iv COTETS MP SKILLS Scales, distance, symbols and direction 6 7 Map projections 8 9 The Earth in the Solar System 10 11 MP SKILLS: ORDCE MP ITERPRETTIO Songea and rusha, Tanzania 12 13 Eldoret, Kenya 14 sika, Kabale, Uganda 15, 17 Ruhuha, Rwanda 16 ddis baba, Ethiopia 18 Photograph interpretation: 19 24 Earth s atmosphere and structure 25 PHYSICL WORLD Tectonic plates 26 27 Weathering and depositional features 28 29 The hydrological cycle and river systems 30 31 ir masses 32 Ocean currents 33 Weather systems 34 35 KEY dministration 36 Relief and landforms 37 Irrigation and land reclamation 38 griculture 39 Forestry, livestock and fishing 40 41 Energy, mining and industry 42 43 Population 44 Urbanisation 45 Tourism and wildlife 46 47 TZI dministration 48 Relief and landforms 49 griculture, forestry and fishing 50 51 Water resources and energy 52 53 Mining, industry and trade 54 55 Population 56 57 Wildlife, tourism and environment 58 59 UGD dministration 60 Relief and landforms 61 griculture, livestock and fishing 62 63 Mining and energy 64 65 Industry and trade 66 Transport and communication 67 Population 68 69 Tourism, wildlife and environment 70 71 RWD dministration, relief and landforms 72 73 Population 74 griculture, livestock, forestry and fishing 75 Mining and energy 76 77 Industry, trade, transport and communications 78 79 Tourism and wildlife 80 Environment 81 BURUDI dministration, relief and landforms 82 83 Population and tourism 84 griculture and industry 85 ETHIOPI dministration 86 87 Relief and landforms 88 89 griculture, livestock and fishing 90 91 Population 92 93 Energy and mining 94 95 Water resources 96 97 Industry, trade, tourism and wildlife 98 99 Forestry and environment 100 01 SOUTH SUD dministration 102 Relief and landforms 103 Population 104 griculture, industry and tourism 105 ESTER FRIC Countries and relief 106 Rift Valley 107 Climate and land use 108 Environmental issues in Eastern frica 109 Vegetation, soils and geology 110 11 Transport and communications 112 Industry and trade 113 Population 114 15 CETRL FRIC Countries and relief 116 Climate and land use 117 Mining and energy 118 Transport and communication 119 ii_v_2nd.indd 4 19/11/2012 16:50
v ORTH FRIC Countries and relief 120 Climate, water issues and vegetation 121 ile Basin 122 Mining and energy 123 Tourism 124 Industry, trade, transport and communication 125 WEST FRIC Countries and relief 126 Climate and vegetation 127 griculture 128 Mining and energy 129 SOUTHER FRIC Countries and relief 130 Climate and vegetation 131 Mining and energy 132 Tourism and wildlife 133 Trade, industry and transport 134 griculture 135 FRIC Countries and relief 136 37 Climate, vegetation, agriculture, livestock and fishing 138 39 Mining and energy 140 Population 141 Transport and trade 142 Environment 143 ORTH MERIC Countries and relief 144 Climate and vegetation 145 griculture, livestock, forestry and fishing 146 47 Mining 148 Transport and communications 149 Industry and trade 150 Population 151 SOUTH MERIC Countries and relief 152 Climate and vegetation 153 griculture, livestock and fishing 154 Mining and energy 155 EUROPE Countries 156 Relief 157 Climate and vegetation 158 Transport, communication and tourism 159 Population 160 Mining, industry and trade 161 griculture, livestock and fishing 162 63 SI Countries 164 Relief 165 Climate and land use 166 griculture, livestock and fishing 167 Mining and energy 168 Industry and trade 169 Transport, communication and trade 170 Population 171 Tourism 172 73 USTRLSI D OCEI Countries and relief 174 Climate and vegetation 175 griculture, livestock and fishing 176 Mining and energy 177 Industry, trade and transport 178 Population 179 POLR REGIOS rctic 180 ntarctica 181 THE WORLD Countries 182 83 Relief 184 85 Climate 186 87 Environment 188 89 Time zones 190 91 Population 192 93 Mining, energy, information and communication technology 194 95 GLOBL ISSUES Economy 196 97 Industrialisation and pollution 198 99 Climate change and the environment 200 Biodiversity 201 Sustainable development 202 03 ccess to water 204 05 HIV and IDS 206 07 STTISTICS 208 15 IDEX 216 224 ii_v_2nd.indd 5 19/11/2012 16:50
106 ESTER FRIC COUTRIES D RELIEF DECETRLISTIO eographically, Eastern frica is famous for its contrasting areas of highland and rift valley. It is home to frica s two highest mountains; Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, and frica s largest lake; Victoria. Eastern frica is composed of 11 countries; most are members of the Intergovernmental uthority on Development (IGD). The seven countries that make up the ile Basin are also members of the ile Basin Initiative. There are four forms of decentralisation: Devolution: The complete transfer of authority from the central government to the local government and community. Delegation: n assignment of certain functions by the local government to its agencies or statutory authority and the local government. Deconcentration: Dispersal of central authority to its representative office at regional and local government levels. Privatisation: Divesture of certain specific functions from government to private sector. EGYPT tbara Ri Gre Tabora at Ri ft Gr ley 20 E 106_107.indd 106 250 500 750 1 000 C M DODOM Iringa O uator I Below sea level 0 250 m 2 000 m 4 000 m depression I sandy desert Tanga Zanzibar marsh/wetland Boundaries Dar es Salaam international border Rufij i disputed border maritime border Rovum Settlements a over 1 million 500 000 1 million 100 000 500 000 50 000 100 000 MOZMBIQUE Elevation mountain Mbeya yasa MP KEY 4 000 m 2 000 m 1 000 m 500 m 250 m 100 m MOGDISHU I MLW ZMBI Scale 1:23 360 000 O Kismaayo Mombasa TZI (projection: Lambert zimuthal ual rea) Kilimanjaro 5895m Moshi rusha Shinyanga Singida Va l Marka IROBI Mwanza BURUDI Kigoma 0 km Ri KIGLIVictoria RWD BUJUMBUR S Mbale ft V alle y Kivu Tanganyika at Mount Kenya Eldoret (Kirinyaga) 5200m Jinja Ta Kisumu Meru Mbarara akuru yeri Kabale en t DEM. REP. COGO K E Y UGD na Edward Turkana Gulu Lira KMPL gad Sheb eli re Lotagipi Swamp O ETHIOPI Juba lbert ft SOUTH SUD rua uator Highlands Burco Harer Va ll azret JUB Hargeysa LI Ethiopian Shimbiris 2407m Berbera ey ite il e Wau DJIBOUTI DDIS BB Dire Dawa Sudd ea CETRL FRIC REPUBLIC DJIBOUTI ert Dese Bahir Dar mba Farit 4270m Wh Malakal es Tana ile Gulf n e of d -156m D Blue El Obeid Gedaref Ras Dashen 4550m Gonder YEME E kil SUD R SMR rf KHRTOUM Wad Medani yala ra a Dan Da ba ER Khartoum IT Kassala orth Omdurman ur t ile C H D a Se ubian Desert Tr Intergovernmental uthority on Development (IGD) SUDI RBI d Re 60 E IGD MEMBERSHIP FR I C G Tropic of Cancer Jabal al Uwaynát 1907m 50 E D L I B Y Tr 40 E 20 E E G 40 E 50 E 60 E 19/11/2012 16:04
ESTER FRIC 107 RIFT VLLEY The East frican Rift Valley forms the lower part of the frican Rift System that etends from Jordan and Syria in the north to Malawi in the south. In Eastern frica there are two rift valleys the eastern and western rifts. The western rift contains s lbert and Tanganyika while the eastern rift contains s Turkana, Baringo, akuru, aivasha, atron and Manyara. fault magma rises through fractures in crust central area slides down between faults Lomami Lualaba 15 5 5 S Lac Upemba Lufira MP KEY Elevation 4 000 m 2 000 m 1 000 m 500 m 250 m 100 m 0 250 m 2 000 m 4 000 m Uele DEM.REP. COGO mountain Mitumba Range Tanganyika Kivu We s t e r n G r e a t Edward Moyowosi Rukwa Blue ile Roseires Reservoir Bisina Kyoga lbert Mount Elgon 4321m Margherita 5110m Victoria RWD Serengeti BURUDI Plain Mont Teza 2666m We s t e Below sea level marsh/wetland Boundaries international border maritime border Structure major faults R i f t Va l l e y Ruwenzori r n G r e a t R i f ZMBI Kinyeti 3187m t Va l Scale 1:13 700 000 (projection: Lambert zimuthal ual rea) 0 km 200 400 600 SUD SOUTH SUD UGD Usangu Flats l e y Eyasi 35 E 40 E Lotagipi Swamp Hills Cherangany E a s t e r n G r e a t R i f t Va Kipengere Range yasa Tana Ras Dashen 4550m Ethiopian Highlands l l e y baya atron Kilimanjaro 5895m Ch ew Bahir Turkana Chalbi Desert Mount Kenya (Kirinyaga) 5200m Mount Meru 4565m Masai Steppe Rubeho Mountains Livingstone Mountains Laikipia Escarpment TZI MLWI Luwegu Chyulu Range Wami Rufiji Ruvuma Mendebo Mountains Tana 35 E 40 E far Triangle ETHIOPI KEY hmar Mountains O C I I D Shebeli SOMLI E 15 5 5 S plates pull apart FORMTIO OF THE EST FRIC RIFT VLLEY The East frican Rift Valley is characterised by step faults and escarpments with steep walls ranging from 900 m to 2700 m. The average width is 50 km, but is wider in some places. It is believed that the East frican Rift Valley was formed as a result of tensional and compressional forces brought about by the movement of continental plates. Volcanic eruptions along the rift valley have further complicated the landscape features associated with it. The East frican Rift Valley still remains unstable, with some active cones like Lengai in Tanzania. Luangwa Lúrio 106_107.indd 107 19/11/2012 16:04
110 ESTER FRIC VEGETTIO, SOILS D GEOLOGY 40 E areas of the region) and mountain vegetation. There is also the semi-desert and desert vegetation in Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan and Eastern parts of Kenya. atural vegetation is dwindling as a result of destruction caused by human activities. 50 E MP KEY T he vegetation of Eastern frica is closely related to the climate. It is a product of a combination of factors such as relief and altitude. Major vegetation types in Eastern frica include: evergreen forests (confined to a few areas in the Southern Sudan and Victoria basin) the Savanna grassland (found in most low-altitude Vegetation desert & desert steppe tropical wooded steppe tropical dry savanna 0 0 The baobab tree is able to store water in its vast trunk for up to nine months, which enables it to survive in areas of dry scrubland such as this. map key continued... tropical savanna woodland forest savanna mosaic tropical rain forest undifferentiated montane montane and warm temperate grassland afro-alpine and alpine thickets mangrove swamp naturally irrigated areas swamp Scale 1:39 500 000 (projection: Lambert zimuthal ual rea) 0 km 500 1 000 1 500 40 E Tropical savanna in the Serengeti, Tanzania 110_111.indd 110 50 E High-altitude rainforest in Rwanda 20/11/2012 16:27
ESTER FRIC 111 SOILS Eastern frica has many types of soils, each with its specific characteristics that are related to climate, vegetation, the nature of the slopes and the underlying rocks and time. The specific soils are referred to as zonal soils. Eamples include the lateritic soils found in many parts, and desert soils mainly found in Ethiopia, Sudan, north east Kenya and Somalia. Other soils include peat soils which are found in poorly drained areas, alluvial soils, found along river valleys and terra rossa soils found in limestone areas of Eastern frica. 40 E 50 E 60 E Scale 1:39 500 000 (projection: Lambert zimuthal ual rea) 0 km 500 skeletal soils soils formed on volcanic ash saline soils 1 000 1 500 MP KEY Soils leached and highly leached red soils iron rich red soils of savanna areas rich brown soils of tropical areas tropical black earths brown soils of arid and semi-arid areas poorly developed sub-desert soils sand and rock debris of desert areas shallow highly calcareous soils recent alluvium 40 E 50 E 60 E GEOLOGY Eastern frica has rocks that are more than 3000 million years old. These rocks were formed mainly during Pre-Cambrian, Mesozoic and Quaternary periods. Tectonic and volcanic movements that followed led to the formation of the igneous and volcanic rocks that characterise most of the Eastern frica region. Sedimentary rocks have covered most of the original rocks as a result of soil erosion. Lateritic soils usually have a distinctive red colour. Tr Tropic of Cancer 40 E 50 E Scale 1:39 500 000 (projection: Lambert zimuthal ual rea) 0 km 500 1 000 1 500 Tr MP KEY Geology Quarternary Tertiary Mesozoic Pre-cambrian etrusive igneous rocks Lion-shaped mountain rocks in Yeha major fault line 40 E 50 E 110_111.indd 111 19/11/2012 21:21
114 ESTER FRIC POPULTIO The population of Eastern frica is dense in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Somalia. There are increasing numbers of refugees and internally displaced people. Civil wars in Rwanda, Burundi and Somalia have resulted in refugees in the neighbouring countries. Refugees are concentrated in a number of camps in the region. The popular refugee camp is Dadaab in northern Kenya, which accommodates thousands of Somali refugees. Political and ethnic violence has also led to internally displaced persons. For eample, thousands of people were internally displaced in Kenya following the 2007 post-election violence. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 POPULTIO OF EST FRIC COUTRIES Population (millions) Burundi South Sudan Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Tanzania Uganda 20 E 40 E 50 E CHD CETRL FRIC REPUBLIC DEM. REP. COGO Scale 1:18 690 000 Wau lbert Mbale Eldoret KMPL Jinja Edward Kisumu Mbarara akuru Kabale Victoria KIGLI Kivu RWD Mwanza BUJUMBUR Tanganyika (projection: Lambert zimuthal ual rea) 0 km 250 500 750 SUD rua White ile SOUTH SUD 1 000 JUB BURUDI Kigoma Tabora ZMBI Malakal Gulu Lira Blue ile UGD Singida yasa Bahir Dar Shinyanga rusha MLWI Mbeya Turkana Iringa Gonder Tana DDIS BB azret yeri Meru Moshi Dese IROBI DODOM TZI E R Rufiji I T KEY Tana Rovuma Dire Dawa Juba Mombasa Tanga MOZMBIQUE R E Zanzibar Dar es Salaam DJIBOUTI Harer ETHIOPI Shebeli YEME I D I Gulf of den S O M L I O MP KEY Boundaries C E Population density (people per square km) above 200 100 to 200 50 to 100 10 to 50 1 to 10 below 1 Settlements international border disputed border maritime border over 1 million 500 000 1 million 100 000 500 000 50 000 100 000 red square indicates a national capital. 20 E 40 E 50 E 114_115.indd 114 19/11/2012 21:22
ESTER FRIC 115 POPULTIO D LD RE Country rea (in thousands Km 2 ) Population (in millions) Burundi 27.8 9.9 South Sudan 619.7 8.2 Ethiopia 1104.3 82.1 Kenya 582.6 38.6 Rwanda 26.3 11.6 Tanzania 945.2 46.3 Uganda 236.0 28.2 U Conference Centre, ddis baba ewly arrived refugees in Kenya s Dadaab Refugee Camp Kenya s Dadaab Refugee Camp 114_115.indd 115 19/11/2012 21:22
Pearson Secondary tlas ew Edition n eciting new atlas developed specifically for schools in the Eastern frican region. This ew Edition is a follow up on Longman Secondary tlas for East frica. The new edition: now includes information on Ethiopia and South Sudan. has a stimulating design to motivate and inspire students. has syllabus-specific content. has sections on map skills, ordnance interpretation and photograph interpretation to aid eam preparation. offers digital support in the form of an interactive CD-Rom which features 3D map animations. Prepared by eperts from Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Uganda, this version of the atlas is suitable for use by students at any stage in their secondary education. www.pearsonafrica.com