ALIEN FLORA OF HUTOVO BLATO NATURAL PARK (SOUTH BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA) Semir Maslo Lundåkerskolan Gislaved Sweden

Herbologia, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014 DOI 10.5644/Herb.14.1.01 ALIEN FLORA OF HUTOVO BLATO NATURAL PARK (SOUTH BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA) Semir Maslo Lundåkerskolan Gislaved Sweden E-mail: semmas@edu.gislaved.se Abstract The bibliography of alien plant taxa in Bosnia and Herzegovina is not abundant. There are no published complete lists or analysis of alien flora in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole. Therefore, information on the alien species present in Bosnia and Herzegovina is incomplete. Only sporadic and, in many cases, accidental records concerning adventive/neophyte plant taxa exist. In this study alien flora of the Hutovo Blato Natural Park was analysed. It numbers 49 taxa, which equals 7.67% of the complete flora of Hutovo Blato Park. Alien taxa present exclusively in crops were not analysed in this work. The most common family is Asteraceae s. l. (10 taxa, 20%), followed by Poaceae (9 taxa, 18%). The predominant life forms are therophytes (63%) and phanerophytes (17%). According to the naturalization status, the most dominant are invasive taxa (47%). Most non-native taxa originate in the Americas (51%), followed by those that originate in Asia and Mediterranean, each 20%. Many of these species are herbaceous annuals, many of which are regarded as weeds. Keywords: alien flora, invasive plants, weeds, Hutovo Blato, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Introduction The natural park of Hutovo Blato includes part of the sunken so called lower Neretva pool, which lies along the mountain Dinara direction. The area is, except from the NW side, completely closed of with karst-mountains. The Hutovo Blato Park is situated 20 km inland from the Adriatic Sea in the south part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This area was classified as a natural park in 1995. It was listed in the Ramsar Convention as international protected wetland in 2001. The total area of Hutovo Blato Park covers 74 km 2. The geology consists mostly of Cretaceous and Eocene limestone (Hafner et al., 2013). The climate is sub-mediterranean, with short mild winters, usually without snow, and long hot summers.

S. Maslo As stated in to the Biogeographic Map of Europe (Rivas-Martínez et al., 2004), Hutovo Blato is in the Euro-Siberian Region, Alpino-Caucasion Subregion, Apennino-Balkan Province, and Illyrian sector. With respect to natural vegetation this area belongs to the Sub-Mediterranean vegetation zone of hop and oriental hornbeam forest (the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1954 emend. 1958 alliance), mainly communities of shrub forest of pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam (the Querco-Carpinetum orientalis Horvatić 1939 association) (Hafner et al., 2013). Two principal types of ecosystems predominate in the park, the aquatic (60% of the total surface area of the park) and the terrestrial (Jasprica & Carić, 2002). According to data available in Overview and status of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Redžić et al., 2008) 4569 taxa of vascular flora have been registered on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on available records, it is estimated that in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina occur more than 500 alien species, of which many got adapted in natural habitats. A significant number of them lives only in crops (Redžić et al., 2008). The flora of the natural park of Hutovo Blato has been poorly investigated. There are no published complete lists or analysis of the flora of the area. Some published data exist, but only on the Figure 1. Location and boundaries of the researched area (map by Šilić, 2006) 2

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina) water and marsh vegetation (Bajić, 1954; Riter-Studnička, 1975; Jerković, 1978; Bjelčić, 1985, 1988; Jasprica, 2002, 2003, 2009; Šilić, 2006). Since the 1950s a few works giving findings of alien flora from various areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been published (Korica, 1952, 1957; Bjelčić, 1954, 1986; Slavnić, 1960, 1964; Šilić, 1972, 1973, 2000; Abadžić, 1986/87; Mišić, 1998; Šoljan, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004; Petrović, 2003, 2011; Vojniković, 2009; Maslo, 2010, 2012). There are no published complete lists or analyses of alien flora of the Hutovo Blato Park or in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole. This work contains the first preliminary list and analysis of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato Park. According to all acquired literature data (see References), and my own field observations, in the preliminary list of vascular flora the natural park of Hutovo Blato consist of 639 taxa. Voucher material is deposited in the Herbarium of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SARA). Materials and methods This study is based on all acquired literature data and the authors field investigations from the spring 1998 to the end of 2013. Plant nomenclature follows Nikolić (2013) and the taxa that are not listed in the above mentioned source were adjusted according to the database GRIN Taxonomy for Plants (2013). In this work is perceived Asteraceae family in a broader sense (sensu lato). In the list of alien flora (Appendix 1), taxa were listed in alphabetic order. Designations for: family, life form, invasion status, history, origin and first records. The life-form categories follow Raunkiaer (1934), Pignatti (1982), Diklić (1984) and marked with the standard abbreviations in the list of urban flora: Ch (Chamaephytes), G (Geophytes), H (Hemmicriptophytes), Hy (Hydrophytes), P (Phanerophytes) and T (Therophytes). Data about the geographic origin of alien taxa were taken mostly from the available literature (see References). The terminology presented below has been adapted from Richardson et al. (2000), Pyšek et al. (2004), Boršić et al. (2008) and Mitić et al. (2008). All taxa are classified into three categories depending on the degree of their naturalization: casual taxa (CAS.), naturalized non-invasive taxa (NAT.) and naturalized invasive taxa (INV.), and archaeophytes (arc.) and neophytes (neo.) with respect to the residence time. - ALIEN (NON-NATIVE, NON-INDIGENOUS, INTRODUCED) PLANTS. Plant taxa in a given area whose presence there is due to intentional or accidental introduction as a result of human activity. 3

S. Maslo - CASUAL (TRANSIENT, EPHEMERAL) PLANTS. Alien plants that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally in an area, but which do not form self-replacing populations, and which rely on repeated introductions for their persistence. - NATURALIZED PLANTS. Alien plants that reproduce consistently and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct intervention by humans; they often recruit offspring freely, usually close to adult plants, and do not necessarily invade natural, seminatural or human-made ecosystems. - INVASIVE PLANTS (PLANT INVADERS). Naturalized plants that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at considerable distances from parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread over a large area. - archaeophytes, established non-native plants introduced intentionally or unintentionally before 1500 A.D. - neophytes, non-native plants introduced intentionally or unintentionally after 1500 A.D. Analysis of the alien flora The list of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato contains a total of 49 taxa, which is 7.67% of the complete flora (639 taxa). Representatives of alien flora belongs to 42 genera and 25 families. Gymnospermae are present witt only one taxa, Cupressus sempervirens L. Angiospermae are presents with 48 taxa, with a distinct domination of Dicotyledones (38 taxa, 77.55%) over Monocotyledones (10 taxa, 20.41%), see Tab. 1. Table 1. Taxonomic analysis of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato Gymnospermae Angiospermae Dicotyledones Monocotyledones Total TAXA No. No. of No. of No. of % % % of taxa taxa taxa taxa % Families 1 4.00 22 88.00 2 8.00 25 100 Genera 1 2.38 32 76.19 9 21.43 42 100 Species & subspecies 1 2.04 38 77.55 10 20.41 49 100 According to the number of taxa, the most abundant family is Asteraceae with 10 taxa (20.41%), followed by Poaceae (9 taxa, 18.37%), see 4

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina) Tab. 2. The most abundant genera are Amaranthus, Bidens, Euphorbia, Medicago, Solanum, Sorghum and Xantthium (two taxa) while the other genera are represented with two only one taxa. Table 2. The most abundant families in the alien flora of Hutovo Blato Families No. taxa % of total flora (49) Asteraceae 10 20.41 Poaceae 9 18.37 Fabaceae 3 6.12 Solanaceae 3 6.12 Brassicaceae 2 4.08 Amaranthaceae 2 4.08 Euphorbiaceae 2 4.08 Analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato (Tab. 3.) showed that the most plants originated from the Americas (25 taxa, 51.02%), among which most originate from North America (15 taxa). Plants that originate from Asia and Mediterranean are also significantly represented (10 taxa each, 20.41%). Table 3. Analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato Geografic region/subregion No. of taxa % AFRICA 1 2.04 AMERICA Central & South America 1 25 51.02 North America 15 North & South America 1 South America 8 ASIA Asia 1 10 20.41 Central Asia 3 East Asia 4 South-West Asia 1 West Asia 1 MEDITERRANEAN 10 20.41 UNKNOWN ORIGIN 3 6.12 TOTAL 49 100.00 Analysis of life-forms of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato (Fig. 2.) shows the domination of therophytes with 31 taxa (63.27%), followed by phanerophytes with 8 taxa (16.33%), while the least abundant are chamaephytes and hydrophytes with only one taxa (2.04%). 5

S. Maslo Figure 2. Life-form spectrum of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato Figure 3. Degree of naturalization of alien flora of Hutovo Blato According to the degree of naturalization the most prominent are invasive plants with 23 taxa (46.94%), followed by naturalized plants with 17 taxa (34.69%). There were 9 taxa (18.37%) of casual plants, see Fig. 3 Due to the scheme proposed by Richardson et al. (2000) and Pyšek et al. (2004), 23 taxa of alien flora of Hutovo Blato can be classified as invasive (Appendix 1). 6

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina) Figure 4. Some alien species in the flora of Hutovo Blato: a. Abutilon theophrasti Medic. b. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. c. Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte d. Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron e. Bidens subalternans DC. f. Cuscuta campestris Yunck g. Euphorbia nutans Lag h. Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn i. Vinca major L. (Photo: Semir Maslo). 7

S. Maslo Results and discussion The alien flora of Hutovo Blato consists of 49 taxa, made up by 20 archaeophytes (40.82%) and 29 neophytes (59.18%), see Appendix 1, and form 7.67% of the total vascular plant diversity ever recorded there. Among 49 taxa, 9 (18.37%) are classified as casual, 17 (34.69%) as naturalized but non-invasive, and 23 (46.94%), as invasive (Fig. 3). Among casual taxa 44.44% are neophytes and 55.56% archaeophytes, the corresponding figures being 23.53% and 76.47%, respectively, for naturalized, and 91.30% and 8.70% for invasive taxa (Appendix 1). From this it follows that invasive taxa are strongly over-represented among neophytes. Many of alien species are herbaceous annuals, many of which are regarded as weeds. The number of taxa with a short life cycle is particularly evident in the highly anthropized habitats and conditions of the Mediterranean climate. In recent decades the most serious source of noxious weeds is through accidental introductions from other floristic regions, especially North America (Quezel, 1990). These include dangerous weed species, some of which appear to be in the initial stages of expansion. Most of these thrive in habitats closely associated with man e.g., along roadsides and in settlements, like Euphorbia nutans Lag., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Bidens subalternans DC., Bromus catharticus Vahl., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., Cuscuta campestris Yunker., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Euphorbia maculata L., Euphorbia nutans Lag. and Xantthium spinosum L. Other thrive along riverbanks of the Krupa river, channels, and wet gravel pits, like Ambrosia artemisifolia L., Artemisia verlotiorum L., Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Heiron., Bidens frondosa L., Helianthus tuberosus L., Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. and Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. italicum (Moretti) D.Löve. The majority of taxa listed above are also recognized as alien in neighbouring Dalmatia and possibly invaded Hutovo Blato area from there. Other taxa, such as Ambrosia artemisifolia L., Bidens frondosa L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. was mainly distributed in the northern parts of the country. According to Šarić et al. (2011), Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. and Ambrosia artemisifolia L. spread from the Posavina (in the north) to the south, in the last few decades. Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. covers large area of Hutovo Blato. It has already spread over such a wide area that it endangers native species, and it even edifies specific association Cypero-Paspaletum digitarii(=distichi) (Horvatić 1954). This association grows on habitats 8

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina) that are regularly flooded in summer. It forms narrow strips around Lake Deran. It borders with the ass. Dichostyli-Fimbristyletum dichotomae. In both associations, the accompanying species neophyte Paspalum paspalodes has great constancy (Jasprica & Carić, 2002). The species Ambrosia artemisifolia L. grows in ruderal vegetation along Krupa River near Karaotok. It was recorded on a small area and is not yet considered a dangerous weed in this moment. Bidens frondosa L. covers large areas along the Krupa River banks and displace natural vegetation. It has also been spreading over ruderal areas and lake shores of Lake Škrka. Its spreading in this region will require particular attention in the future. Artemisia verlotiorum L., Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Heiron. and Bidens subalternans DC. appears quite frequently on ruderal habitats (along roads, on embankments). Only isolated populations were noticed. Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. have been spotted in abundant populations in a large number of locations, especially in the maize field, creating areas of dangerous weed. Other species were recorded individually or in small groups and are not regarded as dangerous weeds so far. Conclusions In the total of 49 taxa of alien plants which were the object of this research, 35 of them were stated for the first time for the flora of the Hutovo Blato Natural Park. The findings from the area of Hutovo Blato are of special interest because the available data about alien flora for this area are really rare. Also, these include dangerous weed species, some of which appear to be in the initial stages of expansion. In general, taxa with potentially most negative influence of natural habitats in the area of Nature Park are Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. and Bidens frondosa L. The numerous new localities of the alien taxa covered by this research in the area of Hutovo Blato contribute to the better knowledge of their present distribution as well as of the dynamics of their expansion in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the future, if the anthropogenic influence in the area of Nature Park increases, further distribution of alien plants can be expected. 9

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S. Maslo Jugoslovenski simpozijum o borbi protiv korova u brdsko-planinskim područjima, pp. 27-34, Sarajevo. ŠILIĆ, Č., S. ABADŽIĆ, 2000: Contribution to the knowledge of the neophytic flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Herbologia 1(1): 29-40. ŠILIĆ, Č. 2006: Florističke i vegetacijske karakteristike povijesne župe Dubrave. In: Krešić, M. 300 godina župe Dubrave: zbornik radova, 299-364. ŠOLJAN, D., E. MURATOVIĆ, 2000: Rasprostranjenost vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. na području grada Sarajeva. Herbologia 1(1): 41-47. ŠOLJAN, D., E. MURATOVIĆ, 2002: Rasprostranjenost vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. u Bosni i Hercegovini. Herbologia 3(1): 107-111. ŠOLJAN, D., E. MURATOVIĆ, 2004: Rasprostranjenost vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. u Bosni i Hercegovini (II). Herbologia 5(1): 1-5. ŠOLJAN, D., S. ABADŽIĆ, E. MURATOVIĆ, 2003: Neophytes in flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In: 3th International Balkan Botanical Congress, Abstracts, pp. 197, Sarajevo. VOJNIKOVIĆ, S. 2009: Crna lista flore. Hrvatska misao 50(1): nova serija sv. 36: 85-95, Matica hrvatska Sarajevo. Appendix 1. Alien flora of Hutovo Blato No. of taxo Taxon Family Lifeform Invasion status History Origin 1 st record/author 1. Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Malvaceae T INV arc As-E JERKOVIĆ 1978 2. Ailanthus altisima (Mill.) Sw. Simaroubaceae P INV neo As-E MASLO 2009 3. Amaranthus deflexsus L. Amaranthaceae T NAT neo Am-S MASLO 2009 4. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amaranthaceae T INV neo Am-N JASPRICA 2002 5. Ambrosia artemisifolia L. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009 6. Artemisia verlotiorum L. Asteraceae H INV neo As-E JASPRICA 2010 7. Arundo donax L. Poaceae G NAT arc As-C. MASLO 2009 8. Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Asteraceae T INV neo Am-C&S MASLO 2009 Heiron 9. Avena sativa L. Poaceae T CAS arc Unknown MASLO 2009 10. Bidens frondosa L. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009 11. Bidens subalternans DC. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-S MASLO 2009 12. Brassica rapa L.ssp. rapa Brassicaceae T CAS arc M MASLO 2009 13. Bromus catharticus Vahl. Poaceae T NAT neo Am-S MASLO 2009 14. Canabis sativa L. Cannabaceae T NAT arc As-C MASLO 2009 15. Consolida regalis S. F. Gray Ranunculaceae T NAT arc M MASLO 2009 16. Conyza canadensis (L.) Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N JASPRICA 2002 Cronq. 17. Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae P CAS arc M MASLO 2009 18. Cuscuta campestris Yunker Cuscutaceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009 19. Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009 20. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae T INV neo As MASLO 2009 21. Elodea canadensis Michx Hydrocharitaceae Hy INV neo Am-N JASPRICA 2002 22. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009 ssp. annuus 23. Euphorbia maculata L. Euphorbiaceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009 12

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina) 24. Euphorbia nutans Lag Euphorbiaceae T NAT neo Am-N MASLO 2009 25. Helianthus tuberosus L. Asteraceae G INV neo Am-N JASPRICA 2010 26. Ipomaea purpurea Roth. Convolvulaceae T CAS neo Am-S MASLO 2009 27. Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae P NAT arc M FIALA 1893 28. Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. Fabaceae T NAT arc M JASPRICA 2002 29. Medicago sativa L. Fabaceae H NAT arc Unknown MASLO 2009 30. Morus alba L. Moraceae P NAT arc As-E MASLO 2009 31. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. Oxalidaceae H NAT neo Am-N MASLO 2009 32. Panicum miliaceum L. Poaceae T NAT arc As-C MASLO 2009 33. Papaver rhoeas L. Papaveraceae T NAT arc M JASPRICA 2002 34. Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitaceae P INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009 (L.) Planchon. 35. Paspalum paspalodes Poaceae G INV neo Am-N BAJIĆ 1954 (Michx.) Scribn. 36. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae T NAT arc M MASLO 2009 37. Prunus dulcis (Mill.) Rosaceae P NAT arc M MASLO 2009 D.A.Webb 38. Punica granatum L Punicaceae P NAT arc As-SW BJELČIĆ 1985 39. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fabaceae P INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009 40. Sinapis arvensis L. Brassicaceae T NAT arc Unknown MASLO 2009 41. Solanum lycopersicum L. Solanaceae T CAS neo Am-S MASLO 2009 42. Solanum tubersom L. Solanaceae G CAS neo Am-S JASPRICA 2002 43. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Poaceae T CAS arc Af MASLO 2009 44. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Poaceae G INV arc M MASLO 2009 45. Veronica persica Poir. Scrophulariaceae T INV neo As -W BECK et al. 1967 46. Vinca major L. Apocynaceae Ch CAS arc M MASLO 2009 47. Xantthium spinosum L. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-S MASLO 2009 48. Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N&S BAJIĆ 1954 italicum (Moretti) D. Löve 49. Zea mays L. Poaceae T CAS neo Am-S MASLO 2009 13