese, Orang Ulu, Melanau (Lindsay, 2012). In contrast, although there are 28 villages of Homestay in Sarawak, the state still claim the business has not been fully utilized by rural villages (Achoi, 2012) OPPORTUNITY FOR SOCIAL ENTERPRENEURSHIP IN ECOTOURISM FOR SEBUYAU, SARAWAK Tooman (1997) (as cited in Raja Othman et al, 2011. p.41) stated tourism made it possible for developing countries to be less dependent on agriculture and manufacturing. As such, the current social enterpreneurship project in Sebuyau is undertaken with aim to empower the local villagers with enterpreneurship knowledge in running homestay business. This is done to help diversity the villager s economic dependence from agriculture and fisheries to rural tourism. It also entails for knowledge transfer on skills and knowledge from three different stakeholders (social) which are from the university lecturers to the students, and from students to Sebuyau s villagers. The university students will facilitate the local villagers throughout the program. Sebuyau s Profile Sebuyau is a fishing town located 70km away from the main city of Kuching, Sarawak. With the total area size of 847 square kilometers, the coastal town s locality is a division of Simunjan, and

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-42 administratively a subdivision of Samarahan. Based on an interview with Sebuyau District Officer, there are 78 different villages dispersed around Sebuyau with total population of 20,095 people living in the vicinity. The population s ethnicity mainly consists of Malay, Iban and Chinese. Economically, Sebuyau s residents consists of farmers, fishermens, retirees and cottage business enterpreneur such as keropok, cincaluk and kuih business. Though some portions of Sebuyau s people hold more stabil employment such as teachers and government servants. Based on interview with Sebuyau District Officer, the local resident s income (other than teacher and government servants) ranges between RM300.00 to RM500.00 per month. Due to the economic state, majority of the residents receives financial subsidy from Bantuan Rakyat 1 Malaysia (BR1M). The challenges of Sebuyau is the economic depedencies of the local people, as well as its rural locations. Many steps have been taken by the government in assisting the rural development of Sebuyau. One of the steps is the Sarawak s Coastal Road Programme that build roads and bridge infrastructure to help link the people from main town to travel to coastal areas. The main aim is to help raise the standards of living of the lower income in the area and also for agricultural development. Based on the program, a bridge is set to open between Kampung Buloh and Sebuyau in which many forecasts would help raise the economy of the local farmers and fishermens. Findings on Product Potential & Support for Ecotourism in Sebuyau Based on the three components of Homestay highlighted by Yahaya & Abdul Rashid (n.d.); products, participants and principals are the three basic elements that needs to be explored in determining whether Homestay projects in Sebuyau would viable. Hence, preliminary interview and observations had been conducted in Sebuyau to help identify product potential and principal s support for the program. The interviewee includes local villagers, Sebuyau District Officer and the head of Sebuyau s Malaysian Fishery Development Board (LKIM). Based on the findings, the following resources have been identified and categorized to become identifable products for the subdivision (Table 1). The findings has its limitation whereby due to the time constraint, observation was only made at Sebuyau and Malay villages located within the vicinity of Sebuyau town. Figure 1: Findings on Potential Product & Attraction for Ecotourism in Sebuyau Types of Product Local Resources Identified Description Agriculture Fruit orchards, corn, durian, Resident owned agricultural land black pepper, pineapple, and operate orchards. Some of coconut palm the enterpreneurs sells local produce in market and road stalls. Fishery Mud crab, ikan terubuk masin Sarawak (Chinese herring fish), jellyfish, udang sia (shrimp), ambal (bamboo shells), clams Culture & Heritage Bergendang, berzikir, berhadrah, bertandak, silat, -Consists of fishery production by local fishermen from the sea and river. -High season for Chinese herring production is a potential for attraction. Traditional cultural art forms by the local Malay villages. Sebuyau

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-43 bersajak Gastronomy Mee kuning basah, cencaluk,belacan,processed jellyfish, cottage industry such as kuih cincin, kuih sepit. has its own community group that represents some of the art form. - Traditional gastronomy mainly associated with the process seafood such as the cincaluk and belacan (dried shrimp paste). - It can be associated with SME cottage industry where many processed food factories are owned and operated by the local villagers. Swiftlet Farming Physical Attributes of Sebuyau Ecotourism Activities Industry Bird house to attract swiftlets and farm bird s nest. Traditional fishing village setting, traditional market place, tradtional houses and schools with long house concept, close-knit community life. Homestay, wildlife sighting such as crocodiles and fireflies sightings, cycling around the village, fishing with the local resident and fishermen, jungle trekking, fruit picking. Cottage industry Mineral water factory - The women association of KUNITA has monthly cooking activities in the village. Privately owned home-sized swiflet house to farm bird s nest. The existing physical attribute of Sebuyau s environment. Potential ecotourism activities which could be packaged and be part of homestay program s itinerary. The existing factory in Sebuyau. A potential for education session for tourist.

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-44 Figure 2: Mud crab sold at local market in Sebuyau Figure 3: Bamboo shellsone of the fishery catchment from the river Figure 4: A Malay village house in Sebuyau Figure 5: A longhouse primary school in Sebuyau The Sebuyau District Office and Sebuyau s Fishermen Association under LKIM are the two main organizations that facilitate Sebuyau s administration work and activities of the subdistrict. Interview with the two principals shows verbal support for the program. For this, the Sebuyau District Office would take the role of networking with Head Villages and also to set up facilities for the training and local knowledge support. LKIM has also identified its availability to network with fishermen s families. Under LKIM, the association has an all-women association under its umbrella known as KUNITA that runs monthly programs for the women in the village. A random interview was also conducted on three market stall owners shows encouraging support and agreement with the Homestay project. ANTECEDENTS CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN SOCIAL ENTERPRENEURSHIP Enterpreneur s attitudes have immense effect on ecotourism development predictions (Asadi & Zahraei Kohan). The start of enterpreneurship project commence with the people. The right intentions and attitudes result in success of the enterpreneurship. Based on past literature, few variables have repeatedly been discussed on the success of CBT project in homestay. Othman et al (2011) suggests demographic factor such as age of the

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-45 enterpreneur in CBT have impact on the sustainability of homestay business in the long term. This is backed by Mohd Nor & Kayat (2010) which states unbalanced demographic distribution in a community such as more older age of enterpreneur and migration of youth to city area may cause the homestay project to discontinue in the future. Especially when the older generation become incapable to run the project. Furthermore, young generation is needed for participation especially on tour guiding, dancers, musicians and transportation. Income factor was used by Abdul Razzaq, Hadi, Mustafa, Hamzah, Khalifah & Mohamad (2011) as key indicator to determine the changes in monthly income of community after investing in CBT. Acceptance by community member is also one of the imperative attributes (Mohd Nor & Kayat, 2010). Acceptance in undertaking the CBT job in the first place goes by trust. Many reasons not to participate would surface, but the common cause for disagreement, among others would be the uncertainty of the project s success (Yahaya & Abdul Rashid, 2010). Trust include trustworthiness by community members of the job to take place and contributes resources for its success. Austin, Stevenson & Wei-Skillern (2006) states to attract resources, social enterpreneurs...must have a strong reputation that engender trust among contributors, and a willingness to invest in the social enterprise and its mission. Through trust with leaders and members as well, can social enterpreneurship project attract volunteer work. As stressed by Austin et al (2006) social enterpreneurship rely on volunteers to serve key function, such as board members to help with fundraising or to provide professional services, or as staff to deliver services. Harun et al (2012) observes volunteerism work by members of MESCOT cooperative from Miso Walai Homestay in Kinabatangan, Sabah. The observation found volunteer work by members corelate with confidence of the homestay project in the long term. According to Harun et al (2012) lack of awareness, knowledge and skills are cause to the limited involvement of the local community. Many awareness program had been conducted as initial steps on past CBT projects. This is to educate the local community on the benefits of homestay program towards the community. Hence, awareness is also linked with knowledge on the benefits and business practices of CBT. As argued by Hall,Kirkpatrick & Mitchell (2005) (as cited in Abdul Razzaq et al, 2011), limited skills in knowledge of tourism can contribute to false expectation about benefits, as tourism lacked preparedness for the change associated with tourism. For years, the local government has initiated various promotions, projects and fundings for CBT. Government takes the role of initiating, planning organizing up until monitoring the projects that has been conducted. Mohd Nor & Kayat (2010) pointed passive participation from community require government intervention and push in making the homestay project a success. Kurniawan, Zakaria, Yusuff & Wan Abdullah (2011) states one of the enterpreneurial characteristics is to alter the unpleasant equilbrium. This include being frustrated with the current condition that the enterpreneur has burning desire to change things (such as standard of living). Findings by Abdul Razzaq et al (2011) shows strong desire by community to join the homestay due to increase in income level. Hence, this attributes goes back to the basic principle of ecotourism where it demands for sustainability of the community s well being. Risk taking in innovation is often associate with enterpreneurship. Kurniawan et al (2011) states enterpreneurs to demonstrate courage throughout the process of innovation and taking risk. Risk taking has influence on all part of activities especially at the starting phase of homestay project (Frank et al, 2007: Asadi & Zahraei Kohan, 2011). Both literature shows risk taking as self desire of individuals in undertaking enterpreneurship. Without the risk taking characteristics, any CBT project may not commence at all.

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-46 The literatures highlighted provide a ground variable in identifying characteristics of community in undertaking social enterpreneurship or CBT projects (Figure 6). These variable provide foundation for the current project in Sebuyau whereby the group intend to tackle the perception of the community after attending the awareness course which will take place in Sebuyau. From here, the project will be forecasted based in terms of the level of active or passive participation of the community. Hence, to enable the project to take place, active participation from community is more desirable. Figure 6: Community Intention in Social Enterpreneurship VARIABLES Demographic Basic needs Program Trustworthy Awareness DESCRIPTION Demographic characteristics among the community 1. The desire to improve standard of living 2. Desire to increase income 3. Desire to enhance village infrastructure 4. Job opportunities 1. Convinced by the benefits that can be gained through the program 2. The program organized by rusted entity 3. Influenced by the community leader 4. Volunteer to participate 1. Exposed to the same kind of program before this 2. Know-how the program operated 3. Informed about the future consequences if the program operated Government Push 1. Acceptance of the community with the development brings by the government 2. Foundation from government 3. Government involvement in giving courses and training Self Desire 1. Expose to the benefits that can be gained through the program 2. Interested with the outcome of the program 3. Desire to do self-improvement 4. Willing to take risk CONCLUSION Ecotourism is a desirable industry which could be implemented in rural destination. Sebuyau has the potential to be marketed as ecotourism destination through homestay project with the right directions and planning. However, the success of homestay business must not be looked at one side. Tackling the initial root for starting a CBT by community members must be tackled in the first place. As such, the impact of negative intention and weak foundation by the people can create a domino effect-where the impact would be seen in the long term through the downfall of the

Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, volume 1 (2014), p.toc-47 business. However, Sebuyau s local products and industry should continue to be developed for tourism as it has the potential for community development in the long term. REFERENCE Abdul Razzaq, A.R., Hadi, M.Y., Mustafa, M.Z., Hamzah, A., Khalifah, Z. & Mohamad, N.H. (2011). Local Community Participation in Homestay Program Development in Malaysia. Journal of Modern Accounting & Auditing, Vol 7, No 12, p1418-1429. Achoi, J. (2012, December 12). Help us to identify tourism products. The Borneo Post. Retrieved from http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/12/12/help-us-identify-tourism Asadi, A. & Zahrei Kohan, M.F. (2011). The Role of Enterpreneurship on Ecotourism Development. Papers presented at the International Conference on Sociality & Economics Development (IPEDR), Singapore. Austin, J., Stevenson, H. & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and Commercial Enterpreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?. Baylor University. Dávid, L. (2011). Tourism Ecology: Towards the Responsible, Sustainable Tourism Future. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Theme, Vol 3, 210-216. Economic Transformation Program (2013). Chapter 10: Reviving Up the Tourism Industry. Malaysia. Retrieved from http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/upload/etp_handbook_chapter_10_tourism.pdf Ferri, E. & Urbano, D. (2011). Social Enterpreneurship and Environemtal Factors: A Cross Country Comparison (International Doctorate in Enterpreneurship & Business Management, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). Retrieved from http://idem.uab.es/tresballs%2orecerca/elisabeth%20ferri.pdf Harun, H., Hassan, R., Abdul Razzaq, A.R., Mustafa, M.Z. (2012). Building Local Capacities Towards Sustaining Community Based Tourism Development (CBET): Experience From Miso Walai Homestay, Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia. Paper presented at Conference on Higher-Education-Community- Industry Engagement, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Hossain Bhuiyan, M. A, Siwar, C., Mohamad Ismail, S. & Islam, R. (2011). The Role of Government for Ecotourism Development: Focusing on East Coast Economic Region. Journal of Social Sciences, 7 (4), 557-564. Ibrahim, Y. & Abdul Razzaq, A.R. (2010). Homestay Program and Rural Community Development in Malaysia. (Thesis from Ritsumeikan University) Retrieved from http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/krsc/hss/book/pdf/vol02_03.pdf Kayat, K. & Mohd. Nor, N.A. (2006) Penglibatan Alhi Komuniti Dalam Program Pembangunan Komuniti: Program Homestay Di Kedah. Akademika, 67. 77-102. Kurniawan, Y., Zakaria, F., Yusuff, N.A., & Wan Abdullah, W. M. (2011, August). Social Enterpreneurship: From Sky to the Earth -Malaysia s Experience. Paper presented at International Conference on Social Enterpreneurship Perspectives, Linz, Australia. Lindsay, E. (2012, September 23). Homestay tourism-a burgeoning sector in attracting more

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