REGIONAL ACCESIBILITY: Cross-border tourism & Tourism-scapes in Southern Africa Prof Karen Harris Department of Historical and Heritage Studies University of Pretoria September 2016
REGIONAL ACCESSIBILITY Southern African region Local and international tourism Cross-Border Tourism (Part 1) Tourism-scapes (Part 2)
Merriam Webster definition of ACCESSIBLE 1. providing access 2a. capable of being reached: accessible by rail also being within reach: fashions at accessible prices 2b. easy to communicate or deal with: accessible people 3. capable of being influenced: accessible to new ideas 4. capable of being used or seen: the collection is not currently accessible 5. capable of being understood or appreciated: the author's most accessible stories http://www.merriam-webster.com
TOURISM Tourism is essentially defined as a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. (UNTWO) Countries are regions that are identified as distinct national entities in political geography. They imply a nationalistic bordered area with all the rights and privileges pertaining thereto for those inside. Countries' borders are thus barriers that prevent free flow of individuals or tourists - from outside.
Grand Tour 17 th Century Cross-border tourist guiding 21 st century European Union Canada and USA
Cross-border tourism (C-BT) Cross-border tourism (C-BT) implies the movement of people across the borders of a country under the guidance of a qualified tourist guide (D. Timothy)
Cross-border tourism challenges - difficult for tourist guide to hand over - interruption of the tourist experience - discrepancy in standards and expectations - economic competitiveness - Cross-border tourism advantages - tourist guide maintained or confident about hand over - continuity of tourist experience - consistency in standards and expectations - benefit both tourists and local communities - mitigate damage to destinations due to illegal guiding activities Supranational alliances - collaboration for economic development - alignment of training and regulations - bilateral, multilateral national agreements - environmental trans-border / trans-frontier parks
South African Minister of Tourism Derek Hanekom: When tourism succeeds, the African continent succeeds and millions of people benefit from this success. (Indaba, May 2016, Durban) United Nations World Tourism Organization: Tourism is growing faster in the world s emerging and developing regions than in the rest of the world. (UNTWO 2014) Agnes Akiro Tourism State Minster of Uganda: African states agree to complement each other rather than compete. The understanding is that we would be more competitive as a united force. (Indaba, May 2016, Durban)
SADC PROTOCOL on TOURISM Signed in 1998 Mauritius, enforced 2002 Article 2 sub-sections 10 & 11 - To facilitate intra-regional travel for the development of tourism through the easing or removal of travel and visa restrictions and the harmonization of immigration procedures - To improve tourism services and infrastructure in order to foster a vibrant tourism industry The region recognises the urgent need to improve tourism infrastructure in readiness for the forecasted growth that could see the SADC region receiving approximately 58% of the total continental traffic by 2027.
SADC and cross-border tourism Namibia Botswana Zimbabwe Mozambique Swaziland Lesotho
Tourism Potential in SSA
SADC CLUSTERS INTERNATIONAL RATINGS Advanced cluster: South Africa (22/184+ or 64 /140*) Maturing cluster:botswana(100/184+ or 94/140*);Namibia(117/180+ or 91/140*) Emerging cluster: Mozambique (135/184+ or 125/140*) Regressed cluster: Zimbabwe (145/184+ or 118/140*) Stalled cluster:lesotho(167/184+or 135/140*); Swaziland(169/184+ or 119/140*) + World Travel and Tourism Council 2013 * The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2013 (Economic Forum - WTTC)
The legal environment of tourist guiding in Southern Africa Botswana Lesotho Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland Zimbabwe Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Ministry of Tourism Ministry of Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Tourism, Tourism Environment (NDT) Tourism and Environment Tourism Department(s) and Tourism (BTO) Environment and Culture (LTDC) and Tourism (NTB) Environmental Affairs (STA) and Tourism (ZTA) Tourism Legislation Tourism Act of Tourism Act of New Tourism Namibia Tourism Act of South Swaziland Tourism Act of (General) Botswana (No. 22 of 1992) Lesotho (No. 4 of 2002) Law of Mozambique Tourism Board Act (No. 21 of Africa (No. 3 of 2014) Tourism Authority Act of Zimbabwe (No. 22 of (No. 4 of 2004) 2000) 2001 2001) Minister of Tourism Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tourism Registrar - - - - Yes - - Legislation - - - Legislation Legislation - - Regulations - - - Legislation Legislation - - Tourist Guide Organizations/Auth -Botswana Guides Association (BOGA) -Tours and Safari Assoc -CATHSSETA -Gauteng Guides University of Swaziland - orities -Hospitality and - - (TASA) Association Tourism Authority -Hospitality -Cape Guides Botswana (HATAB) Assoc Namibia (HAN) Association Tourist Guide Yes - - Yes CATHSSETA - - Training -BOGA Accredited Training -TASA Accredited Accredited Training Training UP, Harmonization of Tourist Guide Training in Southern Africa, Dec 2014. p. 88.
Summary of tourist guiding in the region SUMMARY OF TOURIST GUIDING IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Country National Government and Tourist Guiding National Tourism Legislation and Tourist Guiding National Registrar of Tourist Guides Tourist Guide Authorities or Associations National Qualifications Framework (NQF) Tourist Guide Qualifications Tourist Guide Training Providers Accreditation and Registration Policies Monitoring of Standards and Illegal Activities South Africa Fully committed Implemented. Includes regulations for tourist guides and the code of conduct for tourist guides. Botswana There is a need for more commitment to tourist guiding, but the government is generally committed to overall tourism development Namibia Fully committed Established but still needs official implementation. Includes regulations for tourist guides and the code of conduct for tourist guides. Yes, has been established in legislation. Provincial Registrars for each of the 9 provinces. Yes. 1. Federation of South African Tourist Guide Associations 2.Gauteng Guides Association 3. Cape Tourist Guide Associations 4. CATHSSETA None None Yes. 1. Botswana Guides Association (BOGA) 2. Botswana Training Authority (BOTA) Yes, has been established in legislation Yes. 1. Namibian Academy for Tourism and Hospitality (NATH) 2. Tour and Safari Association of Namibia (TASA) Yes. Run by the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) Yes. BOTA have developed the Botswana National Vocational Qualifications Framework (BNVQF) which coordinates vocational education and training (VET) Yes. Run by the Namibian Qualifications Authority (NQA) 1. Provincial Guide Qualification 2. National Guide Qualification 3. Specialised Guide Qualification (a) Nature Guide (b) Culture Guide (c) Adventure Guide Botswana Nature Guide Qualification National Guiding Certificate (National Guide Qualification) CATHSSETA Accredited Trainers -FGASA -AQN -Drum Beat Academy -Makiti Guides and Safaris -Eco-Training Yes. 1. Okavango Guiding School 2. Eco-Training NATH Yes. See the Yes, but they are not as clear and established as those in SA. Tourist Guides are accredited and registered through BOTA Yes. See the Regulations for Tourist Guides in Namibia in the Namibian Tourism Board Act of 2000 Yes. Provincial Registrars are responsible for monitoring the standards and any illegal guiding activities None None UP, Harmonization of Tourist Guide Training Regulations and Standards in Southern Africa, Nov 2013. p. 168.
A terraced analysis of tourist guide training Terrace 3: Regional Harmonisation Collaboration Botswana RSA Terrace 2: On Par Collaboration Terrace 1: Namibia Host Concern Lesotho Zimbabwe Mozambique Swaziland
Tourist guide training framework NATIONAL GUIDE Basic guiding skills National legislation Research skills Interpretation skills Vertical knowledge (geo-specific) CROSS-BORDER GUIDE Trans-border competencies Regional legislation Advanced research skills Advanced interpretation skills Lateral knowledge (regional knowledge)
Tourist guiding NATIONAL GUIDE Geo-specific guidebooks focus on individual countries: Tourism: Top attractions Geography: Maps, climate, terrain, fauna & flora, demography History: pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial, contemporary Cultures: Language, art, music, religion, architecture, sport, traditions and festivals Other: Health risks, inoculation requirements, visa requirements, customs control, legal aspects, security regulations, emergency and useful numbers, etiquette, useful phrases in the local languages Additional reading: List of recommended sources
Tourist guide training framework CROSS- BORDER GUIDE Cross-border regional guidebook discuss the whole southern African region in a cross-border context, focusing on: Landscape People Politics History Current state of the respective tourism industries
A landscape portrayed and utilised in a tourism context, like when a list of arbitrary tourist attractions are combined into a route based on a thematic approach. Tourism-scapes
Themed Themed attraction in attraction Namibia in Mozambique Zimbabwe Swaziland Botswana Lesotho RSA
Themed attraction in Namibia Themed attraction in Botswana Themed attraction in RSA Themed attraction in Zimbabwe Themed attraction in Lesotho Themed attraction in Mozambique Themed attraction in Swaziland
Origins Route Namibia Quiver Tree Dolerite park & Mesosaurus Fossil site Botswana Tsodilo Hills Zimbabwe Great Zimbabwe Ruins Mozambique Chinhamaprere Rock Art Site Swaziland Nsangwini Rock Art Site Lesotho Liphofung Caves South Africa Cradle of Humankind
CROSS-BORDER TOURISMSCAPES The Origins Route Charlene Herselman & KLH 1 TOURISMSCAPE a landscape portrayed and utilised in a tourism context, like when a list of arbitrary tourist attractions are combined into a route based on a thematic approach. 7 3 4 2 1 2 6 7 5 6 3 4 5
Liberation Route Namibia Heroes Acre Botswana Three Dikgosi Monument Zimbabwe National Heroes Acre Mozambique Samora Machel Statue Swaziland Lubombo Liberation Route Lesotho Thabo Busio Mountain South Africa Robben Island
CROSS-BORDER TOURISMSCAPES The Liberation Route Jane Dewah & KLH TOURISMSCAPE a landscape portrayed and utilised in a tourism context, like when a list of arbitrary tourist attractions are combined into a route based on a thematic approach. 3 4 1 2 5 6 7
NAMBIAN-SOUTH AFRICAN CORRIDOR Aligned in terms of : National Government Departments Tourism legislation Tourist guide training 2011 Bilateral discussions NDT and NTB Country National Gov & Tourist guiding Tourism legislation National Registrar Assoc NQF Tourist Guide qualifications TG training providers Accreditation and registration Monitoring Namibia NATH -- SA CATHSSETA
Early Peoples Route South Africa 1. Pre Colonial Archaeology, Iziko Museums, Cape Town, Western Cape 2.!Khwa ttu in the West Coast: San Culture and Education Centre, Yzerfontein, Western Cape 3. Cederberg Rock Art Trails, Cederberg, Western Cape 4. Richtersveld Cultural Desert Landscape, Richtersveld, Northern Cape Namibia 5. Musical Stones, Rooipunt Farm, Bethanie 6. Prehistoric Elephant Relics and Sites of Veneration, Windhoek 7. Otjikandero Himba Cultural Village, Kamanjab 8. Rock Engravings, Twyfelfontein
!Khwa Prehistoric ttu in Elephant the Colonial West Relics Coast: Richtersveld Cederberg Otjikandero San Culture Archaeology, Rock Musical Engravings, Rock Cultural Stones, Himba Art Desert Trails, and Education Iziko Landscape, Cultural Rooipunt Cederberg, Richtersveld, Farm, Centre, Museums, Sites Twyfelfontein, Village, Yzerfontein, of Veneration, Cape Town, Kamanjab, Northern Bethanie, Western Cape, SA Windhoek, Western Namibia Namibia Cape, Namibia SA
Early Peoples Route
Merriam Webster definition of ACCESSIBLE 1. providing access for a broader market and to a wider range of products 2a. capable of being reached by being able to get to the destinations hassle free also being within reach in terms of accessible prices 2b. easy to deal with access to the region 3. capable of being influenced accessible to new ideas of C-B-T and Tourism-scapes 4. capable of being used or seen by making collections and sites accessible 5. capable of being understood or appreciated impacts on the tourist guide s role
Thank you Professor Karen Harris Mr. Hannes Engelbrecht Ms. Charlene Herselman Ms. Alida Green Ms. Jane Dewah Mr Richard Wylie