The Four Horsen of the Apocalypse Europe in the Age of Plague PRELUE TO ISASTER Population/Econ Trends (late th-14th C) Poor Harvests leads to Great Famine bad harvests (500 BCE) (th-14th C) (00) 02-48 = bad harvests Famine = isease Weakened people = less productivity = weakened animals = higher prices International trade = epidics THE BLACK EATH KT-44866 cha83693_map1101.eps ate printed: 02/15/06 11:39 ate modified: Tuesday, Octor 4, 2005 10:03:35 AM Carlisle Publishing Services Ready for Paging Cities and regions struck by plague Extent of plague at spific date r 34 Lincoln Rostock Wismar Hamburg Frankfurt a. Oder Colmar Basel Lerida Perpignan Barcelona Marseilles 50 Thorn Nurrg Vienna St. Gall Genoa Avignon Béziers Magdeburg Zürich Milan Montpellier Narbonne Erfurt Strassburg Lucerne Bordeaux BEARN Toulouse anzig Würzburg Frankfurt Paris Angers Saragossa Moscow Lück Bren Yarmouth Cambridge Bristol Osnabrück London Southampton Canterbury Ghent Cologne Calais Liège Amiens 8 1 3 Wisby York Nottingham Norwich Leicester Oxford 49 Mühldorf b er 3 Venice Jun Ferrara Bologna Ancona Florence Pisa Siena e3 Senico 0, 1 r,1 urham 31 30 49 348 mb Ju ne ce 3 49 e rogheda Lancaster ublin Preston Kilkenny Chester 3 er Huesca Theory of Bubonic Plague bacillus flea flea black rat black rat food/cargo, cities form (vtor/transmitter) form (communicated) Bergen Cities and regions partially spared by the plague June 30, 50 Advances in Italian shipping 3 masted ship means year-round shipping Furry passengers -- causes diseases to spread quickly in port Octor 47, plague reaches 34 7 Caffa Ragusa Perugia Rome Valencia Constantinople Naples Seville Almeria,1 48 Messina Catania Agrigento Syracuse 47 0 150 300 Miles
THE BLACK EATH Agents of communication frightfully low Weak immune systs Symptoms buba, blotches, & blood Consequences Wealthy urban pop. vs. Poor & good Clergy Establishment of hospitals Efforts at Approx. Prolonged cooling period (lasts until 17th C) THE BLACK EATH Impact on Europe Economic View addresses wages standard of living mobility amongst the poor (labor) Socially/Psychologically Jews = Church, sular govt. lose the people s confidence LIFE AFTER THE EATH England -- Poll Taxes English Peasants Revolt, 81 Florence, 78 docratic changes gained Great families easily crush in time Reasons?
BRITTANY Bayonne 0 50 100 Miles Rennes Angers Bordeaux MAINE Chinon POITOU NAVARRE NORMANY ANJOU GUIENNE London ARMAGNAC Calais Agincourt 1415 ordogne R. Crécy 46 Rouen Brétigny Orléans 1429 Poitiers 56 Sluys 40 Antwerp Bruges UCHY COUNTY OF OF BRABANT Cassel FLANERS NAMUR COUNTY Arras OF HAINAUT Compiègne Paris Bourges AQUITAINE GASCONY ARAGON Reims Troyes UCHY OF BURGUNY (Supporting English Claim) AUVERGNE CHAMPAGNE ijon Avignon UCHY OF LORRAINE omry COUNTY OF BURGUNY PROVENCE Aix ALSACE Kingdom of France in 39 English areas in 39 English controlled areas in 1429 Burgundian areas in 1441 Battle site ENGLAN E N G L BAY OF BISCAY I S H C H A N N E L Garonne R. Seine R. Loire R. NORTH SEA HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Marne R. Meuse R. Rhine R. Moselle R. urance R. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE MEITERRANEAN SEA Causes Nobles crown-blocking the, want = descendants of women cannot King (Ed III can t king) (Valois) = King of France (Capetian) = King of England French civil war Nobles side w/ Ed Economic control of Wool trade = onomic cornerstone Ed denied crown of France sermons early nationalism promised freedom, pay, and BOOTY! Tools of warfare Course of the War fought mostly in France, Low Countries Cry (46) Unchivalrous Infantrymen Lances, bard hooks to Knights from horses Lightly armored for greater mobility Professional, armor-clad Serve for pay or feudal obligation Capture for Ransom
Fires 10-12/min Accurate at 300 yrd, deadly at 200 or less Bred and trained for the job Fires 1-2/min Accurate at 50-100 yrds Often mercenaries Tools of warfare Course of the War fought mostly in France, Low Countries Cry (46) Poitiers (56) Edward the Black Prince captures French King Henry V at Agincourt (1415) French auphin dlared illegitimate (English King will succeed to the throne) Orleans (Apr 1429) Charles Crowned King Captured by Burgundians Condned as a heretic (1431)
Costs of the War population losses Govt. costs = HUGE wool trade slumps (50-1450) returning soldiers (England) France hindered growth of destroyed... much more power to the King feeling of unity/identity, people who speak same language, common ancestry SHIFTING BALANCES Post-War England Richard III (Yorkist) defeated by Henry Tudor at Bosworth Field, 1485 balance of power in Italian citystates Fall of Constantinople, 1453