Dose Assessment of External Exposure

October 2, 2013 IAEA (ANSN) Regional Workshop on Medical Response to Radiological Emergency Handling Complex Situations Dose Assessment of External Exposure Keiichi AKAHANE Head of Medical Exposure Research Promotion Section Medical Exposure Research Project Team leader of dose assessment for Fukushima residents Fukushima Project Headquarters NIRS 1

Dose External Exposure Exposure to External Radiatioin Dose depends on the absorbed energy at the exposure Source Time 2

Relationship among Quantities Physical Quantitites Fluence: Φ Kerma: K Absorbed dose: D Operational Quantities Ambient dose equivalent: H*(d) Directional dose equivalent: H (d,ω) Personal dose equivalent: H p (d) Calibration and calculation Protection Quantities Abosrbed Dose: D T Equivalent Dose: H T Effective Dose: E Quantities of monitoring Responses of equipment 3

Reference Male Effective Dose (ICRP Publ. 103) Radionuclide Intake & External Exposure Male phantom Absorbed Doses, D T M Equivalent doses, H T M W R Female phantom Absorbed Doses, D T F Equivalent doses, H T F Reference Female Sex-averaged equivalent doses, H T W T Reference Person Effective dose, E 4

Phantom MIRD phantom Voxel phantom 5

ICRP Publication 110 (2009) Adult Reference Computational Phantoms (Adult male and female) Files of CD: Array of Organ ID numbers List of individually segmented strucrtures List of the media, their elemental compositions, and densities Mass ratios of bone constituents Mass ratios of blood in various body tissues 6

External Exposure: Measurement of Organ Dose Measurement: Organ Doses (physical quantity) Effective Dose (protection quantity) Example: Dosimeters (glass) Phantom Measurment by using an anthropomorphic phantom and dosimeters such as glasses or TLDs 7

External Exposure: Environmental Monitoring Measurement: Ambient Dose Equivalent (operational quantity) Ionization Chamber GM Scintillation Expanded and Aligned Field, ICRU sphere(diameter: 30cm) d d=1cm:1cm dose equivalent (For estimation of effective dose) d=70μm:70μm dose equivalent (For estimation of equivalent dose of skin) 8

External Exposure: Personal Monitoring Measurement: Personal Dose Equivalent (operational quantity) Glass Badge Quixel Badge 30 cm 30 cm 15 cm ICRU Slab Phantom α d=1cm:1cm dose equivalent (For estimation of effective dose) d=70μm:70μm dose equivalent (For estimation of equivalent dose of skin) 9

External Exposure: Simulation (Referred from ICRP Publ. 74) 10

External Exposure: Simulation (Referred from ICRP Publ. 116) 11

External Exposure - Fukushima - 12

Fukushima Health Management Survey Fukushima Health Management Survey has been performed by Fukushima perefectural government and Fukushima Medical University after the accident. Fukushima Health Management Survey Grasp the doses Grasp the health condition Management Consultation, Support Therap y 13

Estimation of External Exposure The external exposures of the residents in Fukushima prefecture have been estimated by using external exposure calculation system developed by NIRS. Behaviors of the residents Dose rate maps 3/12 11:00 End 3/12 10:00 Start Coefficients (shield, age, etc.) External exposure (effective dose) 14

Survey: Behavior of the Residents Data on the behavior of the residents in the survey sheet are digitized and anonimized, and inputted into the NIRS calculation system for estimating external doses. Place Indoor Moving Outdoor Time Places, Facilities At Home Field In a car Evacuation places Period:March 12, 2011 July 11, 2011 Items:Behaviors of each day in the period indoor, moving, outdoor places, from and to where Data:Digitized and anonymized in Fukushima Medical Univ. and sent to NIRS 15

Dose Rate Maps Data used March 12-14 : Results of SPEEDI (effective dose rates) After March 16 : Monitoring data by MEXT (Ambient dose equivalent rates -> effective dose rates) March 15: Used dose rate map of March 16 based on the monitoring data (because of insufficient data) Conservative estimation except south and southwest area of the NPP, Only about 11 μsv underestimation for the south and southwest area of the NPP Size of meshes Almost 2 km 2 km corresponding to the size divided the second mesh defined by Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (The SPEEDI mesh size 1 km x 1km was reconstructed to 2 km x 2km). Averaged dose rate calculation Interporate discrete data using a software Excluded background dose rate Subtracted background effective dose rate before accident 16

Dose Quantities in Radiation Protection: Conversion to effective dose for adult Physical Quantities Absorbed Dose, D [Gy, J/kg], etc. Equivalent Dose H T [Gy, J/kg] Effective Dose E [Sv] SPEEDI calculation data Protection Quantities X 0.6 Operational Quantities Ambient Dose Equivalent, H * (10) [Sv] Personal Dose Equivalent, H p (10) [Sv], etc. MEXT monitoring data Operational Quantities > Protection Quantities (avoiding underestimation) Nuclide, X Xe-133 Te-129m Te-132 I-131 I-132 Cs-134 Cs-137 C x 0.44 0.58 0.48 0.53 0.59 0.58 0.57 17

Background Subtraction The background before the accident is based on the reported data by Fukushima prefectural government (6 cities and 1 town) Background effective dose rate in the normal situation:0.03 μsv/h Air Kerma Rates Fukushim a city Koriyam a city 0.04 0.04-0.06 Shirakawa city Aizuwakamats u city Minamiaiz u town Minamisom a city Taira in Iwaki city 0.04-0.05 0.04-0.05 0.02-0.04 0.05 0.05-0.06 The conversion coefficients from air kerma to effective dose were calculated by using the same method of the conversion from ambient dose equivalent to effective dose 0.75 [Sv/Gy] Adopted 0.04 0.75=0.03 μsv/h as the background effective dose rate in the normal situation 18

Examples of the Dose Rate Maps March 12 March 13 March 14 March 15 April 14 May 14 June 14 July 11 19

Calculation of Cumulated Effective Dose: Dose reduction factors correspond to the type of buildings Calculate effective doses based on the behavior data and dose rate maps ( indoor + outdoor + moving) March 12-14: factors of cloud shine, After: factors of ground shine Indoo r Effective dose rate in the concerned day in the resion (μsv/h) Outdoo r Effective dose rate in the concerned day in the resion (μsv/h) Moving Effective dose rate in the concerned day in the resion before moving (μsv/h) Hours of indoor (h) Hours of outdoor (h) + 2 Dose reductio n coefficie nt Effective dose rate in the concerned day in the resion after moving (μsv/h) Buidings or houses March 12-14 March 15 or later Outdoor or moving 1.0 1.0 Indoor: one or two story wood frame house Indoor: one or two story concrete house or building 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.2 Indoor: three or more story concrete building (reffered from the IAEA TECDOC 225) Hours of moving (h) 0.2 0.1 20

Calculation of Cumulated Effective Dose: Body size correction with age coefficients As the age is lower, the conversion coefficient per gamma ray is higher, because the volume of the upper layer of the body increases as the body size is bigger. Hence, effective dose per ambient dose equivalent is higher as the age is lower. The effective dose for infants and children can be calculated based on the ratio to adults. Nuclide, X Age 0 1 5 10 15 Xe-133 1.30 1.23 1.16 1.11 1.01 Te- 1.29 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.03 129m Te-132 1.36 1.26 1.19 1.13 1.06 I-131 1.33 1.24 1.18 1.12 1.05 I-132 1.29 1.21 1.15 1.11 1.04 Cs-134 1.29 1.21 1.16 1.11 1.04 Cs-137 1.30 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.04 Max. 1.36 1.26 1.19 1.13 1.06 Conversion coefficients for each age group were estimated by using a linear function. y = -0.0144x + 1.27 21

Model cases (18 patterns) For grasping the exposure levels of the external doses of the residents, 18 evacuation patterns were assumed by NIRS before using the survey data of the residents Evacuations 18 patterns were made referring actual evacuation information Assumption of moving 10km/h for the moving inside the prefecture 30km/h for those from Fukushima to other prefectures. After April: the ordinary traffic conditions Assumption of outdoor the residents behaved: 4 hours until the evacuations 2hours in their evacuated places The places from where the residents started to evacuate The places from where the residents started to evacuate were 2 kinds; the public area such as town office the places where the doses were highest until when they evacuated 22

Restrict area, Deliberate evacuation area, and Evacuation-prepared area in case of Attachment II-9 emergency Restricted Area, Deliberate Evacuation Area, Evacuation-Prepared Area in case of Emergency And Regions including Specific Spots Recommended for Evacuation (As of August 3, 2011) Ryozenmachi- Shimooguni Date City Ryozenmachi-Ishida Soma City Ryozenmachi-Kamioguni Fukushima City Tsukudatemac hi-tsukidate Jisabara, Kashima Ward Evacuation-Prepared Area in case of Emergency Koriyama City Nihonmatsu City Ono Town Kawamata Town Tamura City Iitate Village Deliberate Evacuation Area Katsurao Village Evacuation-Prepared Area in case of Emergency Restricted Area Kawauchi Village Shimokawauchi Ohara, Haramachi Ward Ogai, Haramachi Ward Takanokura, Haramachi Ward Oshigama, Haramachi Baba, WardHaramachi Ward Katakura, Haramachi Ward Minami Soma City Namie Town Futaba Town Okuma Town Tomioka Town Naraha Town Fukushima Dai-chi NPS Fukushima Dai-ni NPS 1.Within 20km all area:tomioka town Okuma town Futaba town a part :Naraha town, Namie town, Tamura city, Minami-soma city, Hirono town, Kawauchi village, Katsurao village 2.Deliberate evacuation area all area:iitate village a part:namie town, katsurao village, Minamisoma city Kawamata town Hirata Villag e Restricted Area Deliberate Evacuation Area Hirono Town 20km Evacuation-Prepared Area in case of Emergency Regions including Specific Spots Recommended for Evacuation Iwaki City 30km 23

From the area within 20km ID: 3,4 Kawamata Elementary School 3/12 ID: 1 Big Palette Fukushima 3/16 ID: 2 Funabiki Shugyo-kaizen Center 3/12 ID: 1 Kawauchi Village Office 3/12 ID: 3,4 Futaba Town Office ID: 2 Okuma Town Office ID: 1 Tomioka Town Office ID: 3,4 Fukushima Prefecture Saitama Super Arena 3/19 Former Kisai High School 3/31 24

From the area within 20km ID: 7 Adachi Gymnasium 3/16 ID: 7 Tsushima Kasseika Center 3/12 ID: 6 Aizumisato Town 3/16 ID: 5 Funabiki Shugyo-kaizen Center 3/31 ID: 7 Namie Town Office ID: 5,6 Naraha Town Office ID: 5,6 Iwaki City Office 3/12 Fukushima Prefecture 25

From the area within 20km ID: 12 Azuma Gymnasium 3/14 ID: 9 Date City Office 3/15 ID: 9 Azuma Gymnasium 3/31 ID: 9 Minami Soma City (Evacuation Area) ID: 8 Denso East 3/12 ID: 12 Katsurao Village (Evacuation Area) ID: 11 Big Palette Fukushima 3/16 ID: 8 Big Palette Fukushima 3/31 ID: 11 Kawauchi village Elementary School ID: 10 Ono Town Office 3/12 ID: 8 Tamura City (Evacuation Area) ID:11 Kawauchi Village (Evacuation Area) ID:10 Hirono Town (Evacuation Area) Fukushima Prefecture 26

From the deliberate evacuation area ID: 14 Azuma Gymnasium 3/21 ID: 18 Kawamata Town Office 6/1 ID: 13 ID: 15 Iino Branch, Fukushima City Office 5/29 ID: 16 Iino Branch, Fukushima City Office 6/21 Adachi Gymnasium 3/23 ID: 18 Yamakiya District, Kawamata Town (Deliberate Evacuation Area) ID: 15, 16 Iitate Village Office (Deliberate Evacuation Area) ID: 17 Minamisoma City Office 5/20 ID: 17 Minamisoma City (Deliberate Evacuation Area) ID: 13 Namie Town (Deliberate Evacuation Area) ID: 14 Katsurao Village (Deliberate Evacuation Area) Fukushima Prefecture 27

msv 18 model cases: results 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 From the area within 20km Representative Place Attachment II-9 Restricted Area, Deliberate Evacuation Area, Evacuation-Prepared Area in case of Emergency And Regions including Specific Spots Recommended for Evacuation (As of August 3, 2011) Ryozenmachi- Shimooguni Date City Ryozenmachi-Ishida Soma City Ryozenmachi-Kamioguni Tsukudatemac Fukushima Jisabara, hi-tsukidate Evacuation-Prepared Area in City Kashima Ward case of Emergency Iitate Village Ohara, Haramachi Ward Ogai, Haramachi Ward Takanokura, Haramachi Kawamata Deliberate Ward Town Evacuation Area Oshigama, Haramachi Baba, WardHaramachi Ward Katakura, Haramachi Ward Nihonmatsu Minami Soma City City Katsurao Village Namie Town Tamura City Futaba Town Fukushima Dai-chi NPS From deliverate evacuation area 13 17 19 12.0 10.0 Evacuation-Prepared Area in Restricted case of Emergency Area Koriyama Kawauchi Village City Ono Town Shimokawauchi Hirata Villag Restricted Area e Deliberate Evacuation Area Okuma Town Tomioka Town Fukushima Dai-ni NPS Naraha Town 20km Hirono Town 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Evacuation-Prepared Area in case of Emergency Regions including Specific Spots Recommended for Evacuation Iwaki City 30km 6.2 5.5 4.8 3.0 2.3 1.6 2.0 1.5 1.8 0.76 0.76 0.94 1.1 0.64 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.84 0.22 0.23 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Pattern 7.2 28

Fukushima Health Management Survey Fukushima Health Management Survey has been performed by Fukushima perefectural government and Fukushima Medical University after the accident. Fukushima Health Management Survey Grasp the doses Grasp the health condition Management Consultation, Support Therap y 29

Number of the residents Estimated External Doses as of 2013 July 31 (including radiation workers) 445,015 persons including radiation workers 300000 250000 200000 292998 < 1mSv:65.8% < 2mSv:94.7% < 5mSv:99.6% Max. :66mSv 150000 128471 100000 50000 0 19898 1444 599 465 272 158 122 73 74 50 37 33 32 289 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9 < 10 < 11 < 12 < 13 < 14 < 15 15 - msv Referred from the report of Fukuhsima prefecture (in Japanese) http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/imu/kenkoukanri/250820siryou1.pdf 30

Number of the residents Estimated External Doses as of 2013 July 31 (excluding radiation workers) 435,788 persons excluding radiation workers 300000 250000 200000 287103 < 1mSv:65.9% < 2mSv:94.8% < 5mSv:99.8% Max. :25mSv 150000 126184 100000 50000 0 19541 1374 561 413 241 123 82 43 45 31 14 11 11 11 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9 < 10 < 11 < 12 < 13 < 14 < 15 15 - msv Referred from the report of Fukuhsima prefecture (in Japanese) http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/imu/kenkoukanri/250820siryou1.pdf 31

Number of the residents Estimated External Doses as of 2013 July 31 (excluding radiation workers) Data of each area 80000 70000 60000 North area Middle area 50000 40000 30000 20000 South area Aizu area Minami-Aizu Soso area Iwaki area 10000 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9 < < < < < < 15-10 11 12 13 14 15 msv Referred from the report of Fukuhsima prefecture (in Japanese) http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/imu/kenkoukanri/250820siryou1.pdf 32

Number of the residents Estimated External Doses as of 2013 July 31 (excluding radiation workers) Data of each age group 50000 45000 40000 0 9 10 19 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79 80 5000 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9 < 10 < 11 < 12 < 13 < 14 < 15 15 - msv Referred from the report of Fukuhsima prefecture (in Japanese) http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/imu/kenkoukanri/250820siryou1.pdf 33

Uncertainties Algorism Parameters Dose rate maps Source terms, Codes, Measurements, Lack of the data, Mapping, etc. Evacuation activities of the residents Insufficient or imprecise data in the survey sheets Coefficients in the calculations Dose quantities, age, body sizes, etc. The estimated doses show not precise exposures but dose levels of the residents 34

Personal Doses Estimated by The Local Governments: Fukusima City and Date City The local governments in Fukushima prefecture have been distributing personal dosemeters for the residents. Fukushima city: Nov 2012 Jan 2013 for the children (0-15y) Date city: Jul 2012 Mar 2013 for the all residents Dose (msv) No. of Residents Ratio (%) <0.1 2,888 17.8 <0.5 13,127 80.9 <1.0 203 1.25 <1.5 2 0.012 <2.0 2 0.012 <2.5 1 0.006 Sum 16,223 100 Referred from the website of Fukushima city (in Japanese) http://www.city.fukushima.fukushima.jp/soshi ki/71/hkenkou-kanri13051601.html Specific Spots Recommended for Evacuation No. of residents 2,396 51,071 Jul - Sep 2012 Effective Dose (msv) Oct - Dec 2012 Average of 3 months (Estimated annual dose) Jan - Mar 2013 0.8 0.6 0.5 (3.2) (2.4) (2.0) Other Area 0.2 0.2 0.2 (0.8) (0.8) (0.8) Referred from the report of Date city (in Japanese) http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/kouhou/pdffukkou/fukkou2.pdf 35

Number of the residents Personal Doses Estimated by The Local Governments: Minamisoma City Minamisoma city: Jun 2012 Nov 2012 for the residents (pregnant women, 0-18y children) 1,400 1,200 1,230 1,203 1,109 1,088 Jun - Aug 2012 Sep - Nov 2012 1,000 800 600 400 279 251 444 427 200 0 154 121 4760 2124 7 13 0 0 4 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 msv Referred from the report of Minamisoma city (in Japanese) http://www.city.minamisoma.lg.jp/index.cfm/20,7382,c,html/7382/0301-06.pdf 36

Recent Data on Environmental Radioactivity Levels Airborne monitoring: Air dose rates map of the evacuation-directed zones (Air dose rates at the height of 1m above the ground surface, as of March 11, 2013) Environmental Radioactivity Levels: Example: Iitate village on 26 Aug. 2013 at 15:30 Referred from the report of Nuclear Regulation Authority http://radioactivity.nsr.go.jp/en/contents/7000/6936/24/ 270_0513.pdf Referred from the website of Nuclear Regulation Authority (in Japanese) http://radioactivity.nsr.go.jp/map/ja/area.html 37

Decontaminatio n 38

Act on Special Measures Concerning the Handling of Radioactive Pollution The Act on Special Measures Concerning the Handling of Radioactive Pollution was enacted in August 2011, in response to the unprecedented situation of radioactive pollution after the accident at TEPCO s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. With the Basic Principles and related orders for handling radioactive pollution established by the end of the year, the Act came fully into force on January 1, 2012. Thus, a new policy framework for the off-site decontamination has been arranged, under which decontamination works have been steadily implemented under the responsibility of the national government. Referred from the web of Ministry of the Environment http://josen.env.go.jp/en/ 39

Special Decontamination Area Area designation by the Minister of the Environment 11 Municipalities in (former) restricted zone or planned evacuation zone Formulation of decontamination plan by the Minister of the Environment Specify principle and goal for implementation of measures for decontamination Consult with the heads of related administrative bodies Hear the opinions of the heads of local government Implementation of measures for decontamination by the National Government Implemented by the Ministry of the Environment in cooperation with relevant ministers Referred from the web of Ministry of the Environment http://josen.env.go.jp/en/pdf/annex_02.pdf 40

Intensive Contamination Survey Area Designation of an intensive survey are by the Minister of the Environment Areas where the dose rate is over 0.23 μsv/h (equivalent to over 1mSv/y of additional dose). 104 municipalities in 8 prefectures (Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba). Surveys and measurement of the contamination status by the heads of the municipalities, etc. Formulation of decontamination plans by the heads of the municipalities, etc. Oraganizations responsible for taking measures Land under national control: National Government Land under prefectural control: Prefectural governor Land under municipal control: Headd of the municipality Land under independent control: independent administrative agency Other land: Head of the municipality Implementation of decontamination and other measures by the heads of the municipalities, in accordance with their decontamination plans Referred from the web of Ministry of the Environment http://josen.env.go.jp/en/pdf/annex_02.pdf 41

Special Decontamination Area Decontamination policy for special decontamination area Policy in FY 2012 and Area 2013 1: <20mSv/y Aiming for reducing additaional exposure dose less than 1mSv/y as long-term goal. Area 2: 20-50mSv/y Aiming for reducing exposure dose in residential and farmland area less than 20mSv/y by the end of FY 2013. Area >50mSv/y Demonstration projects will be implemented. Lessons learned will be reflected into future decontamination policy. Policy after FY 2014 Aiming for reducing additaional exposure dose less than 1mSv/y as long-term goal. Check and evaluate two-year decontamination results, consider proper actions, and revise implementation plans as needed. Referred from the web of Ministry of the Environment http://josen.env.go.jp/en/documents/pdf/workshop_july_17-18_2013_01.pdf 42

Progress in the Special Decontamination Area Progress Status on full-scale decontamination work/on plan Preliminary Decontamination Plan Full Scale Decontamination Work Temporary Storage Site Decontamination Work Tamura city レレ (2012 Apr. 13) レ (secured) ending of planned work Naraha town レレ (2012 Apr. 13) レ (secured) Kawauchi village レレ (2012 Apr. 13) レ (secured) Iitate village レレ (2012 May 24) レ (pertially secured) Kawamata town レレ (2012 Aug. 10) レ (pertially secured) Katsurao village レレ (2012 Sep. 28) レ (pertially secured) レ (under implementation) レ (under implementation) レ (under implementation) レ (under implementation) レ (under implementation) Okuma town レレ (2012 Dec. 28) レ (secured) preparation of work Minami-Soma レレ (2012 Apr. 18) レ (pertially secured) preparation of work city public announcement Tomioka town レレ (2013 Jun. 26) レ (pertially secured) of order under coordination Prepared to order Namie town Referred レ from the レ web (2012 of Ministry Nov. 21) of the Environment process Plans not yet http://josen.env.go.jp/en/documents/pdf/workshop_july_17-18_2013_01.pdf under coordination Futaba town レ formulated process 43

Example: Tamura city 44

Progress in Intensive Contamination Survey Area In Fukushima pref. (As of the end of Jan. 2013) Ordering Ratio Implementation Ratio Pulblic facility, etc. more than 90% approx. 75% Residence apporx. 80% approx. 60% Road approx. 75% approx. 61% Farmland & meadow appox. 80% approx. 62% Forest (living area) nearly 20% less than 10% Plans are as of the end of FY2012. Outside Fukushima pref. (As of the end of Dec. 2012) Ordering Ratio Implementation Ratio School, nursery school almost ordered more than 80% Park, sports facility approx. 80% approx. 60% Residence approx. 40% approx. 20% Public facility, etc. approx. 70% approx. 70% Road approx. 60% approx. 60% Farmland & meadow approx. 70% approx. 30% Forest (living area) Partially ordered Partially implemented Referred from the web of Ministry of the Environment http://josen.env.go.jp/en/documents/pdf/workshop_july_17-18_2013_01.pdf 45

External Exposure Estimation Measurement Proteciton quantity Effective dose (E), Equivalent dose: Anthropomorphic phantom, dosemeters Operational quantity Personal dose equivalent Hp(d): Personal dosemeters Ambient dose equivalent H*(d): Survey meters etc. *In general, H p (10), H*(10) > E Calculation (Simulation) MIRD type phantoms Voxel phantoms Fukushima (as of July 31, 2013) Based on the dose rate maps and the data of the behaviors < 1mSv: 65.9%, < 2mSv: 94.8%, < 5mSv: 99.8%, Max: 25mSv (Excluding radiation workers) Decontaminations have been being performed 46