How Spain Colonized Texas

How Spain Colonized Texas

Brief History 1492 Columbus came to America Spaniards came to explore American mainland 1500s Spanish explorers Cabeza de Vaca and Coronado reinforced Spanish claim to Texas Friars were establishing missions 1682 La Salle led first the European expedition to navigate the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico Claimed the entire region surrounding the Mississippi for France/France had a claim to Texas 1684 mistakenly landed in Texas and established the first settlement in Texas: Ft. St. Louis

MAJOR GOALS OF MISSIONS Missions had several purposes: Convert the Natives to the Catholic faith Teach the natives to be subjects of Spain (loyal to the government)

MAJOR GOALS OF MISSIONS Keep control of their lands Spaniards feared a French Texas Decided it was time to settle Texas Renewed efforts to establish missions and settlement The major goal of missions was to help Spain colonize and eventually become the greatest nation in the world.

What does Colonization mean and how did the Spaniards plan to accomplish it in Texas?

To control the borderlands Mission-Presidio System Goal Goal Goal Teach Indians about Catholicism and Spanish way of life Create Spanish presence in the Americas Protect Spanish citizens at missions and ranches Four types of Spanish settlements missions, presidios, towns, ranchos

Major Players Father Damian Massanet Born in Spain Came to New World in 1683 to help found a missionary college. Accompanied Gov. Alonso de Leon through Texas finding the remains of Fort St. Louis and helped convince him to start a mission in East Texas. Established first mission in East Texas, San Francisco de los Tejas, in 1690. Disagreed with de Leon over the size of the military forced needed at the mission. Eventually abandoned the mission due to lack of supplies and conflict with natives.

Major Players Alonso de Leon- Spanish Governor who found Ft. St. Louis and helped settle the first mission in East Texas. Martin de Alarcón established San Antonio de Bexar and San Antonio de Valero one of the most important settlements in Texas José de Escandón- Spanish Governor who founded missions in the Rio Grande Valley Antonio Margil de Jesús- Founded Mission de Los Adaes and later the most successful missions in San Antonio, San José y San Miguel de Aguayo.

What Was a Spanish Mission Missions were the main tool for colonizing Texas. Most missions were a square compound with enclosed walls to protect those inside. Run by a priest. Meant to be self sufficient

Purpose Missions were expected to: Be self supporting (grow, make its own stuff) Make a profit$$$ for Spain Produce goods for export ( beads, artwork)

Daily Life In the Missions Morning Prayers 30-60 minutes of Catholic school Worked in the field or workshops After evening meal, more prayers More Catholic school

How well would you have done if you lived in a mission? Explain two things you would have liked and two things that you would have hated.

Tough Going Missions were not all that successful. Mission population shrank. Natives ran away because they disliked mission life. It cost the Spanish government $$$ to keep these missions going.

Some Success, though Some missions did thrive (do well) and eventually became major cities. El Paso San Antonio Laredo Many East Texas missions were named after Native Texan tribes

Consequences Missions brought civilization and religion to Texas. New diseases also came with the missionaries and colonists. The Native Texans had no immunities to these diseases, so many died of influenza and other simple illnesses.

Presidios Provided military support for the missions, and later, settlements. It protected missionaries and colonists from attacks by Native Americans.

Vocabulary Where do the following vocabulary terms belong? Write a sentence defending your answer. Church Vaquero Presidio Priest Convert Catholic Cattle Fransican Soldier Friar Spanish Colonization Mission Presidio Town Ranch

Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta Established in 1682 by Spanish friars Located a few miles east of the present-day El Paso Texas first permanent settlement. All that remains is the restored mission church Has changed names several times making it difficult to keep up with

Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta

Warm up Explain something you would have hated and something you would have liked about living on a mission. What were the goals of the Spanish Mission- Presidio system?

La Salle Expedition The Spanish learn of the expedition and begin searching for it. De León and Father Massanet find two French survivors. De León and Massanet find the remains of Fort St. Louis and meet the Tejas. New Spanish Policy: establish missions in East Texas to convert the Tejas and protect the region from the French

Search for LaSalle by the Spanish Alonso DeLeon-Spanish Governor-General sent to find LaSalle s colony Father Damián Massanet accompanied de Leon to convert Native Americans Along travels met Hasinais or as Spanish called them Tejas Massanet believed the Tejas were interested in establishing a mission They return in 1690 with friars and 100 soldiers and established the Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Failed mission A year later the mission was in trouble. Tension arise between the two men about how many soldiers were necessary. Massanet felt like too many soldiers would hinder the priests work. Natives (Tejas) blame the Spanish for diseases, become hostile and refuse to work in the missions. The Spanish burn the mission and flee back to Mexico City.

What do you think was the reason that Missions did not succeed? Could they have done something different to be more successful?

Father Francisco Hildalgo Founded Mission San Juan Batista (Rio Grande), wanted to keep East Texas missions open so wrote letter to Governor of Louisiana (French) to help build missions French explorer Louis Juchereau de St. Denis sent to find Father Hildalgo St. Denis found trading post in Natchitoches, Lousiana (1714) St. Denis finds Hildalgo, but is arrested by Presidio Commander Diego Ramon, lives with them, until sent south to Mexico City.

Spain Reclaims East Texas In 1716 San Francisco de los Tejas was reopened A mid-point for supply caravans was needed. In modern day San Antonio the Mission San Antonio de Valero and the Presidio San Antonio de Bexar was built. Valero would become the Alamo

w ission San Antonio de Valero

Mission San Juan Originally founded in 1716 in Eastern Texas Transferred in 1731 to its present location outside of San Antonio. Helped support San Antonio missions and local settlements By the mid 1700s, it was a regional supplier of agricultural produce

Mission San Juan Bautista

Mission San José Founded in 1720 Reached its peak in 1794 with 350 Indians Completely closed as a mission in 1824 The state s largest restored mission compound and has the most ornate church façade Still a parish church

Mission San José

Martín de Alarcón Governor of Spanish Texas builds a mission on the San Antonio River in 1718, Mission San Antonio de Valero Winters were mild and summers were hot, but not very humid, cotton wood trees dotted most of the land Antonio Margil de Jesus establishes San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo becoming the most profitable mission in Texas, by 1781, a sugar mill was built. Ultimately, many Coahuiltecan lived there and large rancho s of cattle 15 Canary Islands families move to the presidio, town named San Fernando de Bexar; first civil government rule The entire area is renamed San Antonio de Bexar or San Antonio

San Antonio de Béxar Settlement Type Year Founder(s) San Antonio de Valero mission 1718 Martín de Alarcón San Antonio de Béxar presidio 1718 Martín de Alarcón San José y San Miguel de Aguayo mission 1720 Antonio Margil de Jesús San Fernando de Béxar civil settlement 1731 Canary Islander families

Chicken Wars June 1719, French soldiers surprise 2 Spaniards near a mission near what is now Louisiana French took supplies to include several chickens from the mission s henhouse The French officer tied them to his horse, but the horse was frightened and the rider was thrown The confusion allowed one of the Spaniards to escape and warn of the incident, The escapee exaggerates the number of French soldiers and this became known as the Chicken War The raid causes the Spanish to realize they do not have enough people in Texas to maintain the area.

Spanish Strongholds in East Texas are Established By 1721 abandoned missions were reopened by Marques de San Miguel de Aguayo, governor of Coahuila and Texas and guarded by hundreds of soldiers. Presidio Los Adaes became the capital of newly created province of Texas (Natchitoches LA.) NAK-ə-təsh Texas was now secured by Spain Los Adaes

Do you think the Spanish chose a good place for the capital? If so, why? If not, where would you have chosen to put it?

New Settlements in Rio Grande Long stretches of the Gulf Coast inhabitated by Native Americans and was open for France/England to claim this area. Spain again was concerned. 1746 Jose de Escandon established a colony in La Bahia Ranching industry grew in this area along the San Antonio River Missionaries improved relationship with Karankawa Escandon founded 24 settlements in South Texas and 15 missions. More than 6000 people lived in these colonies compared to all the 1800 that lived in rest of Texas

Presidio La Bahía (Golidad, TX) Fort dates back to 1749 La Bahía s job to protect Mission Espíritu Santo Site of many skirmishes during the Mexican and Texan revolutions Karankawa Indians not hospitable Moved to the Guadalupe River Became known as Goliad

Presidio La Bahía

The Spanish abandon East Texas. Conflict between France and Spain The Spanish return to Texas. Aguayo expedition José de Escandón Central Texas missions Aguayo Expedition Effects founded missions and presidios strengthened Spanish control Effects built settlements along Rio Grande secured Gulf Coast area Effects missions failed to convert Apaches missions attacked by hostile Indians

Clashes on the Frontier San Saba 1757 built by Franciscan with a presidio to guard it Little success was made to convert the Apaches, but they did live at the mission Comanche, Tonkawa, Kiowa numbering 2000 warriors attacked the Apaches and the mission in 1758 Burned the mission and killed the preists This ended Spanish attempts to spread into Central Texas

Spanish Missions in Texas The Camino Real was a rough road that connected the Texas missions with Mexico. Unfortunately, native raids and swollen rivers frequently made the road impassible.

Catholic heritage and missions routes of first Texas roads many Spanish place names Examples of Spanish Influence in Texas culture (architecture, art, food, language, music) legal traditions cattle ranching traditions and terms

Chapter Wrap-Up How did the Spanish attempt to change American Indian culture? How did San Antonio s climate and location help the settlement become successful? Why did the Spanish first leave and then return to Texas?

Resources Information Anderson, Adrian N. et al. Texas and Texans. Columbus: Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 1993. Foster, Nancy Haston. The Texas Monthly Guidebooks: Texas Missions, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1995, 150 pgs. http://www.nps.gov/saan/ http://hotx.com/missions/history.html http://www.lsjunction.com/facts/missions.htm http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/ss/its2.html