Macedon History 290 Oakton Community College November 7, 2011
Philip of Macedon 382-336 BC Alexander the Great 356-323 BC Hellenistic Period 323 30 BC
Macedon
Chalcidice Thrace Thessaly Olynthus Potidea Amphipolis Chersonesus Pydna Methone Charonea Pella Phocis Pherae Important places
Problems with Macedonian History 1. Demosthenes branded Macedonians as barbarians 2. Location 1. Turkish occupation 2. Instability 3. Disputes 3. Philip s image
Sources 1. Topography 2. Archaeology 3. Literary 1. Thucydides 2. Isocartes and Aeshines 3. Diodorus 4. Hellenistic sources 1. Papyrus 2. Fragments from Roman writers 5. All biased
Geography 1. Balkan Peninsula 1. Continental 1. Cold winters 2. hot summers 3. Narrow range of mean monthly rainfall 2. Mediterranean 1. Moderate 2. Generally warmer 3. More variation in rainfall
Natural Resources 1. Good rainfall 2. Rivers 3. Arable land 4. forests 5. Minterals 1. Gold and silver 2. No copper or tin 3. Primitive mining technology
Early Macedonian History Neolithic Bronze Age Mycenaean Age A disorganized state with a poorly trained, primitive army, and constant violence struggles over succession, and surrounded by similar, warlike nations north and west, Illyria east, Thrace south, Thessaly
Macedonians Origins obscure Temenus, a relative of Hercules Ancestors of Perdiccas Argos Makes them all Hellenes or does it? Ethic identity language Culture Political, social, economic Contemporary beliefs
Political Institutions Centered On King Personal Charisma And Ability Personal Powers Alliances Rituals and Festivals Foreign Policy Appointed Own Successor Input by royal family, important nobles and military chiefs
Kings Alexander I Sister, Gygaea, married Persian commander Earth and water Submitted to Mardonius in 492 First Persian War Timber to Athens With Persians at Plataea Perdiccas II 451-413 Persia and Athens Amphipolis Archelaus 413 399 Turning south Pella
Illyrian alliance Eurydice Alexander Perdiccas Philip Alliances Wreath - Vergina Amyntas III 393-370
Alexander II 370/69 368/7 Ptolemy Military reform Alliances Thebes Hostages Killed by Ptolemy Issues foreign alliances to maintain power, dynastic turmoil, poorly trained military
Ptolemy Regent Perdiccas Philip Forced Theban alliance Assassinated 365
Perdiccas III Alliances Amphipolis Death in Illyrian invasion in 360/59
Philip II of Macedon 360-336 Goals Consolidation Expansion Methods Military Diplomatic
Philip II Chaos Threats Pretenders Thrace Athens Illyrians Paeonians Control by 358 Amphipolitan coin Early 4 th century
Chersonesus
Military Reform Equipment Sarissa Small shields peltasts not hoplites Metal helmet Short sword Phalanx Cavalry Siege engines catapult Discipline and morale Example New title Pezhetairoi Hetairoi Pages Recruits Hostages Force and negotiation
Deep phalanx with sarissas
Expansion Amphipolis - 357 Pydna - 357 Philippi - 356 Battle of the Crocus Field Results 3 rd Sacred War
Athens Trials and tyrants Economic devastation from war Building 2 nd Athenian League Ignore Philip at own cost
Social War 357 355/4 Revolt from 2 nd Athenian League Caria and Mausolus Issues with Athens Samos Cos, Rhodes, Chios Revolt Peace Artaxerxes III
Mausoleum
Peace of Philocrates 346 Athens yields Amphipolis Agrees that Phocis and Thrace are excluded from treaty Athens and 2 nd Athenian League become allies of Philip and his descendants
Thrace - 342 Athenian grain fleet 340 Athens, Megara, Messenia Charonea - 338 League of Corinth 338 Assassination 336
Changes in the polis Political theory Plato Aristotle Dionysius I of Syracuse
Alexander the Great Sources Inheritance Conquest 334 BC Granicus River 333 BC Issus Gordium 331 BC Gaugamela Alexandria 326 BC - India
Themes East to the sea Divinity - despotism Fusion Military Marriage administration
Legacy Hellenism Language Culture economy Polis to kingdom
Successors Ptolemy Egypt, Ancestor of Cleopatra VII Seleucus Babylonia, East to India Antigonus Macedonia, Greece
Seleucus
Antigonus
Pella