The Cold War s Most Dangerous Decade?? 1
1959 Dwight Eisenhower is President Kruschev is leader in Russia Fidel Castro leads Cuban Revolution 1960 U2 Incident Bay of Pigs Invasion Berlin Wall is erected John F Kennedy elected President of the US in November 2
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 1963: July Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ratified 1963: November JFK assassinated and Lyndon B Johnson becomes president 1964: Leonid Brezhnev takes over power in USSR. 3
1965: July Announcement of dispatching of 150,000 U.S. troops to Vietnam 1968: January North Korea captured U.S.S. Pueblo 1968: August Soviet troops crush Czechoslovakian revolt 1969: July 20 Apollo 11 lands on the moon 4
January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro overthrow a corrupt American supported government. Castro takes over the sugar industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union. The next year, Castro seizes all U.S. businesses on the island. 5
1960: US begins a trade embargo on exports to Cuba. This means that it is illegal for Americans to buy or sell anything with Cuba or travel there. NOVEMBER: John F. Kennedy becomes U.S. President https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1qlc5tzrwa 6
Refusing to trade or aid countries in order to punish them 7
Still today, the USA has an economic embargo on communist Cuba. Their only cars are from before the embargo! President Obama is considering finally ending the embargo. 8
On May 1, an American highaltitude U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union. After the Soviets announce the capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers, the United States takes back earlier statements that the plane was on a weather research mission. 9
Suffering major embarrassment, Eisenhower was forced to admit the truth behind the mission and the U-2 program, although he refused to publicly apologize to Khrushchev. This refusal caused the Paris Summit to collapse when Khrushchev stormed out of negotiations. 10
Powers was sentenced to ten years in prison, including seven years of hard labor, following an infamous show-trial. He served less than two years, however, and was released in 1962 in exchange for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. 11
On August 15, communist authorities begin construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin. 12
June - Khrushchev pressured new American President John F Kennedy Demanded withdrawal of Western forces from West Berlin Kennedy refused July 23 Flow of refugees from East to West is more than a 1000 a day July 25 Kennedy repeats support for West Berlin and announced increase in arms spending 13
13-22 August Khrushchev and East German govt. orders barbed wire barrier across Berlin, followed by a wall of concrete blocks All of West Berlin encircled apart from access points This was against the Four Power agreement made in 1949.
Important results for Berlin, Germany and the Cold War: Berlin was divided, free access ended between East and West, many families split, many attempted to escape to the Westbetween 1961 and 1989; 86 people died trying to cross the Berlin Wall
Kennedy accepted the Soviet action. He refused to use US troops to pull down the wall to avoid war. Kennedy looked weak but West turned it into propaganda why if Communism was so attractive was a wall needed? 1963 Kennedy visited West Berlin pledged continued support Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner) famous speech Khrushchev lost face by failing to remove the West from Berlin
Berlin was split in two. Tension grew as both sides started new nuclear testing. The West became more anti-communist. 17
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Berlin Wall Note the Barbed Wire 21
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7tdisle78w 24
http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/photo-gallerypreserving-the-berlin-wall-fotostrecke-93853.html http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/prot esters-halt-dismantling-of-berlin-wall-section-forluxury-condos-a-886396.html 25
Captured Cubans U.S.-organized invasion force of 1,400 Cuban exiles is defeated by Castro's government forces on Cuba's south coast at the Bay of Pigs. Launched from Guatemala in ships and planes provided by the United States, the invaders surrender on April 20 after three days of fighting. Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster. 26
Cuba, small island, 160 km from coast of Florida US ally, US businesses & US military base (Guantanamo) 1959, Fidel Castro overthrows Battista (USbacked dictator), establishing Communist government.
Why did they go to such lengths after April 1961? Castro takes over US businesses January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations April, 1961, Bay of Pigs 1,400 anti-cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Castro Autumn 1962, Cuba has received 1000s of USSR missiles, jets, boats & personnel The US committed $100 million to overthrowing Castro, the CIA tried to sabotage the economy, they even planned to send him an exploding cigar!
Cuba was a new Communist state Cuba provided a launch base for USSR inter-continental missiles (ICMs) Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US president, JFK Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into bargaining over US missiles in Europe
14 October 1962, US U2 spy plane takes photos of suspected USSR missile sites on Cuba Sites nearing completion, experts believe they could be ready in 7 days US spy planes identify 20 Soviet ships bound for Cuba carrying missiles
The End of the Cuban Missile Crisis: http://library.thinkq uest.org/11046/day s/conclusion.html Copyright 2007 unimaps.com, used with permission 32
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20 October, Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba 22 October, Kennedy publicly calls on Khrushchev to remove weapons
23 October Khrushchev refuses to acknowledge blockade or presence of Soviet missiles on Cuba 24 October, 1 st Soviet ships (accompanied by submarine) approach 800 km exclusion zone
24 October, 10:32 am, Soviet ships stop and turn round 26 October, Kennedy receives a letter from Krushchev offering to negotiate over missiles in Cuba as long as the Americans remove the blockade and invasion threat 27 October, Kennedy receives second letter calling for withdrawal of US missiles in Turkey too
27 October, US U2 plane shot down over Cuba & pilot killed. Kennedy decides to ignore second letter, but accepts terms of 1 st letter 28 October, Khrushchev agrees to dismantle Soviet missiles in Cuba
Cuba remained Communist & heavily armed (without nuclear missiles) Both leaders didn t lose face and came away with concessions Helped renew the thaw world saw the futility of MAD Permanent hotline between White House & Kremlin set up Supported theory of containment & co-existence because alternatives unimaginable
The Soviets removed the missiles in Cuba. In exchange, USA pledged to not invade Cuba again. And to remove missiles in Turkey (which never actually happened) 40
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yv1wxjxsv8 41
JFK Famous Speeches Ask not what your country can do for you Man on the Moon JFK was shot in Dallas Video of Shooting 42
Through the Kennedy years, US troops trained S. Vietnamese troops to fight the Reds. After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, under LBJ, US troops started to fight more. From Wikipedia Illustrated History Online 43
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Seeing this on TV led to a loss of support at home 45
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yv1wxjxsv8 46
American Dissent Hippie Throughout the 60s and 70s! Forrest Gump (Trailer) 47