Course Syllabus Course: General Navigation (Zrakoplovna navigacija I) Lecturer: Doris Novak, PhD assistant professor Teaching assistants: Boris MSc, Tomislav, MSc Course Language: English Semester: Lectures: 45 ( per week) : 45 ( per week) 6 ECTS Credits Course description Sažetak sadržaja predmeta General Navigation is divided into five main areas. The course starts with the form of the Earth examining direction, distance and time, and ends with looking at the latest flight management systems for in flight navigation. The relationship of the Earth with the Sun is the starting point and a positional reference system is developed which allows us to measure direction, distance and time difference. Charts are the next area covered looking at the Mercator, Lamberts Conical and Polar Stereographic charts in detail. Correct use of aeronautical charts for the accurate establishing of aircraft position is essential for safe navigation. The triangle of velocities is the next area looked at with its solution by navigational computer being closely examined. In flight navigation is the final area and it includes navigation in the climb and descent, looking at rates of climb/descent, average speeds, and navigation in the cruise with track correction and revision of estimated time of arrival over a point. Compasses and Magnetism are covered in detail in Instruments. Zrakoplovna navigacija I podijeljena je u pet primarnih cjelina. Kolegij u prvoj cjelini obrađuje osnovne pojmove vezane uz oblik Zemlje gdje se definiraju glavni smjerovi i udaljenosti te pojam vremena a kolegij završava opisom sustava za upravljanje i vođenje leta najnovije generacije koji se nalazi u suvremenim zrakoplovima. Primarno se definira odnos Zemlje i Sunca kao temelj za postavljanje referentnog koordinatnog sustava pomoću kojeg se mjere smjerovi, udaljenosti i vremenske razlike točaka na Zemlji. Navigacijske karte predstavljaju slijedeću cjelinu, pri čemu se detaljno razmatraju projekcije karata (Mercatorova, Lambertova i konusna). Poznavanje korištenja zrakoplovnih karata predstavlja ključni čimbenik za točno određivanje pozicije zrakoplova u prostoru te za sigurno vođenje leta. Rješavanje problema navigacijskog trokuta brzina detaljno je predstavljeno u narednoj cjelini, a proračuni se vrše pomoću navigacijskog računala. Kao završna cjelina predstavljeno je vođenje navigacije i navigacijski postupci tokom leta, što uključuje vođenje navigacije u fazama penjanja i spuštanja zrakoplova (određivanje brzine uzdizanja i silaženja) te navigacijske postupke ispravaka putanje i vremena leta u krstarenju.
Syllabus details Pregled nastavnih jedinica 1. 2.. 4. Contents Introduction. Historical background of air navigation development. Uvod. Povijesni pregled razvoja zrakoplovne navigacije. Introduction to navigation accessories and working methods. Upoznavanje s navigacijskim priborom i principima rada na vježbama. Shape of the Earth. Positions and lines on the Earth. Positioning using λ φ. Earth Convergency. Distances. Oblik Zemlje. Točke i pozicije na Zemlji. Crte i linije. Određivanje pozicije pomoću λ φ. Konvergencija meridijana. Udaljenosti. Calculations of λ φ difference between two stations, distance calculation using Great Circle and Rhumb Line tracking. Izračuni razlika λ φ položaja dviju stanica; udaljenosti po ortodromi i loksodromi. Time. Solar System. Definition of day, year and hour. Local Mean Time and Universal Coordinated Time. Time zones. Sunrise, sunset and twilight. Vrijeme. Sunčev sustav. Pojam dana, godine i sata. LMT i UTC. Vremenske zone. Definicije sumraka u navigaciji. Conversion of angular difference into the time. Relations between the LMT and UTC. Time zone calculation. Pretvaranje kutnih vrijednosti u vrijeme. Preračunavanje odnosa LMT i UTC. Proračun vremenske zone. Direction datums and measurements. Bearings and directions. Definition of course, heading and track. Terrestrial magnetism. Magnetic variation and compass deviation. Earth's inclination. Isogons, agonic line, isoclinals. Teaching method Lecturer No. Of L or E Lecture Novak. Lecture Novak Lecture Novak Lecture Novak Remarks
5. 6. 7. Smjerovi i kutovi. Pojam kursa, pravca i smjera. Zemljin magnetizam. Magnetska varijacija i devijacija kompasa. Inklinacija. Izogone, agona, izoklina. Calculations and conversions between bearings (compass, magnetic and true). Izračunavanje i pretvorba kurseva (kompasni, magnetni i pravi). Maps and charts. Properties of ideal chart. Chart projections. WGS 84 system. Aeronautical maps according to Annex 4 of ICAO. Mape i karte. Svojstva idealne karte. Klasifikacija. Mjerilo. Projekcije. Sustav WGS 84. Zrakoplovne karte prema Annex 4 ICAO. Units of measurement conversion and relations. Use of the navigational computer. Calculations of chart scale and distances on the map and in the nature (departure). Pretvorba i odnosi mjernih jedinica. Rad sa nav. računalom oko pretvorbe. Izračuni mjerila i udaljenosti na karti i udaljenosti u prirodi. Navigation elements. Definition of speed and altitude. Relative velocity. Transition altitude and flight level. Aircraft classification according to approach speed. Navigacijski elementi. Pojam brzine i visine. Relativna brzina. Prelazna apsolutna visina i razina leta. Klasifikacija zrakoplova prema brzini u prilazu. Fuel calculations and maximum endurance and range calculations. Proračuni goriva za let i proračuni doleta i vremena trajanja leta. Wind effect in navigation. Wind triangle (triangle of velocities). Drift and Correction angles. Utjecaj vjetra u navigaciji. Navigacijski trokut vjetra (vektora brzina). Kut zanosa i kut ispravke. Lecture Novak Lecture Novak Lecture Novak
8. 9. 10. 11. Determining of wind vector during the flight. Flight planning with known wind vector. Rad s nav. računalom. Određivanje vjetra u letu. Planiranje leta s poznatim vjetrom. Navigation flight planning method. Chart preparation and configuration. Chart plotting techniques. Metoda navigacijske pripreme leta. Priprema i slagane karte. Tehnike crtanja rute. Navigation elements calculations. Flight plan. Proračun navigacijskih elemenata. Navigacijski plan leta. Use of chart data. Relief characteristics. 1 in 60 Rule for track errors and direct flight to waypoint. Čitanje podataka s karata. Karakteristike reljefa. Pravilo 1 60, određivanje BS i IK za izravan dolet. Basic calculations of bearings, distances, and flight time. Plotting position and bearings. Određivanje osnovnih smjerova, udaljenosti i vremena trajanja leta. Crtanje pozicije i smjerova na karti. Speed corrections. Basic in flight navigational principles. Determining true position. Korekcije brzine. Osnovni principi vođenja nav. u letu. Određivanje stvarne pozicije. Track error and Closing Angle Method. Revision of estimated time of arrival at waypoint. Kontrola puta po pravcu i daljini na ruti uz korekcije brzine za raniji i kasniji dolazak na putnu točku. Magnetism and Earth s magnetic field. Magnetization and demagnetization methods. Field strength. Magnetizam i magnetsko polje zrakoplova. Metode magnetizacije i demagnetizacije. Jakost polja. Lecture Novak Lecture Novak Lecture Novak Lecture Novak
12. 1. Calculated navigational elements route plotting with appropriate navigational flight plan. Crtanje rute temeljem proračunatih nav. elemenata uz popunjavanje navigacijskog plana leta. Direct reading compass. Regulations and requirements. Compass swings. Acceleration/deceleration errors. Pilotski magnetski kompas. Propisi i zahtjevi. Osjetljivost. Kompenzacija kompasa. Greške skretanja i ubrzanja. Calculation, preparation, and planning of VFR navigational flight route. Izračun, priprema i planiranje VFR navigacijske rute. Inertial navigation. Principles and practical application. Stabilized platform design. Gimbals system and errors. Basic functions, display, and INS operations. Inerijalna navigacija. Princip i praktična primjena. Konstrukcija platformi. INS, greške i ispravke. Osnovne funkcije, prikazi i operacije sa konvencionalnim INS om. Lecture Novak Lecture Novak Flight routes planning and plotting. Planiranje i crtanje navigacijskih ruta. 14. 15. Flight Management System. Basic functions and display of system information. FMS. Pregled funkcija i prikaza. Grid navigation (in polar areas) and navigation in specific conditions. Polarna navigacija i navigacija u specifičnim uvjetima. Repetition and preparation for examination. Ponavljanje i priprema za ispit. Lecture Novak Lecture Novak
Knowledge assessment methods and final exam Načini provjere znanja i polaganje ispita During the semester students have the option of taking the tests. Each test consists of numerical and theoretical questions (or their combinations) in which it is possible to collect a total of 0 points. Test Students that achieve a total of points (through tests) or more are exempt from a written exam. The written and oral exam is provided for all students, regardless. To pass the written exam it is necessary to correctly answer 75% of questions, and the grade system is shown in paragraph 4 (Course gradation) Students are required to attend lectures and exercises. In the case of justified absences (for more than times during lectures and more than times for exercises), students have the opportunity to write a seminar paper. Paper topic is within lecturer s discretion. Submission of papers is done via e-mail, and the discussion of the topic is done during the consultation period. Studenti imaju mogućnost polaganja testova semestra. Testovi se sastoje od zadatka i teorijskog pitanja (ili međusobne kombinacije) pri čemu je moguće ukupno skupiti 50 bodova. Test 5 je navigacijska priprema za let.. Studenti koji na tesovima kroz semestar skupe 200 bodova (ukupno 5 testova) ili više, oslobođeni su pismenog ispita. Za sve studente omogućen je izlazak na pismeni i usmeni ispit. Za prolaz na pismenom ispitu potrebno je ostvariti 75% točnih odgovora a ocjenjivanje se vrši prema sustavu prikazanom u točki 4. Bodovanje kolegija. Studenti su obvezni pohađati predavanja i vježbe. U slučaju opravdanih izostanaka (više od puta sa predavanja i više od puta sa vježbi) studenti su u mogućnosti izraditi jedan seminarski rad. Temu seminarskog rada zadaje predmetni nastavnik. Predaja seminarskih radova obavlja se putem elektroničke pošte, a obrana seminara je u terminu konzultacija. Compulsory literature: Literature: 1. General Navigation, Nordian Aviation Training Systems, London Metropolitan University, London, 2006 Recommended literature: 1. General Navigation, Oxford Aviation Training Ltd., 2001 2. General Navigation, JAA ATPL Training, Atlantic Flight Training Ltd, Jeppesen Sanderson, 2004. Dale De Remer: Global Navigation for Pilots, Aviation Academics, Inc., Washington, 1998 4. James S. Wolper: Understanding Mathematics for Aircraft Navigation, Mcgraw Hill, 2001 5. Grozdanić, B., Hegeduš, M.: Zrakoplovna navigacija I (računska navigacija), FPZ, Zagreb, 1995.
1. LECTURES 1. PREDAVANJA Course Quality Assurance and Performance Assessment Praćenje kvalitete i uspješnosti izvođenja kolegija Lectures follow the content of a textbook General Navigation (compulsory literature), and are performed using Power Point presentation (in English). The use of a textbook and recommended literature allows students to prepare the lecture topics in advance. The students are encouraged to read the topic of the forthcoming lecture in advance and to take part in the pro active discussion. Predavanja prate sadržaj udžbenika General Navigation (naveden u osnovnoj literature), a izvode se uz korištenje Power Point prezentacija (na engleskom jeziku). Udžbenik omogućava da se studentima unaprijed objavljuje tema predavanja. Potiču se studenti da se unaprijed upoznaju s temom a na predavanju se potiče aktivna diskusija vezana uz problematiku koja se obrađuje. 2. EXERCISES 2. VJEŽBE Students solve numerical problems and perform practical exercises that enable them to better understand the relationship between angles and directions, calculations of the time and other navigational elements (in accordance with the JAA ATPL). Students also practice the route planning with the navigation map plotting and calculations of the required elements. During exercises, students are required to have: logarithmic navigational computer (various models, CR is used for exercises examples), navigational plotter, calculator and a drawing kit. Studenti rješavaju numeričke zadatke koji im omogućavaju bolje razumijevanje odnosa kutova i pravaca, proračunavanje vremena i ostalih navigacijskih elemenata (sukladno JAA ATPL). Studenti rade proračun navigacijske rute, što uključuje crtanje karte i proračune potrebnih navigacijskih elemenata. Student je na vježbama obavezan imati: logaritamsko ručno navigacijsko računalo (bilo kojeg tipa, ali na vježbama se obrađuje CR ), navigacijski ploter, kalkulator i pribor za crtanje.. DOCUMENTATION. DOKUMENTACIJA The student s attendance record is kept during the semester. The documentation is published on the Internet (e student). Vodi se evidencija prisustva studenata na predavanjima i vježbama tokom semestra. Ista je objavljena putem Interneta (e student).
4. COURSE GRADATION 4. BODOVANJE KOLEGIJA a. Lectures attendance (> 90%) 1 point Prisutnost na predavanjima b. Exercise attendance (> 90%) 1 point Prisutnost na vježbama * Seminar paper (optional due to justifiable absences) 1 point Seminarski rad (opcija uslijed opravdanih izostanaka) A total of 2 points are required for the course completion signature and attendance to written exam. Uvjet za potpis i izlazak na pismeni ispit su prikupljena 2 boda. c. Tests: Tests from 1 to 0 poi d. Exemption from a written exam: a minimum of points collected through tests 1 to Oslobađanje pismenog dijela ispita: prikupljenih minimalno bodova preko testova od 1 do e. Written exam grading: Ocjenjivanje pismenog ispita: 0 74% (1) 75 80% (2) 81 87% () 88 94% (4) 95 100% (5)
5. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCES 5.1. DEVELOPMENT OF GENERAL COMPETENCES (KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS) Razvijanje općih kompetencija (znanja i vještina) After successfully finishing the course, students should be able to independently prepare the flight according to general air navigation principles in accordance with international standards and procedures. Appropriate application of in-flight navigation procedures shall ensure that the required standard of training is reached and flight safety alone significantly increased. Applying the scientific method will enable the student to increase the situational awareness at all phases of flight and flight preparation and will open the possibility of his or hers scientific development in this field. Nakon uspješno položenog kolegija student bi trebao biti u mogućnosti samostalno pripremiti let prema pravilima zrakoplovne navigacije i u skladu s međunarodnim standardima i procedurama. Adekvatnom primjenom navigacijskih postupaka u letu osigurati će se traženi standard obuke i znatno povećati sama sigurnost letenja. Primjenom znanstvenih metoda omogućiti će se studentu poznavanje situacije u svim fazama pripreme i provedbe leta te će se otvoriti mogućnost razvoja u tom polju. 5.2. DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC COMPETENCES (KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS) Razvijanje specifičnih kompetencija (znanja i vještina) After successfully finishing the course, student will develop following specific competences: Nakon uspješno položenog kolegija, student če razviti slijedeće specifične kompetencije: Convert between compass, magnetic and true directions. Međusobno proračunavat smjerove u odnosu na kompasni, magnetni i geografski sjever. Enter position on a chart using range and bearing from a waypoint, and derive geographical coordinates. Ucrtavati poziciju na karti pomoću smjera i udaljenosti od orjentira te očitati geografske koordinate. Enter positions on a chart using geographical coordinates and derive tracks and distances. Ucratati poziciju na karti pomoću geografskih koordinata te odrediti putanju leta i udaljenost. Describe methods of representing relief and demonstrate the ability to interpret data. Opisati metode kojima se predstavlja reljef te prikazati mogućnost interpretacije podataka. Interpret conventional signs and symbols on ICAO and other most frequently used charts.
Očitavati usvojene simbole i signale na ICO i drugim najčešće korištenim kartama. Explain the triangle of velocities, e.g. true heading/tas, W/V and truetrack/gs. Objasniti navigacijski trokut, pravi kurs/tas, W/V te putanju leta i putnu brzinu u odnosu na geografski sjever. Calculate (compass, magnetic, true, grid) heading given appropriate data. Izračunavati kompasni, magnetni, pravi i polarni kurs prema raspoloživim podatcima. Calculate groundspeed given appropriate data. Iz raspoloživih podataka proračunavati putnu brzinu. Calculate drift and wind correction angle given appropriate data. Iz raspoloživih podataka proračunavati kut zanosa i kut popravke za vjetar. Use of map/chart in visual navigation. Koristiti mapu/kartu u vizualnoj navigaciji. Use visual navigation techniques. Koristiti metode vizualne navigacije.
Lecturer CV: Doris Novak is assistant professor at the Department of Aeronautics of the Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences,, Croatia, where he teaches a host of courses including General Navigation, Radio Navigation, Flight Planning and Performance. From 1992 he was trained to become a military pilot which he became in 1997 with honors. He received his Diploma (M.Sc.) and his Doctorate (Ph.D.) in aeronautics, in 200 and 2007, respectively, both from the, Croatia. From 1997 to 2006 he was employed with the Croatian Ministry of Defense on training and educational duties. He also took command duties in international military exercises. His scientific work is focused on developing novel flight air navigation procedures including continuous descent approaches, noise abatement procedures and GNSS procedures. Also, he is interested in novel navigation and surveillance equipment and systems. During his research he successfully combines and compares simulated environments with real life experimental flights. Since 2005 he is an affiliate member of The Royal Institute for Navigation London, UK. He holds commercial pilot license for helicopters and airplanes with instrument rating, and has logged hundreds of flight hours flying many types of aircraft. He is married and has a daughter.