Chapter 3 The Loss of Azlan
Objective: Students will be able to identify key events during the fight for Mexican Independence, and identify key people that helped in the fight for Independence. DO NOW: What would you expect the Mestizo people felt over their position in society? Think of the caste system.
300 years after the Spanish Conquest 2: El Grito: * Miguel Hidalgo : priest with unconventional ideas, - question priest hood, said to enjoy gambling/dancing, was banished by the church to Dolores Guanajuato * literary club : Ignacio Allende and his wife Dona Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez Here began the plotting to overthrow the Spanish! * They began stockpiling ammunition & weapons * Allende arrested for plotting against the Spanish
*Hidalgo hears of Allende s arrest, so on SEPTEMBER 16, 1810,he rang the bells of his church, calling together the Indians & Mestizos * He then gave the most famous speech in the History of Mexico, which is now called El Grito de Dolores * After his speech he marched w/his followers, freed the prisoners from jail, and continued his march to all the neighboring towns and gathered more and more followers. NOW BEGINS THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM THE SPANISH
[In English] Mexicans! Long live the heroes that gave us the Fatherland! Long live Hidalgo! Long live Morelos! Long live Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez! Long live Allende! Long live Aldama and Matamoros! Long live National Independence! Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico! Long Live Mexico! [In Spanish] Mexicanos! Vivan los héroes que nos dieron patria! Viva Hidalgo! Viva Morelos! Viva Josefa Ortíz de Dominguez! Viva Allende! Vivan Aldama y Matamoros! Viva la Independencia Nacional! Viva México! Viva México! Viva México
HIDALGO MARCHES ON *City of Guanajuato: The rebel army that descended upon Guanajuato on September 28 *20,000-50,000 rebels *The Granary of Granaditas: Royalist ( Spanish loyalist) moved their families and wealth inside the well fortified granary, but only had around 400 Royalist to try to defend the granary
EL PIPILA *Juan Amaro: El Pipila a local miner who strapped a large flat stone on his back to protect himself from the bullets, he was then able to make his way to the large wood doors of the granary, with a torch and tar in hand set fire to the doors. Allowing the rebels into the granary and taking ahold of the city of Guanajuato. * Hidalgo s army went on pillaging rampage, looting Spaniards and Creoles homes. The death toll is believed to be approx 3,000 on top of the 400 in the granary
Objective: Students will be able to identify key events during the fight for Mexican Independence, and identify key people that helped in the fight for Independence. DO NOW: Who was the Pipila? How did he help the rebels achieve victory in the first battle for independence?
WORD SPREAD TO THE SPANISH * The rebel win soon spread around Mexico, along with horrors of the looting and killing, soon the Spanish would organize a defense to stop the rebels. * Hidalgo marched on to Valladolid ( present day Morelia)
SIEGE OF GUANAJUATO > Hidalgo & Allende: go there separate ways, Allende did not agree with the pillaging, Hidalgo found it just as payback for the years of injustice in the hands of the Spaniards. Allende wanted an honorable war. Hidalgo believed without the looting the rebels would leave the fight. > Compare both Hidalgo s and Allende s point of view, is there one you agree more with, and if so explain?
BATTLE LAS CRUCES > Hidalgo with the momentum of having a victory over the Royalist marches towards Mexico. Allende positions himself 30 miles west of Mexico City, in a mountain pass called Las Cruces: *The Royalist fought against the rebels, but of the 2,500 Royalist, only 200 survived and retreated back to the capital city. No one knows why but Hidalgo nor Allende tried to invade the city after their win in Las Cruces. >Hidalgo tried to negotiate with the commander of Mexico City, but he refused to surrender, it is believed that Hidalgo panicked and retreated.
ROYALIST: GENERAL FELIX CALLEJA * It is said Hidalgo retreated in fear that General Calleja s Army was near by: > Las Cruces marks a very important turning point in the first phase of Mexico s War for Independence. Once he retreated, Hidalgo would spend the rest of the war on the defensive, fleeing from Calleja s mighty royalist army
BATTLE: CALDERON BRIDGE > Hidalgo & Allende on the run, they decide to stop and defend the Calderon Bridge, which leads into the city Guadalajara. * Allende s big advantage: 95 cannon >Calleja attacked the bridge: His Cavalry & Infantry were well taught but outnumbered. *After 6 hours of fighting, the Spanish cannonball hit the rebels ammunition center, causing chaos, the rebel army broke * The Royalist army pushed forward and killed the rebels as they ran.
* Hidalgo & Allende and other leaders escaped North with about 1,000 men. * The loss would soon mark the end for Hidalgo, Allende and the rebel leaders. Most would be captured and executed
Objective Students will be able to identify key events during the fight for Mexican Independence, and identify key people that helped in the fight for Independence. DO NOW: What day is Mexico s Independence celebrated, and what is the Cry of Dolores?
THE END OF HIDALGO & ALLENDE * Traveling North from the Battle of Calderon Bridge, both men were betrayed by Ignacio Elizondo and captured. They were handed over to Spanish authorities and sent to the city of Chihuahua to stand trial. * Other rebels captured included: Juan Aldama Mariano Abasolo Mariano Jimenez
EXECUTION OF FATHER MIGUEL HIDALGO All rebel leaders were found guilty & sentenced to death, all but Mariano Abasolo who was sent to Spain to spend a life sentence in prison. Allende, Jimenez, and Aldama were executed on June 26, 1811: Shot in the back for a sign of dishonor. Hidalgo, how he is a priest, had to undergo a civil trial and the Inquisition. * Stripped of his priesthood, was found guilty and then executed on July 30, 1811 The heads of Hidalgo, Allende, Aldama & Jimenez were preserved and hung in cages from the four corners of the granary of Guanajuato as a WARNING!
HIDALGO & HIS LEGACY Remembered as the Father of Mexico Today his remains lie in Mexico City in a monument known as The Angel of Independence along with the other revolutionary heroes.
JOSE MARIA MORELOS >A priest who took up the duty to fight after Hidalgo was captured and killed. >Unlike Hidalgo, he preferred a small group of well-armed soldiers, that would be able to move fast and strike fast. >Morelos would not allow farmers to fight in his army. Instead he asked them to grow food to feed the army.
GENERAL FELIX CALLEJA = VICEROY > Aggressive strategy to stop the rebellion, he divided the different rebel armies in the north, then headed south, towards Morelos army. > General Calleja outnumbered and outgunned Morelos, while Morelos was escorting the Congress, he was caught by the Spanish. > Morelos was sent to Mexico City, tried and executed.
Objective: Students will be able to identify key events during the fight for Mexican Independence, and identify key people that helped in the fight for Independence. DO NOW: Who in the war of Independence had an advantage, explain why you think so? Rebels or Royalists
VICENTE GUERRERO Jose Maria Morelos commissioned Guerrero to fight in the rebel movement 1810. When Morelos was killed in 1815, Guerrero cont d to lead the rebels in the fight. Guerrero was later joined by Agustin de Iturbide in the fight for Independence. Both Guerrero and Ituribide issued the Plan of Iguala
SPAIN In 1820 Liberals took power in Spain Liberals: Government to solve problems. Each person has the right to work up the social class. (Middle Class) Conservatives: Person responsible for themselves, limited gov t. (Monarchy) * Creoles (Royalist) : Most were Conservatives and were worried with a liberal Spain that they would lose power in the New World, so changed sides and joined the rebels to gain Independence from Spain.
Plan of Iguala Plan de Iguala was published on February 24, 1821, proclaimed three guarantees: (1) immediate independence from Spain, (2) equality for Spaniards and Creoles (3) the supremacy of Roman Catholicism and a ban on all other religions. The Army of the Three Guarantees quickly subjugated the country; on August 24, 1821, Juan O Donojú, the new representative of the Spanish king, signed the Treaty of Córdoba, and recognizing the Independence of Mexico.
Agustin de Iturbide Was in the Royalist Army. Hidalgo offered him a position in the rebel army, he refused and stayed with the Royalist. When Spain gave Mexico their Independence, Iturbide removed Guerrero from any power and assigned himself as emperor of Mexico, he placed the crown on his head on May 19, 1822 Unable to bring stability to Mexico, he lost supporters.
The end of emperor agustin I Was believed he was taking in to much power. He ordered for the Congress to be dissolved and put many deputies in jail. Soon a Revolt would arise! Agustin I s tomb in the Cathedral of Mexico City While in Europe, Congress sentenced him to death, upon his arrival back to Mexico he was immediately taken prisoner for treason, and was executed in front of a firing squad in 1824.
History of the Mexican Flag Established officially 1821: From the Aztec s the Eagle on the cactus with a snake in its talon was taken => became the center piece of the flag. Now is considered the Mexican Coat of Arms. Colors: GREEN: hope WHITE: unity RED: the blood of the national heroes
Objective: Students will be able to identify key events during the fight for Mexican Independence, and identify key people that helped in the fight for Independence. DO NOW: Describe the colors of the Mexican flag and their meaning and explain why the symbol chosen for the center piece of the flag?