STONE AGE (35,000-1500 B.C.) Paleolithic: Cave paintings, Lascaux, France Discovered in 1940 Paintings regarded as most outstanding Hunters attributed magical properties to the paintings. Added onto generation after generation Neolithic: Stonehenge, England Trilithons Ritual and geometric purposes Cro-Magnon - megaliths/megalithic a large block of stone or boulder of irregular shape, only very roughly dressed or left as found/built of huge, irregular stones dolmen a prehistoric tomb made of large upright stones, capped with a horizontal stone, and originally buried under an earth mound. post and lintel a construction system using vertical supports (post) spanned by horizontal beams (lintels) passage grave a prehistoric burial chamber covered by an earth-and-pebble cairn, entered through a long slab-lined passageway. corbeled arch an arch constructed by progressive cantilevering or corbelling from two sides with horizontal joints. menhir a prehistoric monument in the form of a single, large, upright stone. cromlech a prehistoric circular enclosure made of huge stones trilithon a prehistoric monument consisting of a horizontal megalith resting on two upright ones, as at Stonehenge ANCIENT NEAR EAST Neolithic (6000-3500 B.C.)
Jericho plateau in Jordan river valley mud brick foundation & homes found the need for permanent stone foundations for protections 30 ft. x 30 ft. stone tower built into wall for defense Çatal Höyük, Turkey Agriculture replaces hunting Important trading center Obsidian trade Prosperous and well-ordered society No streets houses are connected. move across roof to get around town More stable? Provide defense? Interior courtyards functioned as garbage dumps Mud brick & timber frames Mesopotamian (3000-538 B.C.) Sumerian: White Temple, Warka (ancient Uruk) Raised 40 ft. above city Built on top of older temples Sloping sides of paneled brick work Ziggurat at Ur Assyrian: Citadel of Sargon II, Khorsabad 25 acres Over 200 courtyards & rooms Ziggurat is no longer the central focus Meant to overwhelm visitor Show them their own insignificance Ziggurat a Mesopotamian temple-tower in the form of a stepped pyramid. PERSIAN EMPIRE (538-331 B.C.)
Palace complex at Persepolis Darius I Sirius the Great Xerxes Bull capital Apadana a columned audience hall in ancient Persian palaces. EGYPT Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom (c. 3000-2155 B.C.) IMHOTEP, Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara Protect mummified king and possessions Symbolize king s god-like power Pyramid complex, Gizeh (Menkaure, Khafre, Khufu) 1. Pyramid tomb. Burial chamber located within 2. Chapel attached on east of pyramid 3. Long covered causeway leads to cliffs of valley at Nile 4. Valley Temple located on river banks Oldest pyramid Khufu, 480 feet tall The Great Sphinx Lion body with human head Khafre? Necropolis a city of the dead ; a large, ancient burial ground. Mastaba an ancient Egyptian flat-topped, rectangular tomb with sloping sides. ben-ben - New Kingdom (1570-1070 B.C.) Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Deir el-bahri Temple of Amen-Mut-Khonsu, Luxor Pillars/columns mimic plant forms found along Nile. Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak
pylon temple in Ancient Egyptian architecture, the rectangular, truncated, pyramidal towers flanking the gateway of a temple. hypostyle hall a room with a roof supported by many columns, usually in rows. Clerestory the elevated range of windows in a wall that rises above adjacent roofs. AEGEAN (c. 3000 - c. 1100 B.C.) Mycenaean: Lion Gate, Boghazköy, Turkey Animals guard entrance Intimidation Citadel at Tiryns, Greece Cyclopean masonry Big stones Corbelled vault Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece Example of a beehive tomb Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece Minoan: Palace at Knossos (Crete) Megaron the principal hall of an Anatolian, Cretan, or Mycenaenpalace of house. It is rectangular in plan, with a circular central hearth and a front parth formed by the prolongation f the side walls. beehive tomb a primitive structure, circular in plan and built of rough stones set in projecting courses to form a dome. Ex: Treasury of Atreus dromos a long, high-walled entrance to a Mycenean tomb tholos a round, corbel-vaulted Mycenean tomb labyrinth an intricate, tortuous and intentionally confusing network or maze of pathways, usually walled or hedged, through which it is difficult to find the way out without a clue. GREECE Archaic (c. 700-480 B.C.)
Monuments and terms: Naos an enclosed chamber Peripteral style of building in which the main structure is surrounded by a colonnade Doric and Ionic orders Entasis the slight convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle Classical (480-323 B.C.) Plan of residential blocks, Olynthus grid pattern planned housing 10 houses in one block Hippodamus architect behind planning Theater, Epidaurus, Greece The Acropolis, Athens Originally a Mycenean citadel (fortress) Bright colors against a Mediterranean sky Athena was the patron goddess of Athens Protected Athens MNESIKLES, the Propylaea, Acropolis, Athens Gateway to the Acropolis Doric design subtly altered to better fit use as entryway Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES, the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens (sculptural program by PHIDIAS) 1:2 proportions Scene of Athena s fight with Poseidon for territory Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens Ionic styling Balances Parthenon Ionic vs Doric Small, Complicated vs. Large, Monumental Built on uneven land Multiple levels Asymmetry Stood on very holy site Contest of Poseidon & Athena for Athens Rock with mark of Poseidon s trident Athena s olive tree
polis a city acropolis the upper town or elevated stronghold of an ancient Greek city, containing the chief temples. Hippodamian plan - Agora the open meeting place or market place in an ancient Greek city. Stoa an ancient Greek, long, roof portico with columns along the front and a wall at the back. Orchestra in an ancient Greek or Roman theater, the circular or semicircular space before the front row of seats. Proscenium the stage of an ancient Greek or Roman theater Skene - Parados in an ancient Greek or Roman theater, one of a pair of side entrances between the seats and the stage. Caryatids sculptured, draped female figures used as pillars. Hellenistic (323-30 B.C.) Corinthian capital Architect = Polykleitos 2 rows of vegetation Emotional setting Only differs from ionic in its capital otherwise identical Temple of Apollo, Didyma (the Didymaion), Turkey Architects = Paionios of Ephesos & Daphnis of Miletos Citeizens went to hear prophecies of Apollo Ionic double row of columsn 7 flights of steps to colonnade 13 steps below = naos 167 ft. x 304 ft. Open to sky naos Pronaos room in front of naos. deep and shaded oracles delivered Entered naos through 2 lateral, barrel vaulted tunnels Inner court planted with bay trees Small shrine in back 50 wide staircase leads to 3 portals oracular room Bouleuterion, Miletus Hellenistic house Enclosed single door Not open to street Rooms located off central courtyard
Wealthier = more courts Acropolis, Pergamon Accommodated to mountainous site Acropolis located ~800 ft. above city Altar of Zeus and Athena, Pergamon Ionic Great Frieze along lower side battle of the gods vs. giants Bouleuterion in ancient Greece, an assembly hall or council ETRUSCAN (c. 700 - c. 510 B.C.) ROMAN Etruscan temple Podium a raised platform or base Cellae the main room in a Classical temple, housing the cult statue Republican (c.510-27 BC) Pont du Gard, near Nemausus (Nimes, France) Southern France Spread of Roman civilization Supply water to town aqueduct 3-tier structure Pompeii (Forum, House of Pansa) 20,000 people Founded 6 th century BC Main roads don t intersect at right angles Conquered by Rome in 80 BC Oldest known amphitheater Oldest known public baths Maison Carrée, Nimes Corinthian columns Naos = cella Stands on high podium Cella occupies entire width
Columns on exterior wall are engaged only for style, no weight bearing function Samctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Praeneste (Palestrina, Italy) 7 terraces rising up hillside Single axis Castrum an ancient Roman walled military camp with a gridded rectangular layout. cardo the main north-south street in an ancient Roman orthogonal city grid. Decumanus the main east-west street in an ancient Roman orthogonal city grid. Forum a public civic and commercial square in ancient Rome. It was usually surrounded by a colonnade and included a basilica and temple. Arch a curved structure, usually made of wedge-shaped stones, which spans an opening. Vault an arched ceiling or roof. Dome a convex roof of even curvature on a circular or polygonal base. barrel (tunnel) vault a continuous, semicircular vault that extends in a straight line. cross (groin) vault formed by the right-angle intersection of two barrel vaults of the same shape. Thrust outward or lateral stress on a structure. Aqueducts an artificial channel for water, sometimes underground, but often elevated on arches. Insulae ancient Roman apartment blocks. Atrium the main inner hall of a Roman house, with an open roof and a central basin to catch rainwater. Compluvium - Impluvium - Alae - Tablinum in an ancient Romanhouse, a room with one side open to the central courtyard or atrium Peristyle a roofed, columned porth or colonnade surrounding a building or courtyard. Basilica in ancient Roman architecture, a large meeting hall, often oblong in plan, with a high central space lit by clerestory windows. Imperial (27 BC - c.500 AD)
The Colosseum, Rome Largest amphitheater in Roman world Built for battles gladiators vs. animals Seats for 50,000+ spectators Arches for entrance/exit numbered Concrete structure 3 stories tall combination of Roman arches and 3 Greek column orders (Doric Ionic Corinthian) Engaged columns Built by Flavian emperors SEVERUS, the Octagonal Hall, the Domus Aurea of Nero, Rome The Pantheon, Rome Built under reign of Hadrian Myth = Hadrian was architect of building Originally set on colonnaded court Corinthian style Surprising interior domed rotunda Circular interior, covered by hemispheric dome 144 ft. in diameter 144 ft. from floor to top sphere Aperture (oculus) in top of dome allows light to enter Alternating curved and rectangular niches Walls covered with marble facing Dome coffered [functional element] Thick walls to support weight 20 ft. thick Made of brick & concrete Relieving arches to channel weight around niche Uninterrupted by supporting solids nothing hidden from you Amphitheater a round, semicircular, or oval outdoor arena surrounded by rising tiers of seats. Arena - ashlar masonry consists of smooth squared stones laid with mortar in horizontal courses. Oculus a round window, often in a roof. Coffered a sunken square or polygonal decorative panel in a ceiling or within an arch. INDIA (322 BC - 320 AD)
The chaitya hall at Karli, India Aisle formed by massive columns Columns crowned with male & female riders on elephants Single window to illuminate stupa Roof takes shape of great barrel vault The Great Stupa, Sanchi, India Gateways marking 4 cardinal points of compass Chaitya an Indian Buddhist cave temple or shrine carved out of a hillside, aisled, and often richly decorated with sculpture. Viharas Indian Buddhist monasteries Stupa a Buddhist memorial mound that enshrines relics or marks a sacred site. Harmika - Yasti - Chatras - toranas NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN Serpent Mound, Adams County, Ohio spiritual purposes visually impressive setting for religious activities ¼ mile long MESO-AMERICA Olmec: La Venta, Mexico Teotihuacán: Temple of Quetzalcóatl, Teotihuacán, Mexico Relief sculpture on outside