Match the key development terms: Gross National product NIC s Oil exporting countries Heavily indebted Rich industrialising countries Great spread of wealth in country, the rich exporting fuel and buying football clubs Countries still wealthy like the UK, but with some industrial decline United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by providing loans Countries that have had some communist influence such as Russia and Brazil Countries that borrowed large sums of money from the World Bank at high interest World Bank Former centrally planned economies LEDC s that are growing faster than some developed countries A measure of a country s wealth in US$
Death rate - Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year GNI measure of a countries wealth Birth rate -Number of babies born per 1,000 people per year Important! Development indicators Infant mortality number of babies dying per 1000 live births Access to clean water Calorie intake Adult Literacy rate - % of adults in a country who can read or write Not so important! Number of doctors per 1000 people Mobile phones - the number per 1000 people
Classification can they be grouped as social, environmental or economic? Is there a correlation between the most important and the type of factor?
Using one measure Birth rate = good, why? Death rate = poor, why? *Indicators are averages across a country could be extreme opposites of wealth*
Explain the disadvantages of using a single measure of development. (4) Level 1 (Basic) (1-2 marks) Simple statements indicating the disadvantages but no attempt to explain. It is misleading to use just one because it is an average figure. A country might score better on one thing than another and you could look at the wrong thing. Level 2 (Clear) (3-4 marks) Linked statements showing some explanation of the disadvantages. Max 3 marks for one disadvantage clearly explained. Must have 2 or more disadvantages for full marks. The measures are misleading because they are an average for the country e.g. Saudi Arabia where the GNP is high but most of the money is held by a very few extremely rich people. Consequently you might get the impression it is more developed than it is. Some aspects of development have changed such as death rate, which in the past was always high in Africa. This is often now lower in African countries as access to health care has improved. Furthermore, death rate in places such as Japan, has risen as people live longer.
Better to combine indicators such as the Human Development Index (HDI) -Life expectancy, literacy rate and income based on spending power Maximum for HDI = 1 for wealthiest
The HDI (Human development Index) This ranks countries based on Life Expectancy, literacy rates and income you can spend. The closer to 1, the more developed. http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/
UN Millennium Goals To mark the Millennium (the year 2000) the United Nations which has representatives from nearly all the world s 196 countries wanted to mark a big achievement for the world. It was decided the best celebration it could have would be to close the DEVELOPMENT GAP the gap between the wealthiest and poorest countries. It would do this by making 8 Millennium Goals which all member countries would try to work on, and which would mean the richer countries helping the poorer countries to improve in these 8 areas. The aim is to achieve them by 2015. By developing a tourist industry Belize can help meet these 8 Goals to develop itself as a country. Jobs in tourism (tertiary sector) should give people a better and more reliable income than farming (primary sector) There are many opportunities in the tourism industry for women to take leading jobs such as managing hotels and airports The Belize government can use the tax income from tourism to invest in maternity clinics To encourage tourists to make return visits Belize is following a Sustainable Tourism plan which means the environment is protected and not allowed to be spoilt by tourism development The Belize government can use the tax income from tourism to invest in primary school & teachers Tourists want good quality health care when they visit Belize so investing in this will benefit local people especially children Tourists won t want to pick up any diseases when they visit Belize, so the government will do all it can to reduce diseases Governments of MEDC countries may help Belize develop its tourist industry if their own people will be going there on holiday Possible Questions : How can Millennium Development Goals be improved through international tourism? How can tourism help reduce the Development Gap in a country you have studied? Example / Case-Study : Belize Central America Weblinks http://www.undp.org/mdg/basic s.shtml http://www.dfid.gov.uk/globalissues/millenniumdevelopment-goals/
Development by Tourism / LDC case-study : Belize Belize a small country in Central America is using tourism as a way to develop. It has a range of factors which give it lots of advantages as a popular international tourist destination of the future Close to the equator so high temperatures all year. Ideal as a Winter Sun destination for tourists from cold N. USA and Europe in November - March Is selling itself as an Eco-Tourism country with fabulous unspoilt scenery & wildlife habitats LEDC so prices once you are there are quite cheap for local food, drink and tourist activities Contrasting tourist attractions coral reefs in the tropical waters, long sandy beaches and rainforest inland. Lots to do and see. Easy to fly to from the USA and only 7 hours from Europe (closer tropical resort than Thailand or India) - the main places where wealthy tourists come from Is seen as a peaceful country with good safety, little crime and welcoming to tourists On the Caribbean Cruise ship route so lots of customers as ships stop off for a day or two Has an international airport so visitors can fly in easily Possible Questions What makes certain places more suitable to tourist development than other places? What are the physical, economic, social and transport factors that make some places successful tourist destinations? Weblinks http://www.travelbelize.org/ http://www.travelbelize.org/abo ut-belize/general/aboutbelize.html
Development by Tourism / Belize Tourism Benefits By focusing on tourism growth, Belize can move many of its people from low-pay Primary jobs as farmers (Nepal), to higher-pay Secondary jobs (making furniture for hotels; making souvenirs) as in Brazil, or higher skill Tertiary jobs (service jobs in hotels, bars, tourist activities etc) as in the USA Belize a small country in Central America is developing itself as a major Eco-tourism resort. It is developing the resort of Belize Caribbean Riviera as a centre for study and enjoyment of marine and coastal wildlife, and the inland Rainforest environment. It expects tourists from the USA, Europe and cruise ships which tour the Caribbean. Jobs in the Belize Caribbean Riviera resort from tourism Construction work : designing and building hotels & tourist attractions Managing : Hotel management, hotel reception, hotel catering Activity : tour guide in local area, teaching scuba diving, driving hire boats Maintenance : ground staff for town parks, monitoring aquarium wildlife Jobs in the local region around the resort from tourism Transport : air traffic control & airport baggage handlers at Belize airport Security : immigration officers at airport and ports, traffic police Farming : fishermen and farmers producing food for tourist hotels Jobs in the whole country which can develop from tourism Transport : building roads, driving taxis, flying tourists in Construction : building power stations, water supply and sewage treatment Planning : advertising Belize to foreign tourists, planning future developments Key Terms : Employment opportunities Primary occupations Secondary occupations Tertiary occupations Development Tourism Possible Questions How can development tourism benefit a country? How does investment in tourism help raise people s standard of living? Weblinks http://www.travelbelize.org/ http://www.travelbelize.org/abo ut-belize/general/aboutbelize.html
Global Tourism : Development by Tourism / Fair Trade Tourism in Nepal 34 Tourism to Nepal home of the Himalayas and Mount Everest is relatively new. Only in the last few years have tour companies started organising activity holidays to one of the world s poorest countries. Climbers, hikers and trekkers have all been attracted to Nepal from Europe and N. America to spend 2-3 weeks amongst the worlds highest mountains. So inaccessible for so long tourism has never damaged this area until now. There are companies who want to introduce Fair Trade Tourism to Nepal where visitors will rough it and respect it, and aim to bring maximum benefit to local communities without damaging them by being Responsible Tourists. Problems tourists were introducing to Nepal Much tourist litter plastic water bottles and cans of food were discarded along mountain paths Community disruption as some guides got paid vast amounts (by their standards) whilst others got nothing Deforestation of mountain slopes for wood to heat water to give tourists hot showers Soil erosion and landslides resulting from the chopping down of forests to build cabins & accommodation for tourists and for heating water & cooking How Fair Trade tourism is trying to limit tourist impact Tourists encouraged to use re-useable water bottles throughout their stay Tourists warned to rough it and expect fewer hot showers and to eat local produce for meals. Tourists encouraged to donate unwanted clothes & gear at the end of their holiday to local communities eg. Walking boots, T shirts & hats Payments to guides controlled and shared out amongst the whole community Key Terms : Fair trade tourism Responsible tourism Deforestation Rough it & Respect it Example / Case-Study : Nepal Himalayas, Asia Possible Questions : What do you understand by Fair Trade Tourism. How would this type of holiday be different from a traditional holiday? How can tourists be encouraged to cause less damage to the places they visit? Weblinks http://nepalvisitors.com/trekkin g/responsible-tourism-innepal.htm
As money flows into the country from tourism More people get jobs in tourism People can improve their living conditions Therefore, they can spend their money in local communities the Multiplier effect
As money flows into the country from tourism, the government receive more taxes They spend money on education to produce a better educated population with ideas about business More trade taking place attracts other investments and more business opportunities Increased trade attracts more investment More money is spent on infrastructure, in order to attract trade
Super Typhoon Vongfong
Volatility of tourism when something could change, often quickly e.g. a tsunami or typhoon in Japan could affect tourist arrivals. Boycott of tourism showing your disapproval by refusing to go somewhere e.g. tourist arrivals dropped 7% in St Lucia when they said they supported whaling.
Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt - by the Red Sea
Toll climbs in Egyptian attacks At least 88 people have been killed in bomb attacks in the Egyptian resort of Sharm al-sheikh, hospital staff say. Some 200 more were injured in the overnight blasts. The first, in the Old Market, was followed by two more in Naama Bay, where a hotel was badly hit. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak vowed to continue the "battle with terrorism" as he visited the sites of the attacks, the worst in Egypt's recent history. Most of the dead are Egyptians, but foreigners are among the victims too. A 34-year-old Italian man on his honeymoon and a Czech citizen have been confirmed dead, and at least 20 of those injured are thought to be foreign. The blasts come less than a year after 34 people died in an attack further north in the Sinai Peninsula. Egyptian Interior Minister Habib al-adli condemned what he called an "ugly act of terrorism" and said police were following leads. "We have some clues, especially about the car that was exploded in the Old Market, and investigators are pursuing, US Secretary of State vowed that Egypt and the US would "confront and defeat this scourge that knows no boundary and respects no creed.
Egypt has experienced the volatility of tourism in a number of ways. The terrorist bombs that exploded in the popular Sharm-El-Sheik resort have claimed more than a hundred lives. As a result, people have been put off visiting the resort. This means that the tourist economy will suffer as money is not being spent in the local businesses. Another way that tourism has been volatile there is with the...
To help the tourist industry recover in Egypt here is my plan: Terrorist threat = How can you make people feel safe from this? What might tourist companies do? Shark attacks = Unstable government = What could the coastguards do? How could the fishing industry help? How can the government encourage tourists back? What could be done about the electricity black-outs? An Egyptian lady, September 2014: There is an absence of security and laws are being breached all the time. There has been an increase in kidnapping and terrorist attacks. And the continuous electricity faults are making many Egyptians very angry