ANALIZA SISTEMA ODUZIMANJA IMOVINE PRIBAVLJENE VRŠENJEM KRIVIČNIH DJELA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI USAID-OV PROJEKAT PRAVOSUĐA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

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ANALIZA SISTEMA ODUZIMANJA IMOVINE PRIBAVLJENE VRŠENJEM KRIVIČNIH DJELA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI USAID-OV PROJEKAT PRAVOSUĐA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini Grbavička 4, V Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina Telefon: +387 33 219 678 www.usaidjp.ba

USAID-OV PROJEKAT PRAVOSUĐA U BIH JULI 2017. Analiza sistema oduzimanja imovine pribavljene vršenjem krivičnih djela u BiH dostupna je na www.usaidjp.ba IZJAVA O OGRANIČENJU ODGOVORNOSTI Stavovi koji su izneseni u ovom dokumentu ne odražavaju nužno stavove USAID-a ili Vlade Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.

ANALIZA SISTEMA ODUZIMANJA IMOVINE PRIBAVLJENE VRŠENJEM KRIVIČNIH DJELA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI USAID-OV PROJEKAT PRAVOSUĐA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI JULI 2017.

FOREWORD USAID s Justice Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Project) covers two areas: 1) strengthening prosecutorial capacities in combating organized crime and corruption and 2) strengthening the integrity of the judiciary as an institution and the integrity of its individual members. The Project encompasses a variety of activities in both these areas, including producing analyses of certain current issues. The analyses seek to identify problems and obstacles and offer solutions to overcome them. The Analysis of the System of Forfeiture of Proceeds of Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Analysis) is one such example. The interest in asset forfeiture in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region is growing. The public reasonably expects proceeds of crime to be forfeited within the intensified anti-corruption and anti-economic crime action. This expectation is an important part of any discussion on the rule of law and reflected in the message that no one may retain the proceeds of crime. The return of such assets to the state and aggrieved individuals has a dual effect by contributing to the budget and strengthening public trust in the judiciary. Some developed states or their surrounding regions have already developed systems to tackle this challenge, but they still work on advancing them further. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the legal framework for asset forfeiture exists, and the court decisions refer to forfeited amounts from individual criminals, but the final effect, meaning the amount of proceeds of crime actually forfeited remains scant. Therefore, the Project decided to conduct the activity that should provide a number of answers to the question why assets are not forfeited to a satisfactory degree, and point to specific ways leading toward an adequate level of asset forfeiture. We are aware that this level is achievable only through long-term, committed and coordinated effort, not only by prosecutors and prosecutor offices, but also the police, courts and relevant state bodies. The direct involvement of some of them may not be readily obvious. The structure, approach and methodology of the Analysis are presented in greater detail in the Executive Summary and the Introduction. We would like to highlight here the honesty and understanding with which the Project staff were received during the research, data collection and drafting of the Analysis. Prosecutors, judges, members of the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH, members of the law enforcement agencies, other state bodies, projects, nongovernmental sector and all other respondents, were open in identifying the problems in the area of asset forfeiture and demonstrated enthusiasm for improving the system. They shared their ideas of best solutions. Had it not been for their support, the drafting of the Analysis would have been much harder. The Project uses this opportunity to thank everyone who invested their time, knowledge and energy in helping us. We would especially like to thank the reviewers of the Analysis for their invaluable contribution: prosecutor Marija Vučko, Deputy Head the Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organized Crime (USKOK) of the State Attorney s Office of the Republic of Croatia and II

PREDGOVOR USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini (Projekat) provodi svoje aktivnosti u dvije oblasti: 1) Jačanje kapaciteta tužilaštava na borbi protiv privrednog kriminala i korupcije, i 2) Snaženje integriteta pravosuđa kako kroz pravosudne institucije, tako i kroz podizanje svijesti o integritetu među pripadnicima pravosudne zajednice. Kroz lepezu različitih aktivnosti u ove dvije oblasti, Projekat radi i na izradi analiza za određena aktuelna pitanja, koje identifikuju probleme i prepreke, i nude rješenja za njihovo prevazilaženje. Analiza sistema oduzimanja imovine pribavljene vršenjem krivičnih djela u Bosni i Hercegovini (Analiza) je jedna od tih aktivnosti. Diskusije o oduzimanju imovine pribavljene vršenjem krivičnih djela su u Bosni i Hercegovini i regionu sve učestalije. Zahtjevi javnosti da se, u okviru intenziviranja borbe protiv privrednog kriminala i korupcije, oduzima i protivpravno stečena imovinska korist su opravdani. Poruke da niko ne smije zadržati imovinu stečenu izvršenjem krivičnog djela, dio su osnovanih očekivanja građana kada se diskutuje o vladavini prava. Vraćanje takve imovine državi i oštećenim pojedincima istovremeno jača budžet i povjerenje u pravosudni sistem. Neke razvijene države ili njihovi regioni već imaju razrađene sisteme za rješavanje ovog izazova, ali ih dalje razvijaju. U Bosni i Hercegovini, pravni okvir za oduzimanje takve imovine postoji, u sudskim odlukama se pominju iznosi koji se oduzimaju od pojedinih izvršilaca krivičnih djela, ali krajnji efekat - količina oduzete imovine stečene izvršenjem krivičnog djela je zanemariva. Stoga se Projekat odlučio za poduhvat koji nudi niz odgovora zašto se takva imovina ne oduzima u zadovoljavajućoj mjeri, ali i konkretne pravce kojima bi se trebalo kretati da se dostigne zadovoljavajući nivo na ovom planu. Svjesni smo da se takav nivo može postići samo dugoročnim, predanim koordiniranim radom, i to ne samo tužilaca i tužilaštava, nego i policije, sudova i nadležnih državnih organa od kojih neki, na prvi pogled, nemaju direktnu vezu sa ovim pitanjem. O strukturi Analize, pristupu i metodologiji izrade biće više riječi u Izvršnom sažetku i Uvodu. Ovdje želimo da istaknemo otvorenost i razumijevanje na koje je osoblje Projekta naišlo prilikom istraživačkog rada, prikupljanja podataka i pisanja Analize. Tužioci, sudije, članovi Visokog sudskog i tužilačkog vijeća BiH, pripadnici agencija za provođenje zakona, drugih državnih organa, projekata, nevladinog sektora, i svi drugi sa kojima smo razgovarali, otvoreno su ukazivali na probleme iz oblasti oduzimanja imovine pribavljene vršenjem krivičnih djela, istovremeno demonstrirali spremnost za rad na unapređenjima u ovoj oblasti i izložili ideje kako da se ta unapređenja što kvalitetnije realizuju. Bez ovakve podrške, izrada ove Analize bila bi znatno otežana, i Projekat se ovom prilikom zahvaljuje svima koji su posvetili svoje vrijeme, znanje i energiju da nam pomognu. Posebno se zahvaljujemo tužiteljici Mariji Vučko, zamjenici ravnateljice i voditeljici Odjela za istraživanje imovinske koristi stečene kaznenim djelom pri Uredu za suzbijanje korupcije i organiziranog kriminiteta (USKOK) Državnog odvjetništva Republike Hrvatske, sutkinji Vrhovnog suda Republike Srpske Danieli Milovanović, i dr. sc. Denisu Pajiću, docentu na Katedri za Krivično pravo, Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta Džemal Bijedić u Mostaru, koji su kao recenzenti dali USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini III

Head of the Department for Investigations of Proceeds of Crime; Daniela Milovanović, Judge of the Supreme Court the Republika Srpska, and Denis Pajić, Ph.D., Assistant Professor at the Department of Criminal Law of the Law School of the University of Mostar Džemal Bijedić. Their expert comments and guidance were crucial for adequate understanding and presenting important chapters of the Analysis. The Project does not tend to see its analyses, present or future, as stand-alone deliverables. This Analysis will inform further activities of the Project towards the strengthening of prosecutorial capacities to combat economic crime and corruption, where asset forfeiture will take a more prominent place. The Analysis will also be disseminated for further use to the professional community and the public, as an additional instrument for fighting corruption and crime in general. It is the contribution of the Project to that fight. IV

izuzetan doprinos izradi Analize. Bez njihovih stručnih komentara i usmjeravanja, neka važna pitanja ne bi bila adekvatno obrađena. Pristup našeg Projekta je da nijedna od analiza koju smo izradili i koje ćemo izraditi nije sama sebi svrha. Na osnovu ove Analize Projekat planira daljnje aktivnosti u pravcu jačanja kapaciteta tužilaštava u borbi protiv privrednog kriminala i korupcije, u okviru čega će oduzimanju imovinske koristi stečene izvršenjem krivičnog djela biti data jedna vidljivija dimenzija. Analiza će biti data i na korištenje profesionalnoj zajednici i javnosti kao još jedan instrument za borbu protiv korupcije i kriminala uopšte, i ona predstavlja doprinos našeg Projekta toj borbi. USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini V

Table of Contents FOREWORD.... II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.... XII I. INTRODUCTION... 1 A. Forfeiture of proceeds of crime in BiH.... 1 B. Goals and methodology... 3 C. Structure of the Analysis.... 5 D. Who is the targeted audience of the Analysis... 5 II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR FORFEITURE OF PROCEEDS OF CRIME.... 7 A. GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR FORFEITURE OF ASSETS OBTAINED THROUGH CRIMINAL ACTIVITY IN BIH 7 1. CRIMINAL LEGISLATION....10 a) Substantive criminal law provisions related to forfeiture of proceeds of crime...10 b) Procedural criminal law provisions related to forfeiture of proceeds of crime...11 B. ADOPTION OF SPECIAL LEGISLATION ON FORFEITURE OF PROCEEDS OF CRIME 13 1. SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE SPECIAL LEGISLATION ON FORFEITURE OF PROCEEDS OF CRIME....15 III. PRACTICAL CHALLENGES IN THE APPLICATION OF THE LAWS RELATED TO THE FORFEITURE OF PROCEEDS OF CRIME AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENTS.... 23 A. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN IDENTIFYING AND DETECTING PROCEEDS OF CRIME 23 1. Financial investigation as a prerequisite for successful asset forfeiture....23 2. Instigating financial investigation....24 3. Duration and moment of completion of the financial investigation....25 4. Content of the motion for forfeiture of proceeds of crime...28 5. Access to data as a prerequisite for the success of the financial investigation....30 6. Assistance of law enforcement agencies in financial investigations....33 7. Valuating the work of prosecutors and judges on cases involving financial investigation....37 8. Specialization and training of prosecutors to work on financial investigations....42 VI

Sadržaj PREDGOVOR.... III IZVRŠNI SAŽETAK... XIII I UVOD... 1 A. Oduzimanje imovine pribavljene krivičnim djelima u BiH.............................. 1 B. Ciljevi i metodologija izrade Analize.... 3 C. Struktura Analize.... 5 D. Kome je namijenjena Analiza.... 5 II PRAVNI OKVIR ZA ODUZIMANJE IMOVINE PRIBAVLJENE VRŠENJEM KRIVIČNIH DJELA.... 7 A. UOPŠTE O PRAVNOM OKVIRU ZA ODUZIMANJE IMOVINE PRIBAVLJENE VRŠENJEM KRIVIČNIH DJELA U BIH 7 1. KRIVIČNO ZAKONODAVSTVO....10 a) Odredbe krivičnog materijalnog prava vezane za oduzimanje imovinske koristi...10 b) Odredbe krivičnog procesnog prava vezane za oduzimanje imovinske koristi...11 B. USVAJANJE POSEBNOG ZAKONODAVSTVA O ODUZIMANJU IMOVINE PRIBAVLJENE VRŠENJEM KRIVIČNIH DJELA 13 1. OBIM PRIMJENE POSEBNOG ZAKONODAVSTVA O ODUZIMANJU IMOVINSKE KORISTI....15 III PRAKTIČNI IZAZOVI U PRIMJENI ZAKONODAVSTVA U BIH U OBLASTI ODUZIMANJA IMOVINSKE KORISTI PRIBAVLJENE VRŠENJEM KRIVIČNIH DJELA I PREPORUKE ZA POBOLJŠANJA.... 23 A. PROBLEMI I IZAZOVI KOD UTVRĐIVANJA I OTKRIVANJA IMOVINE PROISTEKLE IZ KRIVIČNIH DJELA 23 1. Finansijska istraga kao preduslov za uspješno oduzimanje imovine....23 2. Pokretanje finansijske istrage...24 3. Trajanje i momenat završetka finansijske istrage...25 4. Sadržaj prijedloga za oduzimanje imovinske koristi pribavljene krivičnim djelom....28 5. Pristup podacima kao preduslov za uspjeh finansijske istrage....30 6. Pomoć agencija za provođenje zakona u vođenju finansijskih istraga....33 7. Vrednovanje rada tužilaca i sudija u predmetima s finansijskim istragama....37 8. Specijalizacija i edukacija tužilaca za rad na finansijskim istragama....42 USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini VII

B. PROVISIONAL SECURING OF ASSETS TO SECURE FORFEITURE OF PROCEEDS OF CRIME OR REDRESS CLAIMS 44 1. Seizure or securing of assets pursuant to the CPC....45 2. Provisional security measures pursuant to special laws on asset forfeiture...48 3. Duration of security measures....54 4. Importance of ordering security measures on legally obtained assets...57 5. Principle of proportionality in ordering provisional security measures....62 C. EXTENDED FORFEITURE OF PROCEEDS OF CRIME 64 1. Standard of proof for obvious disproportion between assets and legal income....70 D. ASSET FORFEITURE IN CASE OF DEATH OR FLIGHT 71 1. Criminal or civil procedure....75 E. REDRESS CLAIM OF THE AGGRIEVED PARTY AND FORFEITURE OF PROCEEDS OF CRIME 77 IV. ENFORCEMENT OF THE MEASURE OF ASSET FORFEITURE.... 85 1. Instigating enforcement procedure....85 2. Court with jurisdiction to conduct enforcement proceedings pursuant to the special law of FBiH. 89 3. Role of the public attorney s office in the successful enforcement of forfeiture of proceeds of crime....89 4. Obligation of regular checks of new acquisitions of assets....92 5. Quality of judicial decisions in the part pertaining to asset forfeiture....93 6. Proposals for improving the efficiency of enforcement of asset forfeiture.................... 94 7. Managing seized or forfeited assets...96 V. RECOMMENDATIONS.... 101 VIII

B. PRIVREMENO OSIGURANJE IMOVINE RADI OBEZBJEĐENJA ODUZIMANJA IMOVINSKE KORISTI ILI IMOVINSKO-PRAVNOG ZAHTJEVA 44 1. Privremeno oduzimanje ili osiguranje imovine prema pravilima ZKP....45 2. Privremene mjere osiguranja imovine prema posebnim zakonima o oduzimanju imovinske koristi.. 48 3. Dužina trajanja mjera osiguranja....54 4. Važnost određivanja mjera osiguranja na zakonito stečenoj imovini....57 5. Načelo proporcionalnosti prilikom određivanja privremenih mjera osiguranja....62 C. PROŠIRENO ODUZIMANJE IMOVINE 64 1. Standard dokazivanja očiglednog nesrazmjera između imovine i zakonitih prihoda....70 D. ODUZIMANJE IMOVINSKE KORISTI U SLUČAJU SMRTI ILI BJEKSTVA 71 1. Krivični ili građanski postupak....75 E. IMOVINSKO-PRAVNI ZAHTJEV OŠTEĆENOG I ODUZIMANJE IMOVINSKE KORISTI PRIBAVLJENE KRIVIČNIM DJELOM 77 IV IZVRŠENJE MJERE ODUZIMANJA IMOVINE.... 85 1. Pokretanje izvršnog postupka....85 2. Nadležni sud za vođenje izvršnog postupka prema posebnom zakonu FBiH...89 3. Uloga pravobranilaštva u uspješnom provođenju mjere oduzimanja imovinske koristi....89 4. Obaveza redovnog provjeravanja radi sticanja nove imovine....92 5. Kvalitet sudskih odluka u dijelu o oduzimanju imovinske koristi....93 6. Prijedlozi za poboljšanje efikasnosti izvršenja mjere oduzimanja imovine....94 7. Upravljanje privremeno ili trajno oduzetom imovinom....96 V PREPORUKE.... 101 USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini IX

Lista skraćenica Analiza APIF BD BiH CEST CMS EKLJP ESLJP EU Eurojust FBiH FOO IPZ KZ MUP RS Posebno odjeljenje Republičkog tužilaštva RS Projekat pravosuđa ili Projekat RH RS SIPA TCMS USAID USKOK VSTV ZIKS BiH ZIP Analiza sistema oduzimanja imovine pribavljene vršenjem krivičnih djela u Bosni i Hercegovini Registar poslovnih subjekata Brčko distrikt Bosne i Hercegovine Bosna i Hercegovina Centar za edukaciju sudija i tužilaca Sistem za automatsko upravljanje predmetima u sudovima Evropska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda Evropski sud za ljudska prava Evropska unija Agencija Evropske unije za pravosudnu saradnju u krivičnim stvarima Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine Finansijsko-obavještajni odjel Državne agencije za istrage i zaštitu Imovinsko-pravni zahtjev Krivični zakon Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srpske Posebno odjeljenje za suzbijanje korupcije, organizovanog i najtežih oblika privrednog kriminala pri Republičkom javnom tužilaštvu Republike Srpske Projekat pravosuđa u BiH Američke agencije za međunarodni razvoj Republika Hrvatska Republika Srpska Državna agencija za istrage i zaštitu Sistem za automatsko upravljanje predmetima u tužilaštvima Američka agencija za međunarodni razvoj Ured za suzbijanje korupcije i organiziranog kriminaliteta Državnog odvjetništva Republike Hrvatske Visoko sudsko i tužilačko vijeće Bosne i Hercegovine Zakon o izvršenju krivičnih sankcija Bosne i Hercegovine Zakon o izvršnom postupku X

USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini XI

THE ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM OF FORFEITURE OF PROCEEDS OF CRIME IN BIH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Forfeiture of assets acquired through criminal activity is instrumental for combatting financially motivated crime, such as corruption, economic crime and organized crime. The fundamental underlying principle of asset forfeiture is that no one may retain the proceeds of crime. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has invested significant effort in providing a legislative framework and building an efficient system of asset forfeiture. There are, however, practical challenges in the enforcement and interpretation of the relevant laws at all levels, while the policies adopted in this field have only just begun to show effects. Legal arrangements considerably vary between the two Entities, the Brčko District and the level of the State, which may cast doubt on equal protection of rights. Despite a considerable number of verdicts ordering forfeiture of proceeds of crime, it is evident that the percentage of assets actually forfeited is significantly different from the statistical indicators derived from the verdicts. There are also no official records of assets actually forfeited. Setting up an efficient and effective system to identify, secure and forfeit assets is crucial for the successful forfeiture of proceeds of crime from the perpetrators and their accomplices and the return of such assets to aggrieved parties or the state budget for the benefit of the entire community. The primary focus of the United States Agency for International Development Justice Project in Bosnia and Herzegovina (USAID s Justice Project or the Project is strengthening prosecutorial capacities in BiH and improving the integrity of the judiciary as a whole. With that aim, asset forfeiture was identified as one of the key areas where knowledge and capacities of judicial institutions should be strengthened for the purpose of a more efficient and comprehensive approach to anti-corruption and combating other forms of crime. The Analysis of the System of Forfeiture of Proceeds of Crime in BiH (further in the text: the Analysis) you are about to read sought to identify the practices in this field and key shortcomings of the current system, for which asset forfeiture largely remains only theoretical, as part of the verdicts in criminal proceedings. One of the goals was also to offer reasonable and feasible solutions to improve the current practices. XII

ANALIZA SISTEMA ODUZIMANJA IMOVINE PRIBAVLJENE VRŠENJEM KRIVIČNIH DJELA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI IZVRŠNI SAŽETAK Oduzimanje imovinske koristi proistekle iz krivičnih djela je jedan od osnovnih oblika suprotstavljanja finansijski motivisanim oblicima kriminala, poput korupcije, privrednog i organizovanog kriminala. Temeljni postulat na kojem počiva ovaj institut je da niko ne može zadržati korist koja je stečena izvršenjem krivičnog djela. Iako su različiti nivoi vlasti u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) uložili značajne napore u donošenju zakonodavnog okvira i uspostavi efektivnog sistema oduzimanja nezakonito stečene imovinske koristi, ipak u praksi postoje teškoće u njegovoj primjeni i tumačenju na svim nivoima, a efekti usvojenih politika u ovoj oblasti su na samom početku. Normativna rješenja se u značajnoj mjeri međusobno razlikuju u dva entiteta, na nivou Brčko distrikta (BD) i državnom nivou, što može dovesti u pitanje poštivanje principa jednakosti u zaštiti prava. Iako postoji znatan broj donesenih presuda kojima se izriče mjera oduzimanja imovinske koristi, evidentno je da je procenat stvarno oduzete imovine bitno drugačiji u odnosu na statističke pokazatelje iz presuda, a o stvarno oduzetoj imovini ne postoje ni relevantne službene evidencije. Uspostavljanje efektivnog i efikasnog sistema utvrđivanja, osiguranja i oduzimanja imovinske koristi stečene krivičnim djelom od ključnog je značaja za uspješno oduzimanje imovinske koristi stečene kriminalom od učinilaca krivičnih djela ili s njima povezanih lica, a potom i vraćanje imovine oštećenom ili državnoj zajednici na opću dobrobit društva. Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini Američke agencije za međunarodni razvoj (USAIDov Projekat pravosuđa ili Projekat) primarno je posvećen jačanju kapaciteta tužilaštava u BiH, ali i unapređenju integriteta cjelokupnog pravosuđa. S tim ciljem, oblast oduzimanja imovinske koristi stečene činjenjem krivičnih djela odabrana je kao jedno od ključnih područja unutar kojeg je neophodno unaprijediti znanja i osnažiti resurse pravosudnih organa radi efikasnijeg i sveobuhvatnijeg pristupa borbi protiv korupcije i drugih oblika kriminala. Analiza sistema oduzimanja imovine pribavljene vršenjem krivičnih djela u BiH (u daljem tekstu Analiza) koju imate pred sobom, imala je cilj da utvrdi praksu postupanja u ovoj oblasti, kao i ključne nedostatke trenutnih sistema koji dovode do toga da se oduzimanje imovinske koristi stečene krivičnim djelom još uvijek uglavnom svodi na deklarativno izricanje u krivičnim presudama. Jedan od ciljeva je bio i da se ponude prijedlozi mogućih rješenja za unapređenje dosadašnje prakse. USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini XIII

METHODOLOGY The main research method applied in the Analysis was structured interviews with representatives of the judiciary. The Project interviewed acting prosecutors with relevant experience, judges in criminal and enforcement divisions of courts, their associates, representatives of public attorney s offices and the police, members of the academia, and the directors of Entity agencies for management of forfeited assets. In addition, representative court decisions at all levels of the judiciary in BiH were collected and analyzed, as well as the relevant judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) pertaining to asset forfeiture. This methodological approach is justified by the goal of the Analysis to outline practical aspects of the implementation of current laws. Specialist trainings for prosecutors, conducted in 2016 and 2017, on the topics of asset forfeiture and financial investigations were also used as a type of focus group discussion. Discussions between prosecutors at all tiers of the judiciary, the opinions, views, dilemmas and the conclusions of the trainings were included in the Analysis and used as valuable material to identify key relevant issues for practitioners. Finally, in cooperation with the Standing Committee for Efficiency of Prosecutor Offices of the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH (HJPC), a consultative meeting was convened in March 2017, with a broad range of stakeholders, including representatives of the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, public attorneys, members of the academia and entity agencies for management of forfeited assets. This meeting provided the forum for verification of opinions presented in the Analysis and corroboration of views collected in the course of the research, with the aim of tackling all important issues thoroughly and accurately. OUTLINE OF THE ANALYSIS AND KEY FINDINGS PART ONE The introduction provided in Part One of the Analysis specifies the subject and goals of the Analysis, its methodology and structure. The Analysis seeks to put forward reasonable and feasible solutions to perfect and improve current practices. Various stakeholders may use the analysis, such as the HJPC as the creator of justice reform processes in this field, as well as practitioners who greatly influence proper understanding, scope and manner of application of the law. The results of the Analysis pointing to the need for amendments to laws should be used by the legislative bodies in charge of monitoring the implementation of the laws in the field and their further improvement. XIV

PRISTUP Osnovni metodi istraživanja u izradi Analize su bili strukturisani intervjui s predstavnicima pravosuđa. Intervjuisani su postupajući tužioci odgovarajućeg iskustva, sudije krivičnih i izvršnih odjeljenja sudova, njihovi saradnici, predstavnici pravobranilaštava i policije, akademske zajednice, kao i direktori entitetskih agencija za upravljanje oduzetom imovinom. Pored toga, prikupljene su i analizirane relevantne sudske odluke na svim nivoima pravosuđa u BiH, kao i presude Evropskog suda za ljudska prava (ESLJP), koje se tiču oduzimanja imovinske koristi stečene krivičnim djelom. Ovakav metodološki pristup je imao za svrhu ispunjenje cilja Analize, a to je prikaz praktičnih aspekata primjene postojećih zakona i davanje rješenja za unapređenje prakse. Specijalističke obuke tužilaca provedene u periodu 2016 2017. između ostalog i u oblasti oduzimanja imovinske koristi stečene krivičnim djelom i vođenja finansijskih istraga, također su poslužile kao određena vrsta fokus grupa. Diskusije vođene među tužiocima na svim nivoima pravosuđa, izražena mišljenja, stavovi, dileme kao i zaključci s tih obuka uvršteni su u Analizu i korišteni kao dragocjeni materijal koji ukazuje na suštinska pitanja od značaja za praktičare. Konačno, kao forum za verifikaciju mišljenja izraženih u Analizi i provjeru stavova do kojih se došlo tokom istraživanja, a sve u cilju temeljite i vjerodostojne obrade svih važnih pitanja, u martu 2017. je organizovan konsultativni sastanak sa širokim krugom subjekata. Sastanak je organizovan u saradnji sa Stalnom komisijom za efikasnost tužilaštava Visokog sudskog i tužilačkog vijeća Bosne i Hercegovine (VSTV), a prisustvovali su mu predstavnici VSTV-a, sudije, tužioci, advokati, pravobranioci, predstavnici akademske zajednice i entitetskih agencija za upravljanje oduzetom imovinom. KRATAK PRIKAZ ANALIZE I KLJUČNIH NALAZA PRVI DIO U prvom dijelu Analize, u uvodnim napomenama, pojašnjeni su predmet i ciljevi Analize, metodologija izrade i njena struktura. Analiza nastoji da ponudi ostvariva i moguća rješenja za poboljšanja i unapređenja postojeće prakse. Može poslužiti različitim subjektima, kako kreatorima reformskih procesa u pravosuđu u ovoj oblasti, poput VSTV-a, tako i praktičarima od kojih u najvećoj mjeri zavisi pravilno razumijevanje, obim i način primjene zakona. Rezultati Analize koji upućuju na potrebu za unapređenjem zakonodavnog okvira mogu koristiti nadležnim institucijama zaduženim za praćenje provođenja zakona u ovoj oblasti. DRUGI DIO Analiza se u drugom dijelu bavi pravnim okvirom za oduzimanje imovine stečene krivičnim djelom u BiH. Dat je osvrt na osnovne odrednice postojećeg zakonodavstva na svim nivoima kroz pregled USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini XV

PART TWO Part Two of the Analysis discusses the legal framework for asset forfeiture in BiH. It provides the analysis of the main features of the current legislation at all levels, covering criminal codes and special laws on asset forfeiture. OVERVIEW OF CRIMINAL CODES Presenting the provisions of substantive law, the Analysis briefly discusses options of direct and extended asset forfeiture, identifies the differences in definitions of material gain and assets, as well as the types of assets subject to forfeiture. Through the review of procedural laws, the Analysis discusses the procedure of detecting, identifying and securing assets for subsequent forfeiture, as well as the roles played by prosecutors and courts in this process. SPECIAL LAWS ON ASSET FORFEITURE Special laws passed at the entity level and in the Brčko District have additionally regulated and specified the framework for successful proving and forfeiting illegally acquired assets. This part of the Analysis identifies different models of regulating this field, which led to different understanding of legal notions and instruments, as well as the rights of participants in the court proceedings at different levels of the BiH judiciary. The analysis tackles different scope of application of special laws, which may cause unequal protection of rights to property, depending on the jurisdiction in which the proceedings are conducted. The Analysis recommends that the catalogue of criminal offences should be revised and legal arrangements harmonized in relation to the scope of application of statutory provisions on asset forfeiture. The Analysis also identifies different definitions of key terms in special laws, which may result in different scope of rights of participants in the asset forfeiture procedure. The Analysis recommends the harmonization of key terms, as a prerequisite for their consistent interpretation and application across BiH. PART THREE In this part, the Analysis covers challenges in practical application of the legislation in BiH pertaining to asset forfeiture. The course of the asset forfeiture procedure is analyzed through five topics: identifying and detecting proceeds of crime, provisional asset seizure to secure asset forfeiture, extended asset forfeiture, asset forfeiture in case of death or flight, and redress claims. Under each topic, common characteristics and important differences between statutory provisions are identified, and necessary recommendations are made. XVI

krivičnog zakonodavstva, a zatim i posebnog zakonodavstva o oduzimanju imovine stečene krivičnim djelom. PREGLED KRIVIČNOG ZAKONODAVSTVA Kroz pregled odredbi materijalnog prava, Analiza se kratko osvrće na mogućnosti direktnog i proširenog oduzimanja imovinske koristi, ukazuje na postojanje razlika u definisanju pojmova imovinske koristi i imovine, kao i vrste imovine koje je moguće oduzeti. Pregledom odredbi procesnih zakona dat je osvrt na postupak otkrivanja, utvrđivanja i osiguranja kasnijeg oduzimanja imovinske koristi pribavljene krivičnim djelom kao i uloge koje u ovom postupku imaju tužilaštvo i sud. POSEBNO ZAKONODAVSTVO O ODUZIMANJU IMOVINE STEČENE KRIVIČNIM DJELOM Usvajanjem posebnog zakonodavstva na entitetskom i nivou BD-a dodatno je razrađen i preciziran okvir za postupanje za uspješno dokazivanje i oduzimanje nezakonito stečene imovine. U ovom dijelu ukazuje se na postojanje različitih modela uređenja ove materije što je dovelo do različitosti u razumijevanju pravnih instituta kao i sadržaja prava učesnika u sudskom postupku na različitim nivoima pravosuđa u BiH. Obrađena su pitanja razlike u obimu primjene posebnih zakona, što u perspektivi može dovesti do nejednake zaštite prava na imovinu u zavisnosti od jurisdikcije u kojoj se vodi postupak. Preporučeno je revidiranje kataloga krivičnih djela i ujednačavanje zakonskih rješenja koja se odnose na obim primjene odredbi vezanih za oduzimanje imovinske koristi stečene krivičnim djelom. Analiza, također, daje pregled različitosti definicija ključnih pojmova datih u posebnom zakonodavstvu koje mogu dovesti do različitog obima prava učesnika u postupku oduzimanja imovine i preporučuje ujednačavanje pojmovnog definisanja osnovnih termina kao preduslov za njihovo približno isto razumijevanje i primjenu na teritoriji BiH. TREĆI DIO Ovaj dio Analize posvećen je praktičnim izazovima u primjeni zakonodavstva u BiH u oblasti oduzimanja imovinske koristi pribavljene krivičnim djelima. Tok postupka oduzimanja imovinske koristi analiziran je kroz pet tema koje se tiču utvrđivanja i otkrivanja imovine proistekle iz krivičnih djela, privremenog osiguranja imovine radi obezbjeđenja oduzimanja imovinske koristi, proširenog oduzimanja imovine, oduzimanja imovinske koristi u slučaju smrti ili bjekstva kao i ostvarenja imovinsko-pravnog zahtjeva. Unutar svake teme ukazano je na zajedničke karakteristike i značajnije razlike u zakonodavnim rješenjima kao i preporuke koje se nameću kao neophodne za unapređenje postupanja i postizanje boljih rezultata u ovoj oblasti. USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini XVII

PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN IDENTIFYING AND DETECTING PROCEEDS OF CRIME Within this topic, the Analysis covers the issues of financial investigation, examines the procedure of detecting and identifying evidence on assets suspected to be proceeds of crime and their ultimate forfeiture. A good financial investigation is a prerequisite for successful asset forfeiture, and respective special laws additionally emphasize its importance by devoting a whole chapter to the regulation of financial investigation. The Analysis highlights different statutory provisions and differing views on the type of order necessary for the opening of a financial investigation, in particular whether rendering of a separate prosecutorial order to conduct financial investigation is needed. The Analysis also suggests that a financial investigation should be covered by a relevant prosecutorial order, regardless of whether it is a separate order or as a part of the order to conduct criminal investigation. The issue of the appropriate deadline by which the financial investigation may be conducted and motions for asset forfeiture submitted is also covered. The Analysis highlights conflicting interpretations of the statutory provisions, as well as significant differences in norms. One of the most important differences identified among special laws of FBiH, BD and RS is the duration of the financial investigation in relation to extended asset forfeiture. Prosecutors in the RS are allowed a longer period to investigate, detect and identify proceeds of crime, pursuant to an explicit statutory provision. Prosecutors in FBiH and BD, same as prosecutors at the state level, must end the same type of activities simultaneously with the completion of the criminal investigation. The Analysis presents arguments for consideration in discussing the duration of financial investigation. The Analysis also suggests that statutory provisions pertinent to this issue should be harmonized. The Analysis also identified the lack of clarity in terms of how precise the motion for asset forfeiture should be, both in cases where acquiring this type of gain is a key element of the criminal offence and in cases where extended asset forfeiture is sought. Instances were found where asset forfeiture was not sought at all, both in indictments and in subsequent proceedings, with evident lack of proactive prosecutorial work to determine the situations and circumstances surrounding asset forfeiture. This prompted a recommendation of the Analysis that amendments to criminal procedure codes at all levels should provide for the motion for asset forfeiture relative to the criminal offence charged as the mandatory part of the indictment in all cases where there is grounded suspicion that material gain was acquired through the criminal offence. The issues of access to information held by various bodies and institutions such as cadasters, land registries, banks, etc. were also analyzed as the prerequisite for the success of the financial investigation. Access to information is highly time consuming for prosecutors in some cases, in particular when the request for information is submitted in writing. Therefore, the Analysis recommends that prosecutors and the police should have direct access to data bases of selected relevant agencies, bodies and organs that are in possession of information on assets. Detecting, securing and forfeiting real estate and other assets abroad is another issue, as well as the enforcement of court decisions, since urgency of action is not acknowledged in these cases. Bearing in mind that the international cooperation is the lengthiest part of the financial investigation, the XVIII

PROBLEMI I IZAZOVI KOD UTVRĐIVANJA I OTKRIVANJA IMOVINE PROISTEKLE IZ KRIVIČNIH DJELA U okviru ove teme, Analiza se bavi pitanjima finansijske istrage, propituje postupak otkrivanja i utvrđivanja dokaza o imovini za koju postoji sumnja da proističe iz krivičnog djela i u konačnici njenog oduzimanja. Dobro provedena finansijska istraga je preduslov za uspješno oduzimanje imovine, a posebnim zakonima je dodatno naglašena važnost njenog vođenja, kroz propisivanje posebnih poglavlja posvećenih finansijskoj istrazi u svakom od ovih zakona. Analiza ističe različita zakonska rješenja i stavove u pogledu forme za pokretanje finansijske istrage, odnosno potrebe donošenja posebne tužilačke naredbe za pokretanje finansijske istrage. Bilo da se naredba donosi kao posebna ili kao dio naredbe o pokretanju krivične istrage, Analiza ukazuje na poželjnost obuhvatanja radnji finansijske istrage odgovarajućom tužilačkom naredbom. Posebno je obrađeno pitanje momenta do kojeg je dozvoljeno voditi finansijsku istragu odnosno predlagati mjere trajnog oduzimanja imovine. Ukazano je na podijeljeno razumijevanje odredbi zakona kao i na znatne razlike u normiranju. Kao jedna od najvažnijih razlika između posebnih zakona Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (FBiH), BD-a i Republike Srpske (RS), istaknuta je razlika u vremenu trajanja finansijske istrage u pogledu proširenog oduzimanja imovine. Tužiocima u RS-u je izričitom zakonskom odredbom dat duži period za istraživanje, otkrivanje i utvrđivanje nezakonito stečene imovine, dok tužioci u FBiH i BD-u, kao i na državnom nivou, iste aktivnosti moraju završiti istovremeno s okončanjem krivične istrage. U Analizi je dat prikaz argumenata koji bi se trebali uzeti u obzir prilikom razmatranja pitanja trajanja finansijske istrage i sugerisano usaglašavanje zakonskih odredbi koje se odnose na ovo pitanje. Analizom je utvrđeno i postojanje nejasnoća u pogledu nivoa preciziranosti sadržaja prijedloga za oduzimanje imovinske koristi pribavljene krivičnim djelom kako u predmetima gdje je sticanje ove koristi bitno obilježje krivičnog djela tako i u predmetima gdje se predlaže prošireno oduzimanje imovine. Uočeni su slučajevi potpunog propuštanja stavljanja prijedloga za oduzimanje imovinske koristi kako u optužnici tako i kasnijem toku postupka, a primjetan je i nedostatak inicijative od strane tužilaca u pravcu utvrđivanja okolnosti vezanih za oduzimanje imovinske koristi. Iz tih razloga, jedna od preporuka Analize je da bi se izmjenama zakona o krivičnom postupku (ZKP) na svim nivoima trebalo predvidjeti da prijedlog za oduzimanje imovinske koristi stečene krivičnim djelom za koje se vodi postupak bude obavezni dio optužnice u svim slučajevima kada postoji osnovana sumnja da je krivičnim djelom ostvarena imovinska korist. Zatim je obrađeno i pitanje pristupa podacima koji se nalaze u posjedu različitih organa i institucija kao što su katastri, gruntovnice ili banke, a što je preduslov za uspjeh finansijske istrage. Tužiocima pristupanje podacima u pojedinim predmetima oduzima jako puno vremena, pogotovo kad se zahtjev za dostavljanje podataka dostavlja pismenim putem, zbog čega se Analizom predlaže da tužioci i policija imaju direktan pristup bazama podataka odabranih relevantnih agencija, tijela i organa koji posjeduju informacije o imovini. Poseban problem predstavlja otkrivanje, osiguranje i oduzimanje nekretnina i druge imovine u inostranstvu kao i izvršavanje sudskih odluka jer se često u ovim slučajevima ne uvažava element hitnosti postupanja. Imajući u vidu da je međunarodna saradnja najdugotrajniji dio finansijske istrage, kroz Analizu se predlaže i uspostavljanje mehanizama USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini XIX

Analysis recommends that mechanisms of inter-state cooperation should be established in the form of bilateral agreements that would specify channels for direct communication with the prosecutor. Analysis further goes to show uneven resources available to prosecutors, not only in prosecutor s offices at different levels of the judiciary, but also between those at the same level. Issues of cooperation with law enforcement agencies in financial investigations are discussed. The opportunities for improvements of knowledge and efficiency, and the necessity of specialization of all bodies involved in the financial investigation are highlighted. Recommendations are made that a counterpart organ or body to the Special Unit in the Ministry of Interior of the RS should be established in FBiH and that multidisciplinary teams should be formed to support the prosecutor. It is also recommended that special investigators should be assigned to more complex and bigger cases. Such investigators would be assigned to the prosecutor and work under their orders and continuously on the given case only, as opposed to being reassigned to different cases during the course of the investigation. Special emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the performance of prosecutors, as well as judges, in cases involving financial investigations. Deficiencies of the current system of performance evaluation in relation to these cases are pointed out, along with the lack of adequate objective criteria for the categorization of cases, which would allow for proper valorization of the work on investigating and detecting illegally obtained assets. The important role of chief prosecutors/court presidents is pointed to in this regard. One of the recommendations of the Analysis is that adequate objective system of valorization of the work should be established, both for prosecutors and for judges who have to invest additional effort to understand a complex matter which is the subject of a financial investigation, including investigating, documenting and deciding on facts relevant to asset forfeiture. The analysis of specialization of prosecutors in prosecutor offices identifies the difficulties in professional development in the current system for which the current system does not grant enough time. The work of prosecutors on complex cases oftentimes goes at the expense of time needed to meet the predefined timeframes for achieving the prosecutorial quota. The system does not proporely recognize this work as more time consuming and requiring mastering specialized knowledge beyond the field of law. The lack of embedded professionals in prosecutor offices required for comprehensive work on these cases, in particular forensic accountants, is highlighted. The Analysis recommends that trainings should be delivered in areas where prosecutors need additional knowledge, such as management of shares, securities law etc. Conferences gathering professionals should also be organized to discuss criminalization of new forms of socially adverse or unacceptable behavior. PROVISIONAL ASSET SEIZURE TO SECURE ASSET FORFEITURE OR REDRESS CLAIM Timely ordered provisional security measures are instrumental to subsequent success of asset forfeiture. Without going into the reasons for this, it is widely acknowledged that these measures are not being ordered often enough in our jurisprudence. XX

međudržavne ugovorne saradnje putem bilateralnih ugovora kojim bi se dogovorili direktni kanali komunikacije s tužiocem. Nadalje, ukazuje se na nejednakost u resursima dostupnim tužiocima, ne samo različitih nivoa pravosuđa nego i u okviru različitih tužilaštava istog nivoa. Obrađena su pitanja saradnje s policijskim agencijama u finansijskim istragama, ukazano na mogućnosti za poboljšanja u znanjima i efikasnosti, te istaknuta neophodnost specijalizacije svih organa koji učestvuju u finansijskoj istrazi. Date su preporuke u pogledu osnivanja organa ili tijela u FBiH i BD-u kao pandana Specijalnoj jedinici pri Ministarstvu unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srpske (MUP RS) i formiranje multidisciplinarnih timova za podršku tužiocu u radu. Isto tako, predloženo je i imenovanje posebnih istražilaca u složenijim i većim predmetima koji bi bili dodijeljeni tužiocu i radili po njegovom nalogu i kontinuirano na određenom predmetu, umjesto raspoređivanja na rad na drugim predmetima tokom trajanja istrage. Poseban fokus stavljen je na vrednovanje rada tužilaca, ali i sudija u predmetima s finansijskim istragama. Ukazano je na manjkavosti trenutnog sistema vrednovanja njihovog rada u ovim predmetima i nepostojanje adekvatnih objektivnih kriterija za kategorizaciju predmeta koja bi omogućila odgovarajuću valorizaciju rada na istraživanju i otkrivanju nezakonite imovine. Istaknuta je i značajna uloga koju u tome mogu imati glavni tužioci odnosno predsjednici sudova. Jedna od preporuka Analize je da se u predmetima u kojima su vođene složene finansijske istrage usvoji odgovarajući objektivan sistem vrednovanja rada, kako na strani tužilaca tako i na strani sudija koji moraju uložiti dodatne napore za razumijevanje složene materije koja je predmet finansijske istrage, uključujući istraživanje, dokumentovanje i odlučivanje o činjenicama od značaja za oduzimanje imovine. Kroz obradu pitanja specijalizacije tužilaca unutar pojedinih tužilaštava, ukazano je na poteškoće u pogledu stručnog usavršavanja za koje u postojećem sistemu nije alocirano dovoljno vremena. Tako i sam rad tužioca na složenim predmetima često ide nauštrb vremena u kojem se očekuje postizanje zadane norme, pri čemu se ne vodi računa o neophodnosti sticanja posebnih znanja koja izlaze iz pravničkih okvira. Naglašen je nedostatak stalno zaposlenog stručnog osoblja u tužilaštvima iz oblasti koje su potrebne za sveobuhvatan pristup radu na ovim predmetima, a posebno stručnih lica u oblasti forenzičkog računovodstva. Dat je prijedlog za organizovanje obuka iz oblasti u kojima su tužiocima potrebna dodatna znanja, poput oblasti upravljanja dionicama, prava vrijednosnih papira i slično, kao i organizaciju stručnih skupova na kojim bi se vodile rasprave o potrebi kriminalizacije novih oblika društveno neprihvatljivog ili štetnog ponašanja. PRIVREMENO OSIGURANJE IMOVINE RADI OBEZBJEĐENJA ODUZIMANJA IMOVINSKE KORISTI ILI IMOVINSKO-PRAVNOG ZAHTJEVA Blagovremeno određene privremene mjere osiguranja predstavljaju ključ za kasnije uspješno oduzimanje imovinske koristi stečene krivičnim djelom. Bez ulaženja u razloge zašto je to tako, postoji saglasnost da se ove mjere u našoj sudskoj praksi ne izriču u dovoljnoj mjeri. USAID-ov Projekat pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini XXI

In this part, the Analysis examines statutory provisions relative to provisional asset seizure and the securing of assets pursuant to the Criminal Procedure Codes (CPC) and special laws. Issues covered are the duration of security measures, the importance of ordering security measures on lawfully acquired assets, and the principles of proportionality followed in ordering these measures. Criminal procedure codes at all levels have specific provisions explicitely regulating the securing of assets for the purpose of assuring asset forfeiture or redress claims. These codes also foresee provisional asset seizure as measure of collecting evidence aimed at preventing the use, disposal and transfer of assets, or items, that are to be forfeited under criminal law or may be used as evidence in the criminal proceedings. The Analysis also discusses the dilemma faced by the practitioners in relation to ex officio actions of the court regarding asset forfeiture. The CPC does provide for this option, but there have been no instances so far where a court proposed the provisional asset forfeiture, either during the investigation or during the main trial. Respondents were unanimous that the provisions of the CPC on provisional security measures be further specified as regards actions of the court ex officio. On the one hand, this would allow the court to intervene in case the prosecutor is passive; and on the other, it would allow the court to have ample evidence necessary to exercise its statutory right of acting ex officio, while preserving the accusatory principle and without prejudice to the procedural roles of the parties and the court. In terms of application of special laws, the Analysis notes that the Entities and the Brčko District regulate this matter with significant differences regarding the existence of the legal presumption of risk to the claim which is stipulated in FBiH and BD, the catalogue of measures that may be sought and the period of application of such interim security measures. Certain statutory provisions in FBiH and BD facilitate the work of the prosecutor and appear to be more efficient and simpler to enforce. Accordingly, it is recommended that statutory provisions in the RS should be harmonized with the provisions in FBiH and BD. Although pursuant to all criminal codes provisional security measures may also be ordered to secure redress claims, it has been observed that they are almost never sought or ordered in practice, while aggrieved parties are not sufficiently instructed on their rights. Public attorney s offices representing redress claims by the state get involved in the proceedings at a very late stage, when such measures become purposeless. Participants in the consultations held in the course of the Analysis all agreed that the aggrieved party as a natural person should be duly informed of their rights, and that there should be better cooperation between prosecutor s offices and public attorney s offices for the purpose of securing of the redress claim of the state in due time. Analysis particularly highlights the importance of ordering security measures on lawfully acquired assets. Even though prosecutors are reluctant to move for measures over such assets, if this practice expanded, asset forfeiture from convicted criminals would be more successful. The Analysis provides an overview of the recent jurisprudence in FBiH, which shows that security measures may be ordered on assets for which no evidence was submitted to show that they are direct proceeds of crime. Unlike in FBiH, the jurisprudence in the RS shows that in order to move XXII