Chapter 10 Section 1 Mexico
Spanish Conquest 1519 Hernando Cortés arrives; marched to the Aztec city, Tenochtitlan Mexico City Native way of life destroyed; 1521 the Aztecs are conquered Mexico becomes part of the Spanish Empire.
Aztec Pyramid
Brief Political History Agustín de Iturbide 1821 gains independence from Spain & makes himself Emperor. Benito Juárez mid 1800s led a reform movement; becomes president; tries to help the peasants Porfirio Díaz dishonest politician; ruled 30+ years; harsh rule brought a revolution and civil war led by Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata. New Constitution adopted in 1917; redistributed ½ of the farmland to peasants Agustín de Iturbide Benito Juárez Porfirio Díaz
Mexican Revolutionaries Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa Francisco Madera
One-Party Rule 1929 a new party arose Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Helped introduce democracy, but fraud & corruption undermined that. 2000 Vincente Fox became president; 1 st time in 71 years PRI didn t control congress or presidency.
Native Influences on Culture Native heritage remains strong; large mestizo population (Spanish & Native mixed heritage); native elements in art
Mexican Art Many blended European and Native American influences. Frida Kahlo was a very famous painter; self portraits Jose Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros & Juan O Gorman
Jose Orozco
Diego Rivera
David Siqueiros
Juan O Gorman
Spanish Influence on Culture Language & Catholicism Architecture blended with native elements
Economics 2 Challenges: close gap between rich & poor; industrialize Many are moving to cities; economic opportunities
In maquiladoras, or factories that assemble imported materials into finished products and then exported. NAFTA: North America Free Trade Agreement: cooperation on trade and economic issues.
Emigration Job shortages; to find work; send money to family back home.
Education About 85% of children attend school
Chapter 10 Section 2 Central America & the Caribbean
Native People Maya created a huge empire in SE Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador & Honduras. 750BC 1697AD Each city was independent state ruled by a god-king. Tikal & Kalakmul were major cities.
Spanish Conquest Spain ruled Central America until the 19 th century. 1823 the whole region declared itself independent from Mexico and became the United Provinces of Central America. Late 1830s, they split into separate nations.
Colonial Powers 1492 Columbus encountered the Taino people; they were forced into slavery and many died from diseases and mistreatment. The Caribbean was settled by many European powers and influenced by the African slaves brought there. Sugar Trade
Spain, Britain, France, Netherlands & Denmark
1 st Independence Movement Haiti was a French colony sugar industry & slavery 1790s Toussaint L Ouverture led a slave rebellion & took control of the government 1804 Haiti gained independence from France
Religion Catholic & Protestant Santeria & Voodoo African rituals with Catholic elements Rastafarianism religion and political movement
Economy Many are poor due to colonialism Sugar cane is largest export Bananas, citrus fruits, coffee and spices Plantation work offer low wages = low per-capita income Rapid population growth is creating high unemployment Move to cities, but lack the job skills needed Informal Economy: street vending, shining shoes, etc. Provides a small income and isn t regulated.
Panama Canal Canal that cuts through Panama and connects the Pacific & Atlantic Oceans; trade crossroad French started in 1881, US finished in 1914
Calypso Began in Trinidad; combines elements from Africa, Spain & the Caribbean. Steel drums & guitars; improvised lyrics
Reggae Developed in Jamaica in the 1960s; African, American & Caribbean music form the roots of reggae. Bob Marley was a pioneer of reggae music; emphasis on social problems & religion
Chapter 10 Section 3 Spanish-Speaking South America
Inca Great civilization in the Andes Mountains Capital City Cuzco, Peru Conquered and controlled many other tribes By 1500, their empire extended 2,500 miles Road system approx. 20,000 miles in the mountains No writing system, used tied knots (quipu); practiced human sacrifice
Machu Picchu
Inca Ice Maiden 15 year old that had been scarified 500+ years ago along with 2 other children. On a volcano frozen mountain top called Llullaillaco (Argentina)
Spanish Conquest Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Superior weapons and horses Captured the Inca Leader, Atahuallpa, and executed him, despite the Inca fulfilling the ransom for gold and silver to ensure his release. Forced their religion and language on the Inca Millions still speak the native Quechua language today
Independence 19 th Century - Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martin helped liberate several countries from Spanish control. Argentina & Chile were the first to be free.
Government Oligarchy (gov. by the few) & military rule have been prominent in many Latin American countries. Authoritarian Rule also delayed the development of democracy. Many countries gained freedom in the 1800s.
Art Strong literary history Music is often a combination of Native, African and European Beautiful craftwork and handmade items Folk art and native religious symbols
Economy Most are agricultural based with mining and oil resources Region produces a wide variety of products. Major income gaps reflect the region s failure to develop economically after independence. Chile has done very well in the global economy and is working more within South America Mercosur is a economic common market that began operating in the southern cone of South America in 1995. Want to increase trade and stabilize the economy. Mercado Común de Sur
Education Spanish-Speaking South American countries have the highest literacy rates in Latin America.
Chapter 10 Section 4 Brazil
Brief History 1500s Portuguese colonist arrive in Brazil; Pedro Álvares Cabral Looking for gold & silver; found none; created sugar plantations Conquered the natives; forced them to work on plantations; they died from diseases; slaves are brought from Africa to replace natives Treaty of Tordesillas divided the land between Spain & Portugal; 1494
Independence Napoleon Bonaparte is defeated in 1815 Many Brazilians demand independence from Portugal Portugal wants it to remain a colony Thousands petition Prince Pedro to rule Brazil independently He agrees and declares it a free country in Sept. 1822
Brazilians Millions are of mixed European, African and native ancestry About 200,000 natives still live deep in the rain forest Lots of immigrants; largest Japanese population outside of Japan
Portuguese brought their language & religion; Catholicism Largest Catholic population in the world
Economy Most industrialized in South America Many natural resources; used in manufacturing More than 1000 rivers; hydro-electricity Large oil and natural gas reserves
Migration Brasilia is the capital of Brazil Cities: vast income gap despite economic success Increasing urbanization for better opportunities 1960 22% lived in cities 1995 75% Manufacturing growth Interior: about 80% live within 200 miles of the coast Gov. is encouraging people to move inland to develop the land & resources
Sao Paulo
Rio De Janerio Cultural center of Brazil Popular tourist destination; beautiful scenery Widening income gap has created slums; favelas Many lack basic necessities; electricity/running water Drug and crime issues Gov. has launched programs to help
Rio De Janeiro
Rio De Janeiro
Samba Brazilian dance with African influences. Actress Carmen Miranda
Capoeira A martial art dance; developed in Brazil with African origins; created by slaves to disguise fighting style.
Carnival The most colorful feast day in Brazil; before Lent Rio de Janeiro; huge parade & parties