Japanese Heritage Conservation Systems and Hiroshima Challenges for World Heritage Sites in Hiroshima Yushi Utaka Associate Professor, University of Hyogo Picture: An Illustrated History of Post war Hiroshima, p137-138 1: Outline of Japanese heritage conservation 2: Case Study of Hiroshima s WH sites 1. Itsukushima Shrine 2. Hiroshima Peace Memorial 3: Conclusion: Hiroshima Story Japanese heritage conservation system administration, legislation, finance, participation and new issues 1
Legislation: Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties Japanese Heritage Conservation = Education Policy Physical Property Selected Cultural Property. Buildings, Calligraphy, Fine art, etc.. Listed Cultural Property. Buildings. Intangible Property Plays, Music, Craft skills etc. Folk Cultural Property Physical Property: Goods etc. Intangible Property: Culture etc. Monuments Places of Historic interest: Ancient tombs, Old houses, etc. Scenic Beauty: Gardens, Bridges, Valleys, etc.. Natural Monument. Plant, Flower, Animal, etc.. Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings Year 2006: 80 Preservation districts Encouraging Public Participation http://www.denken.gr.jp/ million 140 120 100 80 60 40 GROWTH OF TOTAL POPULATION 65 years old 15-64 years old Aging Japan Well Preserved Rising Empty House 20 14 years old 0 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 Year Data : Population Census of Japan 2
Research Report, Proposed Preservation District in Miyajima Island, Hatsukaichi City, 2007 CASE 1 Itsukushima Shrine Inscribed :1996 Criteria: C (i) (ii) (iv) (vi) Mapfan Nomination process & history: Itsukushima Shrine 593 First Itsukushima Shrine established 1850- Shrine established as a major tourist destination: Pray&Play Monomiyusan 1923 Listed as a National Monument (Meisyou) 1949 Damaged: Typhoon and land slides. Showa redevelopment 1950 Listed as an Important National Monument (Kokuhou) 1991 Damaged: Typhoon and land slides 1996 Listed as a World Heritage Site 1997 Number of visitors increased after TV program Worrier Mori Motonari aired 2001 Surrounding mountains listed as a World Heritage Forest Conserving the significance of Japanese Architecture: Authenticity or Uniqueness? Japanese architecture: Built form and system Picture, Left: Chugoku News Paper, http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/nie/question31.html Picture, Center : Chugoku News Paper, http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/news/tn02100807.html This is my work. Work within history: Shrine Carpenter 3
Tourism on WH site and Sacred site: Eat-Buy-Photo Phenomena This is a place where we are praying every morning. This is our place; it is not for visitors : A lady living in Miyajima town Miyajima will soon be upgraded as an international tourist destination : Tourism Promotion Board Research Report, Proposed Preservation District in Miyajima Island, Hatsukaichi City, 2007 Core Zone Proposed Conservation Area Shrine Core Zone Proposed Conservation Area Shopping Streets Buffer Zone < Grand Gate Ferry Pier Satellite Image: 国土画像情報 ( オルソ化空中写真 ) 国土交通省 4
Core Zone From Shrine to Grand Gate Shrine Buffer Zone NGOs: Fragmented holy axis 第六管区海上保安本部海洋情報部 Established Industrial Area: Hope of Japanese Economy Hiroshima s Regional Economy - More Serious Recession and Slower Recovery 5
CASE 2 Hiroshima Peace Memorial Inscribed :1996 Criteria: C (vi) Transforming the Legacy of Hiroshima; Three Hiroshimas 廣島 the imperialistic, prewarmilitary legacy 広島 democratized city with postwar society in Japan ヒロシマ city of peace and antinuclear movements Lisa Yoneyama, 1999, Hiroshima Traces: Space, and the Dialectics of Memory, University of California Press, p.82-83 Peace Memorial Park Design Competition : Architect Kenzo Tange Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law 1949 Peace is not naturally obtained easily for us from nature and gods. first of all we are going to develop and construct this museum as a factory of peace. (Kenzo Tange, 1949) Kenzo Tange, 1949, Interviews on the Shinkentiku, 1949.10 (In Japanese: translated by the author, partly quoted) 1915 Commercial Exhibition Hall 1945 Atomic Bomb: Ruin 1949- Genbaku Dome Picture: Kenzo Tange & Terunobu Fujimori 2002 6
From Ruin to Monument 1950s Many citizen group request the preservation of the ABD 1965 First major inventory and preservation project. Fund-rising campaign started 1989 2 nd major preservation projects 1995 Japanese government designate ABD as a national monument 1996 Listed as a World Heritage Site Pictures, Left: http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/news/tn03121312.html Thirdly, the Dome has become a universal monument for all mankind, symbolizing the hope for Perpetual peace and the ultimate elimination of all nuclear weapons on earth (Genbaku Dome, 28 September 1995, ICOMOS, p.115 ) Questioning the Legacy of Hiroshima; Repose ye in Peace, for the error shall not be repeated Hiroshima is angry and Nagasaki prays Landscape control at WH site & Buffer zone 広島 /Hiroshima The Atomic Bomb Dome: Core zone Design Guideline of the architectures: Buffer Zone Design Guidelines for Riverfront Building Design Guidelines for Buildings on Heiwa Odori Street Base Map: Planning Department, Hiroshima City 7
Formulating Landscape: Contrast or Obstacle? We should demolish several buildings that are located near the ABD. All of them are obstacles to pleas for peace : A conservation expert Left: Before, Right: After Planning Department, Hiroshima City We, the people of Hiroshima, have worked hard. See, there are a lots of new shiny building surrounding the ABD : An old gentlemen working in a local car park Crossing Visions: The Peace Memorial and Living City Recommendations for the A-Bomb Dome Expressing our deep regret and disappointment over the construction of five high-rise buildings in the buffer zone, including the recently completed apartment building close to the Atomic Bomb Dome: Conference Appeal: ICOMOS Japan and UNESCO (ACCU) 2006 New Building Height Control for Buffer Zone (Hiroshima City) Peace Park: To keep the suitable condition as a Holy Place Municipal Ordinance for Use of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park Text : Chugoku Newspaper 2004.04.27 8 August 1984: Free Access Present:Allowed Only on the 8.6 Memorial Day Pictures: Chugoku Newspaper 2004.04.21 Do s and Don ts in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park Q: Music Allowed in the Peace Memorial Park? Chorus by small group Guitar Concert Brass band Concert 8
The War Against Vandalism: Burned Paper Crane 2003 Feb >>> Controlled & Monitored >>>> Again:2006 Jan Pictures: Left: http://www.rcc.net/comitia/theme86/cranes/album.htm Center: Chugoku Newspaper 2004.04.21 Right: Chugoku Newspaper 2006.01.12 August 6 in Hiroshima: Summer Sky and Heat - Weather Singularity Weathering and Change in Contemporary Japan Aging; Hibakusha, Artifact, - Agenda? At Schools: Peace Education Peace Museum Visit: Average 45min: Official Report Hati Roku (eight-six: August 6) :this day is described just as a summer festival for passing a hot day : The Shikoku Shimbun, 10.8.2003 Picture, Left: Hiroshima City. 9
New Museums in Kure City, Hiroshima Prefecture Japan Maritime Self Defense Force Museum Municipal Kure Maritime Museum (Yamato Museum) it seems to focus too much exhibiting war weapons and vessels (Asahi Shinbun, article written by Takeshi Amano, 21.05.2007 ) Kure city is a part of Hiroshima Prefecture, but located quite a distance from the holy land of Hiroshima city, so we can think of postwar efforts and what the war is in presence of mind (An academics in Hiroshima) Raise Up the Spirit? Japan: Economically Gap Society War makes Japanese society more fluid and demolishes the rigid social order. If we live under prejudice or shame in a peaceful society, we would prefer to suffer difficulties which are equal upon everyone in another war (Is war the permanent part-timer s dream? in Tokyo by three charismatic, permanent part-time workers: The Asahi Shinbun, Political Nippon, 18.6.2007 ) 10
Conclusion Hiroshima Story Challenges Toward New Legacy and Beyond The First Listing among the Post war Properties Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park : Place of Scenic Beauty Peace Memorial Museum: Important Cultural Property Young and Living Heritages: Memory Stepping Stones Connecting with Past 11
In my country, we are all now living in a place like Hiroshima s core zone (the compound of the preserved A-bomb Dome). After the wars, everything has gone. One day, I would like to invite you and friends, when we have rebuilt our cities like the lively Hiroshima of today. (A Visitor from foreign Country) for at least 70 years, no grass and tree would grow Text: The Hiroshima Municipal Archives, 1996, An Illustrated History of Post War Hiroshima, p.43 Picture: Shigeyoshi Hayashi 2007: Shigeyoshi Hayashi Picture Exhibition, Hiroshima Peace Museum 12
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Hiroshima is the city of living hope This file will be used for ORAL presentation only 14