Using Geospatial Data in the Oil & Gas Industry Dr. Stacey D. Lyle, RPLS
Outcomes A Geospatial Data Science Center is an advanced database of information organized and accessible using multiple software tools on the desktop, web or cell phone. Dr. Lyle will walk through a complete life cycle workflow for exploration of Oil & Gas production. Dr. Lyle will demonstrate how his new UAV Rapid Design Tool, "Status Check" and "Level-up" technology using his Geospatial Data Science Center places Surveyors as leaders in managing Oil & Gas data in the future.
Terms UAS-Unmanned Aircraft System suas- small Unmanned Aircraft System UAV- Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Commonly known as a drone. KBYF- Know before you Fly.
Fly for Fun Fly for Work Pilot Requirements No pilot requirements Must have Remote Pilot Airman Certificate Must be 16 years old Must pass TSA vetting Aircraft Requirements Must be registered if over 0.55 lbs. Must be less than 55 lbs. Must be registered if over 0.55 lbs. (online) Must undergo pre-flight check to ensure UAS is in condition for safe operation Location Requirements 5 miles from airports without prior notification to Class G airspace* airport and air traffic control Operating Rules Must ALWAYS yield right of way to manned aircraft Must keep the aircraft in sight (visual line-ofsight) UAS must be under 55 lbs. Must follow community-based safety guidelines Must notify airport and air traffic control tower Must keep the aircraft in sight (visual line-of-sight)* Must fly under 400 feet* Must fly during the day* Must fly at or below 100 mph* Must yield right of way to manned aircraft* Must NOT fly over people* Must NOT fly from a moving vehicle* before flying within 5 miles of an airport Example Applications Educational or recreational flying only Flying for commercial use (e.g. providing aerial surveying or photography services) Flying incidental to a business (e.g. doing roof inspections or real estate photography) Legal or Regulatory Basis Public Law 112-95, Section 336 Special Rule Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulation (14 CFR) Part 107 for Model Aircraft FAA Interpretation of the Special Rule for Model Aircraft
FAA License RP 107 Remote Pilot Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Airman Certification Standards FAA-S-ACS-10 14 CFR part 71; AC 107-2; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM
Knowledge Test - Score 70% Pass
107 Requirements An applicant to take the knowledge test must be at least 14 years of age. Proper identification must be provided which contains the applicant's 1. Photograph; 2. Signature; 3. Date of birth; 4. If the permanent mailing address is a post office box number, then the applicant must provide a current residential address.
Regulations of UAV s
14 CFR part 107 55 lbs or less Waivable sections of part 107 Operation from a moving vehicle or aircraft ( 107.25)* Daylight operation ( 107.29) Visual line of sight aircraft operation ( 107.31)* Visual observer ( 107.33) Operation of multiple small unmanned aircraft systems ( 107.35) Yielding the right of way ( 107.37(a)) Operation over people ( 107.39) Operation in certain airspace ( 107.41) Operating limitations for small unmanned aircraft ( 107.51)
14 CFR part 107 55 lbs or less Unmanned aircraft must weigh less than 55 lbs. (25 kg). Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) only; the unmanned aircraft must remain within VLOS of the remote pilot in command and the person manipulating the flight controls of the small UAS. Alternatively, the unmanned aircraft must remain within VLOS of the visual observer; unaided by any device other than corrective lenses. Small unmanned aircraft may not operate over any persons not directly participating in the operation, not under a covered structure, and not inside a covered stationary vehicle. Daylight-only operations, or civil twilight (30 minutes before official sunrise to 30 minutes after official sunset, local time) with appropriate anti-collision lighting. Must yield right of way to other aircraft. May use visual observer (VO) but not required. First-person view camera cannot satisfy see-and-avoid requirement but can be used as long as requirement is satisfied in other ways. Maximum groundspeed of 100 mph (87 knots). Maximum altitude of 400 feet above ground level (AGL) or, if higher than 400 feet AGL, remain within 400 feet of a structure. Minimum weather visibility of 3 miles from control station. Operations in Class B, C, D and E airspace are allowed with the required ATC permission. Operations in Class G airspace are allowed without ATC permission. No person may act as a remote pilot in command or VO for more than one unmanned aircraft operation at one time. No operations from a moving aircraft. No operations from a moving vehicle unless the operation is over a sparsely populated area. No careless or reckless operations. No carriage of hazardous materials. FAA airworthiness certification is not required. However, the remote pilot in command must conduct a preflight check of the small UAS to ensure that it is in a condition for safe operation.
Model Aircraft Part 107 does not apply to model aircraft that satisfy all of the criteria specified in section 336 of Public Law 112-95. The rule codifies the FAA s enforcement authority in part 101 by prohibiting model aircraft operators from endangering the safety of the NAS.
Section 333 By law, any aircraft operation in the national airspace requires a certificated and registered aircraft, a licensed pilot, and operational approval. Petitions granted 5,551
B4U Fly Smartphone App A clear "status" indicator that immediately informs the operator about the current or planned location. For example, it shows flying in the Special Flight Rules Area around Washington, D.C. is prohibited. Information on the parameters that drive the status indicator A "Planner Mode" for future flights in different locations Informative, interactive maps with filtering options Links to other FAA UAS resources and regulatory information
Texas State Law 423, revised Pending Sec. 423.002. NONAPPLICABILITY. (a) It is lawful to capture an image using an unmanned aircraft in this state: (5) if the image is captured by or for an electric or natural gas utility or a telecommunications provider: (A) for operations and maintenance of utility or telecommunications facilities for the purpose of maintaining utility or telecommunications system reliability and integrity; (B) for inspecting utility or telecommunications facilities to determine repair, maintenance, or replacement needs during and after construction of such facilities; (C) for assessing vegetation growth for the purpose of maintaining clearances on utility or telecommunications easements; and (D) for utility or telecommunications facility routing and siting for the purpose of providing utility or telecommunications service (6) with the consent of the individual who owns or lawfully occupies the real property captured in the image;
Texas State Law 423, revised Pending (17) if the image is captured by the owner or operator of an oil, gas, water, or other pipeline for the purpose of inspecting, maintaining, or repairing pipelines or other related facilities, and is captured without the intent to conduct surveillance on an individual or real property located in this state; (18) in connection with oil pipeline safety and rig protection; (20) if the image is captured by a registered professional land surveyor in connection with the practice of professional surveying, as those terms are defined by Section 1071.002, Occupations Code, provided that no individual is identifiable in the image; [or] (21) if the image is captured by a professional engineer licensed under Subchapter G, Chapter 1001, Occupations Code, in connection with the practice of engineering, as defined by Section 1001.003, Occupations Code, provided that no individual is identifiable in the image;
Evaluation of UAS Equipment and Software It s about the DATA!!
Basics of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Spatial resolution is a term that refers to the number of pixels utilized in construction of a digital image. Images having higher spatial resolution are composed with a greater number of pixels than those of lower spatial resolution. Examples; 1 m pixels, 1 fts pixels, 0.25 ft pixels, ¼ pixels, etc Pixel Spatial Resolution Height Above Ground
DSLR or point-and-shoot, digital cameras use one of two sensor types: charged-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS). Example: Cannon IXUS 990 12 MP Sensor Dimensions: H - 6.16 x 4.62 mm or 650 pixel / mm - Pixel 1/650 mm or 0.00000153846 m - Focal Length 6.5 mm Flying Height 150 m 0.0065m/ 150 m = 0.00000153846m / D GND D GND = 0.0355m a d a D a 1 SF da Da Ha
Camera Configuration Set shutter speed= Automatic. Set ISO = as low as possible (minimum 100). Set aperture = Automatic (Use sun shield if available) Focus mode = Manual Focus on Infinity No Digital Zoom, Resizing/cropping/rotation, Optical Stabilization, Auto Zoom, Flash Ref. Pix4D Getting Started and Manual; MicroStation ContextCapture Acquisition Guide
3D Stereo or Ortho Photo Ortho or Nadir- Camera pointing 90⁰ to the ground Overlap- (Base to Height Ratio) is the amount of common coverage between two images to make a 3D model along flight line Minimal 60% Ideal 80% Sidelap- is the amount of common coverage between two images on either side of flight lines 3D Overlap
Mission Planning Ground Mapping Fly mission that covers subject area with complete Neat Model. Fly multiple times at different elevations. Fly with Camera tilt 15⁰ off Nadir. Overlap small missions on large areas. Ref. Pix4D 3D Flight Mission
Mission Planning Inspection Fly mission circling around structure. Fly at different elevations. Fly with Camera tilt 15⁰ off Nadir. Overlap small missions on large areas. Ref. Pix4D Ref. MicroStation
Digital Orthography Photo and Structure from Motion Structure from motion. Structure from motion (SfM) is a photogrammetric range imaging technique for estimating threedimensional structures from two-dimensional image sequences that may be coupled with local motion signals. It is studied in the fields of computer vision and visual perception. Digital photogrammetry, softcopy uses manual and automatic techniques for capturing, processing, and analyzing digital imagery beginning either by scanning analog film or by direct digital image capture.
LiDAR LIDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. Types- Linear or Array Swath = Flying Height to Field of Range 0-360⁰ Scan rate= 30-1000k shots/sec Accuracy = 0.01-0.30 m
Unmanned Aircraft System Airframe- Body, Wings, Blades Power- Combustion Engine, Electric Motor, Fuel, Battery, Gas, Wind Computing- Flight Controller, Auto Pilot, Sensor Controller, Flight Controller Board(s) Positioning- GPS, INS, Altimeter, Compass, SLAM, SoO, Radio-Ranging Communication- Control, Tracking, Positioning Sensors- Imaging, Scanning, Environmental, Communication
Rotary vs. Fixed Wing Considerations Project Outcomes/Application Weight Flight Duration Wind Mapping or Inspecting Area of Coverage Cost GCP or No-GCP
GNSS INS GPS for Navigation and Control GPS for Images Direct Georeferencing GCP RTK Post Processing Video Image EXIF Header INS for Rotation
TG TG- EC Pix4D Drone Deploy Kespry Data Mapper Agisoft 2d3- Tacitview Cost Free Free 1 $12,500 $299 /mo? $299 /mo $3,500 $7,500 Online YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO Desktop YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES ALL Drones YES YES YES YES No YES YES YES Data YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Management GPS YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Processing Ground Control NO NO YES? YES YES YES YES Orthomosaic YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Point Cloud YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NASAData Fuse YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Height Verify YES YES YES YES? YES YES YES Unlimited NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Storage Shared Results YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Open-Source YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO
Workflow Data Collection 1. Restricted Areas 2. Mission and Site Selection 1. Launch/Land 2. VLOS 3. Sun Angle www.suncalc.org Culmination 4. UAV 1. Type 2. Sensor 3. Batteries 5. Targets GCP 6. GPS- GCP, RTK or PP 1. Base to Rover Radio Mission 7. Learn the Controller 1. Power 2. Radio 3. Controls 8. Upload the Mission to the Drone 1. Wifi 2. Bluetooth 3. Wired 9. Watch 10. Re-fly New height repeat
Workflow StoryMap GeoCube Site Development Method 1 Method 2
Geoscience Geographic Information Science and Technology Dr. Stacey D. Lyle, RPLS Stacey.Lyle@TAMU.edu