New Method for Environmental Performance Evaluation of Ro-Ro Passenger Ships By Hans Otto Holmegaard Kristensen Senior researcher, M.Sc. Technical University of Denmark (hohk@mek.dtu.dk)
Overview of presentation 1. Definition of a Ro Ro passenger ship and examples 2. The dilemma how to distribute the total emissions on the different types of cargo 3. State of the art in IMO/MEPC for Ro-Ro passenger ships 4. Presentation of the principles in the new evaluation method 5. Analysis result 6. Calculation example 7. Summary and conclusion 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Ro Ro passenger ship definition A Ro-Ro passenger ship is a ship which: 1) Carries more than 12 passengers and which has 2) Ro-Ro spaces or special category spaces which means that a Ro-Ro passenger ship transports: 1) Passengers (day and night facilities) 2) Cars 3) Busses 4) Trucks and trailers 5) Trains etc. 3 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Danish ferry Kalundborg 1931 4 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Danish ferry Prinsesse Anne Marie 1960 5 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Danish ferry Peder Paars 1985 6 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Danish ferry Mette Mols 1996 7 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Day and night ferry Pearl of Scandinavia Copenhagen Oslo route 8 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) Total CO 2 emissions EEOI = Capacity x Speed Capacity can be: Deadweight Payload Lanemeters Passengers Gross tonnage (GT) 9 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (EPI) Emissions EPI = Cargo type x Speed Cargo type can be: Truck (depending on length) Bus Van Car Passenger (unberhed) Passenger (berthed) 10 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (EPI) Emissions EPI = Cargo type x Speed How can the emissions be allocated to the different types of cargo in correct way? Ro-Ro passenger ships carry a mix of cargo (trucks, busses, cars, vans passengers etc.) The mix of cargo differs from trip to trip! 11 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (EPI) Basic assumption for new calculation method: 1. The emissions are related to the weight of each cargo type including the fraction of the ships lightweight which is associated with the carriage of the actual cargo 2. If the average weight density of the need cargo space is nearly constant irrespective of cargo type, the emissions can be related to the volume of each cargo type 12 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (EPI) Types of spaces related to Ro Ro pass. ships: 1. Space for rolling cargo (trucks, busses, vans, cars - including space for casings and ventilation and similar) 2. Space for passengers (cafeterias, restaurants, lounges, corridors and toilets) 3. Service volume (galleys, store rooms, air condition rooms, shop offices and similar) 4. Sleeping accommodation for passengers (cabins and associated corridors) 13 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (trucks and lorries) Volume (m³) 80000 60000 40000 1974-2010 Volume = 22.8 x lanemetres Volume per lanemeter: 24 m 3 20000 Volume (m³) 100000 0 80000 0 700 1400 2100 2800 3500 Lanemetres 60000 2000-2010 Volume = 24.1 x lanemetres 40000 20000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Lanemetres 14 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Volume (m³) Environmental performance (cars) 60000 45000 30000 Volume per car: 67.5 m 3 15000 0 1974-2010 Volume = 62.3 x cars 0 300 600 900 Car capacity Volume (m³) 60000 45000 30000 15000 0 2000-2010 Volume = 65.9 x cars + 1327 0 300 600 900 Car capacity 15 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (passenger volume) Volume (m³) 30000 24000 18000 12000 Volume = 9.2 x passengers High comfort class Low comfort class a 6000 0 Volume = 5.0 x passengers 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 Passengers 16 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (service volume) Volume (m³) 15000 12000 9000 high comfort low comfort Linear (high comfort) Linear (low comfort) Volume = 3.4 x pass. + 500 6000 3000 0 Volume = 2.1 x pass. + 145 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Passengers 17 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (cabins/berths) Volume (m³) 32000 24000 16000 8000 Volume = 13 x berths 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Berths 18 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (area and volume) Area and volume equivalents General Low comfort High comfort m 2 per lanemeter 4 - - m 3 per lanemeter 24 - - m 2 per car 15 - - m 3 per car 67.5 - - m 2 per unberthed passenger 3.5 2.5 4.5 m 3 per unberthed passenger 10 7 13 m 2 per berthed passenger 4.5 - - m 3 per berthed passenger 13 - - 19 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (weight density) Area and volume equivalents General Cargo density (t/m 3 ) Weight density (t/m 3 ) Total density m 2 per lanemeter 4 m 3 per lanemeter 24 0.119 0.08 0.199 m 2 per car 15 m 3 per car 67.5 0.019 0.08 0.099 m 2 per unberthed passenger 3.5 m 3 per unberthed passenger 10 0.008 0.15 0.158 m 2 per berthed passenger 4.5 m 3 per berthed passenger 13 0.0062 0.15 0.156 1 truck: 14 m and 40 tons 1 car: 1.25 tons 1 person: 80 kg 20 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (calculation principles) Maximum number of units Units Volume per unit in m 3 Product Emissions per cargo unit per nautical mile N1 Lanemetres 24 V1 = N1 x 24 E1 = 24/Vn x Q/V N2 Cars 67.5 V2 = N2 x 67.5 E2 = 67.5/Vn x Q/V N3 Unberthed pass. 10 V3 = N3 x 10 E3 = 10/Vn x Q/V N4 Berthed pass. 13 V4 = N4 x 13 E4 = 13/Vn x Q/V Vn = sum of this column Emissions per hour (g/hour) Speed (knots) Q V 21 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (Equivalent volume) Ro-Ro passenger ships 125000 100000 Cargo volume (m 3 ) 75000 50000 25000 0 30 70 110 150 190 230 Length pp (m) 22 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (100 % loaded) Ro-Ro passenger ships 30 25 gram CO2/m 3 /nm 20 15 10 5 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Length pp (m) 23 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (100 % loaded) 32 Ro-Ro passenger ships 28 Service speed (knots) 24 20 16 12 8 30 70 110 150 190 230 Length pp (m) 24 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (100 % loaded) Ro-Ro cargo ships 300 CO2 emissions (g/lm/naut.mile) 250 200 150 100 50 0 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Lanemeter 25 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance (100 % loaded) CO2 emissions (g/lm/naut.mile) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Ro-Ro cargo ships Ro-Ro passenger ships Truck 0 30 70 110 150 190 230 Length pp (m) 26 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance calculation example Mols Line (Aarhus - Kalundborg) - 2010 Maximum Maximum volume equivalent Actual value Actual volume equivalent Allocation in pct. Lanemeters 1200 28800 486 11673 81.4 Cars 0 0 31 2064 14.4 Unberthed passengers 600 4200 85 595 4.2 Berthed passengers 0 0 0 0 Total volume equivalent - 33000-14331 100.0 Passenger comfort class (1 = low comfort, 2 = general, 3 = high comfort) 1 Average capacity utilization based on calculated volume equivalents (pct.) 43.4 Area and volume equivalents General Low comfort High comfort Cargo density (t/m 3 ) Weight density (t/m 3 ) m 2 per lanemeter 4 - - m 3 per lanemeter 24 - - 0.119 0.08 m 2 per car 15 - - m 3 per car 67.5 - - 0.019 0.08 m 2 per unberthed passenger 3.5 2.5 4.5 m 3 per unberthed passenger 10 7 13 0.008 0.15 m 2 per berthed passenger 4.5 - - m 3 per berthed passenger 13 - - 0.0062 0.15 Oil consumption and speed Fuel oil per hour kg/hour 1162 Crossing time (minutes) 170 Diesel oil per hour kg/hour 113 Speed knots 16.6 EEOI (CO 2 per transport unit per nautical mile) CO 2 per lorry (or bus) per nm (kg/nm) The ship kg/nm 240 12 m lorry 15 m lorry 18 m lorry Lanes g/m/nm 402 4.82 6.03 7.23 Cars g/car/nm 1130 Unberthed passengers g/pass/nm 117 Berthed passengers g/pass/nm - 27 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance calculation example Mols Line (Aarhus - Kalundborg) - 2011 Maximum Maximum volume equivalent Actual value Actual volume equivalent Lanemeters 1200 28800 671 16108 84 Cars 0 0 37 2476 13 Unberthed passengers 600 4200 85 595 3 Berthed passengers 0 0 0 0 Total volume equivalent - 33000-19180 100 Passenger comfort class (1 = low comfort, 2 = general, 3 = high comfort) 1 Average capacity utilization based on calculated volume equivalents (pct.) 58.1 Area and volume equivalents General Low comfort High comfort Cargo density (t/m 3 ) Weight density (t/m 3 ) m 2 per lanemeter 4 - - m 3 per lanemeter 24 - - 0.119 0.08 m 2 per car 15 - - m 3 per car 67.5 - - 0.019 0.08 m 2 per unberthed passenger 3.5 2.5 4.5 m 3 per unberthed passenger 10 7 13 0.008 0.15 m 2 per berthed passenger 4.5 - - m 3 per berthed passenger 13 - - 0.0062 0.15 Oil consumption and speed Fuel oil per hour kg/hour 934 Crossing time (minutes) 180 Diesel oil per hour kg/hour 91 Speed knots 15.7 EEOI (CO 2 per transport unit per nautical mile) CO 2 per lorry (or bus) per nm (kg/nm) The ship kg/nm 204 12 m lorry 15 m lorry 18 m lorry Lanes g/m/nm 255 3.07 3.83 4.60 Cars g/car/nm 718 Unberthed passengers g/pass/nm 75 Berthed passengers g/pass/nm - 28 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Environmental performance calculation example 29 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Thank you! 30 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark