Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 9-2009 "HOC DAO" VA "HOC Ddi" N gudi Viet Nam. nhat la ngudi Viet Nam Bd, ai ma khdng biet Luc Van Tien ciia cu Dd Chieu. Ai sinh sd'ng ma chang cd nghe, Luc Van Tien cung vay thdi: Co ngiidi d quan Dong Thdnh, Tu nhdn tich diic sdm sinh con hiin, Dat ten Id Liic Vdn Tien, Tuoi viia hai tdm nghe chuyen hgc hdnh Nhd cai "nghe hoc hanh" ma anh "con hien" Luc Van Tien vua cd duc lai viia cd tai: Vdn dd fihdi phiing ddng giao, Vo them ha liioc, sdu thao ai hi. Ciing nhd cai "nghe hoc hanh" ma Dao Duy Tii mdi "hoc rdng, hieu nhieu ve kinh sii, thanh thao van chudng, tinh thdng thien van, dia II, sam vi, thuat sd^' (...bac thdng kinh sii. thien thuc van chudng, vuu tinh tudng vi thuat so' chi hoc, Dgi Nam liet truyen tien bien. tt ii ^ i # M :5: $*;M»^*i(:2l^). Nghia la nhd cd "hoc" Dao Duy TU mdi cd the giiip chua Nguyen lam nen viec ldn va ciing vi chua Nguyen biet ddi xii vdi nhan tai nen mdi cd dudc nhan tai. Aristote cd li khi cho rang "each" ddi xii vdi nhan tai quan trong hdn la "cd" nhieu hay it nhan tai. Hinh "mau" Luc Van Tien va ngudi thuc, viec thiic Dao Duy TU gap nhau d chu "hoc". Hieu "hoc" trd thanh truyen thd'ng ciia dan toe Viet Nam. Chang phai tcf xua nha nudc da rat ddi tdn trong hien HA THUC MINH'*' tai dd sao? Le Quy Ddn tu hao rang: "Ban trieu tii liic trung hung den nay, ddi vdi ngudi dd khoa tien si dai ngo rat hau, bd dung rat cao: 1. Ban cho mii ao va can dai trieu phuc, cho vinh quy ve que hudng, cd dii cac hang cd quat, nghi trudng, phudng trdng va phudng nhac ddn rudc; 2. Vien quan cd trach nhiem bat dan lang trudc het dung phii de cho tien st; 3. Khdng nhung ngudi dd tam khdi hoac Ung thi che khoa trung each dudc bd vao vien Han lam, ma ca ngudi dd dong tien si ciing dudc bd giu chiic quan trong cac khoa, cac dao, khdng phai bo lam quan d phii hoac huyen; 4. Trong mdi khoa, mot ngudi dd tre tudi dudc bd giu chiic hieu thao; 5. NgUdi nao bd quan d ngoai cac tran, thi bd vao hai ti Thiia chinh hoac Hien sat, deu trao cho chudng an chi'nh thuc, khdng phai giu chuc ta nhi. Nam an dien nay, so vdi viec dat khoa muc d Trung Qudc tu xua den nay chua tung cd"'". Khdng trong dung, khdng cd chinh sach dai ngd hien tai thi lam sao xa hdi cd the phat trien dudc? "An dien" dudng nhien la quan trong roi, nhung "an dien" dung hay sai e rang cdn quan trong hdn. *. Nha nghien ci'ru tnei hgc. Tp. H6 Chi Minh. 1. Le Quy Don. Kicii van tieu Inc. Nxb. KHXH. Ha Noi. 1977.tr. 95.
Ha Thuc Minh. "Hoc dao " va "Hoc ddi ". Su "xudng cap" hay "len cap" ciia giao due phu thuoc vao "diing" hay "sai" nay. NgUdi xua khi lam chinh tri, quan tam trudc tien den cai goi la "chinh danh" ching phai la ngau nhien chiit nao (Vi chinh tat tien chinh danh, Ludn ngu, Ld ngii j*j is (2-5t IE ^). Lin Ion giua "that" " va "gia" ve "hoc" la bat diu ciia moi lan ldn trong xa hdi. Chang trach khi Tii Ld hdi Khong Tii ring lam chinh tri thi viec dau tien can phai lam la viec ^? Tra ldi; "chinh danh"! Bdi vi "danh khdng chinh thi ngdn khdng thuan, ngdn khdng thuan thi viec se khdng thanh" (Danh bat chinh tac ngdn bat thuan, ngdn bat thuan tac sii bat thanh, Ludn ngic, Tii" Lo ^ ^ IEMiJ H' ^ )i. "s ^ J W\ V ^ ^). Cho nen "trudng phai ra trudng, Idp phai ra Idp, thay phai ra thay, trd phai ra trd" la bdt ddu ciia giao due va ciing la bdt ddu ciia xa hoi. Lat lai may trang hch sii ddi xua, cd the thay xa hdi Viet Nam liic bay gid ciing "thiic su ciu thi" lam chui Thi cii khdng danh gia dau vid ma chi danh gia dau ra ciia viec "hpc". Danh gia sai viec "hoc" cd nghia la danh gia sai con ngudi. Dinh gia sai con ngudi thi cdn gi de ndi nua. Cho nen ngudi xua khdng ne ha mot khi can phai danh gii lai cho cdng bang. Hay cu xem tu ddi Le, tu khoa Canh Ty (1660) nha nudc cam dem tai lieu vao phdng thi, nhung chua lam dudc "chu dao" cho nen nam Giap Thin (1664) lai "ha lenh thi lai", do dd "sinh do dd 3 khoa Dinh Dau, Canh Ty va Quy Mao deu phai thi lai d bai sa boi giua sdng Nhi"'"'. Khdng phai chi "thi lai" mdi mot lan mi ve sau nhieu khoa khac cung phai thi lai. Nam Bao Thai thu 7, khoa Binh Ngo (1726) thi lai, danh rdt ca con trai ciia ThUdng thu Le Anh Tuan va con nudi ciia Thieu bao Do Ba Phim vi "khdng hdp each". Khoa Dmh Mao (1747), At Dau (1765), Tan Mao (1771) deu phai thi lai'^*'. Thay "sai" ma "siia" cd le cdn hay hdn nhieu se vdi thay "sai" ma khdng "siia" hoac khdng cd each gi de "siia". NTia nudc phong kien mdt khi da xudng cap thi giao due lam sao cd the len cap dudc? Den thdi Nguyen Khuyen thi lam gi cdn "chinh" vdi "danh" nua ma mong? Cai ma ngudi ta quan tam khdng phai la "chinh" ma la "danh": Bdn tieng mua danh thdy Id tre, Bdng vdng bia dd vdn nghin thu. (Vinh tien si giay) Khdng phai chi cd Nguyen Khuyen ma nhieu tri thuc yeu nudc nhu Phan Chu Tnnh, Phan Bdi Chau, Huynh Thiic Khang, v.v... khdng ai khdng than thd ve viec "hoc" ngay cang sa siit dudng thdi. Hinh nhu mam mdng thoai hda ciia viec "hoc" da tdn tai ngay tu khi con ngudi bat diu "hoc"? TU trudc Cdng nguyen, cich ngay nay nhung hdn hai nghin nam tram nam, Khong Tii vua khuyen khich moi ngudi hoc hinh (huu giao vd loai) nhung ngay tu dau cung da "phat hien" xu hudng "nay khdng bing xua". Ong cho rang ngay xua ngudi ta hoc cho minh (hoc vi ki), cdn bay gid (thdi Khong Tii), thien ha lai hoc cho ngudi (hoc vi nhan) (Co nhan hoc gia vi ki, kim chi hoc gia vi nhan, Luan ngd, Hien vdn i.^i^#^a, 4-i.^ ^ % K). "Hoc cho minh" la hoc de lam ngudi, cdn "hoc cho ngudi" la hoc cdt de cho ngudi ta biet, de "vinh than phi gia". "Hoc cho minh" dau nhat thiet phai de cho moi ngudi biet. Cho nen "ngudi quan tii la ngudi chang cd gi phai ein han khi thien ha khdng biet den minh" (nhan bat tri nhi bat uan, bat diec quan tii hd? Ludn ngd, Hgc nhi). 2. Sdd, tr. 87. 3. Sdd. tr. 98. 99.
10 Nghien curu Ton giao. So 9-2009 ThUc ra chu "hoc" ngay xua ciing dau cd gidng vdi chu "hoc" ngay nay. Chii "hoc" da cd tu lau trong Giap cdt van. Ly Lac Nghi giai thich: "Trong Giap cdt van, "hoc" la mot ngdi nha. tren cd "hao" (chi am doc)...tu Kim van trd di trong ngdi nha mdi cd them "tii", chi viec dao tao hoc trd"'"". ChU "hoc" :^, ^, ^ va chu "giao" ft (day) ngay xua vd'n chi la mot chu. khdng phan biet nhu ngay nay. NgUdi "hoe" la "hoc" vdi ngudi "day", cdn ngudi "day" la "day" cho ngudi "hoc". Cho nen "hoc" cung la "day" ma "day" ciing la "hoc". Sach Qudng nhd chep: "Hoc, ciing cd nghia la day" (Hoc, giao da ^, fttfe). Sach Tap van chep: "chii "giao" trong sach Thuyet vdn giai thich la: "d tren chi dan, d dudi phdng theo", ciing cd luc "giao" ciing goi la "hoc"" (Giao, Thuyet vdn "thudng sd thi, ha sd hieu da" hoac tic hoc Kt, iji i' ± ^ M T ijff x!t tfe'. ^ # ^). Le ki chep: "Pham day The tii cung nhu day hoc si deu phai bd' tri ndi dung phu hdp vdi thdi tiet" (Pham hoc The tii cap Hoc si tat thdi /L ^ tti ^.S ^ ±!JZ> ift). Trinh Huyen chu: "Hoc ciing cd nghia la day" (Hoc, giao da, ^, fttfe)'^'. Da la nhan loai thi xuat phat diem ciia PhUdng Ddng hay PhUdng Tay cd le ciing chang khac nhau la may. Ciing cd y kien cho ring "hoc" d PhUdng Tay xuat phat tu tdn giao, "hoc" ciia Trung Qud'c xuat phat tu "dien chudng" chu khdng phai tu tdn giao. Chua ciia Nhat Ban thdi xua thudng cung la trudng hoc. Vay "hoc" d Viet Nam xuat phat tu dau? Khdng phai tdn giao, ciing khdng phai "dien chudng" ma d tinh than yeu nudc. Hinh nhu tdn giao d Viet Nam ciing hinh thanh tii dd. "Giai thoat" trudc het la "giai phdng" dan tdc, trieu dai Ly-Tran la minh chung cho dieu dd. Cho nen tinh than yeu nudc la dau ndi lich su-tu nhien giiia "hoc Dao" va "hoc Ddi". 0 Viet Nam vua la nha chua vua la trudng hoe dau cd gi la. Cd le ngay xua giao due chua dudc phat trien cho nen chua phan chia mot each ranh rot giufa "day" va "hoc", ay vay ma ciing cd cai hay. "Hoc" va "day" dudng nhu cd ve tu nguyen, tu giac, "binh dang" hdn sau nay thi phai? Md dau sach Ludn ngq chang gi khac hdn la "hoc" va "hung thii" ciia viec hoc: "Hoc va thudng xuyen dn tap chang phai la dieu vui thii sao?" (Hoc nhi thdi tap chi bat diec duyet ho? Ludn ngu, Hgc nhi). NgUdi cd quyen uy cao nhat de danh gia "nhan tai", khdng ai khac hdn la nha vua. Cd khi vua triic tiep ra de thi va ciing cd khi dich than xet duyet* '. "Hoc" la de ra lam quan (hoc nhi Uu tac si, Ludn ngu, Tii Tri/dng). lam quan nghia la de phung su vua, vi vua. Cdn vua vi dan hay vi ai thi dd la chuyen ciia vua. Khong Tii chang phai da day rd rang rang khdng d cudng vi ciia ngudi dd thi cung dung ban nhung viec ciia ngudi dd. 6 PhUdng Ddng "Tam hoc" ciia VUdng DUdng Minh (1472-1528) la san pham ciia xa hdi Trung Qud'c d the ki XV - XVI, tudng dudng vdi thdi ki Phuc hung d PhUdng Tay. La mot nhanh cd nguon gd'c tii "Dao hoc" ciia Td'ng Nho, nhung lai ddi lap vdi chinh ndi ma nd da xuat xu. Dinh cao ciia "Dao hoc" Td'ng Nho la Chu Hy, nguyen tic triet hoc cao nha't ciia Chu Hy la "Tinh va Li la mot" (Tinh tiic Li, Chu Tii nga luc, q.4 14BP M). "Lf va y 4. Ly Lac Nghi. Tim ve cdi ngudn chd Hdn. Nxb. The gidi. 1997. muc chu "hgc". 5. Xem La An Hien, "'Hoc nlu uu tdc i/"". 6. Ching han nhfl nam 1487 "ngay mdng 7 thang Tu, vua than den ra van sach", nam 1490 "thang Tfl dinh thi. nha vua than ra van sach". nam 1493 "thang Tfl vua than den ra van sach". nam 1496 "thang 3 xoia than ngu coi thi d san dien Kinh thien" (Xem Phan Huy Chu. Lich tiieii hien chucnig loai chi. Khoa muc chi).
Ha Thuc Minh. "Hoc dao " va "Hoc ddi 11 thuc he cua giai cap phong kien cung chi la mot, la chan li vtnh ciiu. Chan li dd dudc quan triet vid tan trong diu ciia mdi mot ci nhan trong xa hdi. Sd di cd the thiic hien dudc dieu dd la vi mdi con ngudi deu dudc "ban phit" cii goi la "Tinh" vao trong Tim. Cung gidng nhu nhiet do cd the lam cho trung ga nd thanh ga con la bdi vi trong trung ga tiem an ga con dudc "ban phat". Nhiet do khdng the ap cho da trd thanh ga con dudc bdi vi trong da khdng tiem an ga con. Tuy cd chu y den nhan td' ben trong nhung Dao hoc cua Td'ng Nho da tuyet ddi hda "Dao", tuyet ddi hda "cai ben ngoii" (LO, cai ben ngoai ludn ap che "cii ben trong". Cho nen "giao due li giio due theo vdi Dao" (Tu dao chi vi giao, Trung dung). Xu hudng giao due theo kieu dd hoan toan cd ldi cho sii ton tai ciia nha nudc phong kien. Cay gay va cii ca rdt cua nha nudc phong kien san sang "chi" cho nen giao due nhu vay la dieu khdng cd gi dang ngac nhien. Cho nen hoc gia Trung Qudc cung phai than rang may nghin nam lich sii da dao tao ra nd tai dung hdn la did tao ra nhan tai. Den thdi nha Minh, xa hdi qui nhieu rdi ren. Hoc hanh thi cii lai qua gd bd, cau ne. Van "bat co" chinh la san pham "an tudng" nhat ciia nha Minh. Cd ngudi nhan xet rang van "bat cd" la trieu chung bio hieu ngay tan ciia trieu dai nha Minh. "Tim hoc" ciia VUdng DUdng Minh ra ddi trong bdi canh dd. Tuy nhien VUdng Dudng Minh da cd cai nhin khac, dng xem trong "cai ben trong" (Tam) hdn la "cii ben ngdii". Theo dng, chan li khdng phai la "cai ben ngoai", chan li vd'n ton tai d moi con ngudi, con ngudi sinh ra tren ddi ai ciing cd "ludng tam" ca, "ludng tam" chu khdng phai "Lf hay "thiic tien" gi dd d ben ngoai la tieu chuan cua chan li. "Tam tuc la Lf (Tam tuc Li. Truyen tap luc 'll-bp a)'''. Khac nhau giua "Tinh tuc li Li" vi "Tam tuc la Li" la d chd, mot ben cho rang phai hanh ddng theo dao li da dudc quy dinh "ben ngoai", mot ben cho rang hay hanh ddng theo "ludng tam", mien sao khdng hd then vdi "ludng tam". VUdng DUdng Minh khuyen mei ngudi: "Hoc quy nhat la d cii Tam. Neu Tim cua minh thay sai thi cho du ldi ndi dd la ciia Khdng Tii di nua cung khdng the cho la dung dudc, hud'ng ho lai khdng phai la ldi ciia Khdng Tii? Neu Tam ciia minh thay dung thi cho du ca thien ha deu cho la sai thi ciing mac ke hud'ng ho dau da phai la ldi ciia Khdng Tii. (Truyen tap luc, trung) Vudng DUdng Minh cdn dim tuyen bd' rang "dan ngu khu den va thanh nhan deu nhu nhau" (ngu phu ngu phu dii thanh nhan ddng, Truyen tap luc, trung). Cho nen "Tam tuc la Li" ('t- BP 3). "LUdng tam" (U. 'Ci') la cai "tu nhien" ma ai ciing cd' ', la cd sd ciia nhan thuc dung din ma VUdng goi la "ludng tri" (^ ^fl). "LUdng nang" (S. IK) la kha nang trdi phu de con ngudi den vdi chan li (tri ludng tri ^ S-^P)'^'. NhUng cai "tu nhien" ma cd khdng biet d dau ma ra nay lai trd thanh "rac rdi" to cho nhan loai. HUu than, vd thin, tien nghiem, hau nghiem...deu tu day ma ra. Dau sao, "tam hoc" ciia VUdng DUdng Minh ciing da ddi lai tinh cdng bing ciia y thuc ci nhan trudc y thuc xa 7. Tliam khao tieng Anh: "Tinh tdc If The Nature is Li, "Tam tuc If Mind is Principle. Heart is Reason. 8. Manh Tu quan niem "luong tam" la "cai ma con ngudi khong can hgc cung biet" (nhan chi so bat hgc nhi nang gia, Miinh Td. Tan tdm thuang AZ^^W^ U). 9. "Luang tam" "conscience", tieng La tinh "Conscire" la "hieu biet". "Con-scientia" la "lirong tam", "y thdc vi sir hieu biet. Freud ggi "luong tam" la "sieu nga". "Lirong tri": "innate knowing", "Luong nang": "inborn ability".
12 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 9-2009 hdi, da de cao tinh nang ddng, tii chii, phat huy ca tinh ciia con ngudi. O PhUdng Tay. ca tinh dudc giai phdng bing each keo chan li tu: Kinh Thinh, tu tdm linh sieu viet cua con ngudi ra ngdii cuoc sdng trdn tuc, cdn d PhUdng Ddng, thi bang each bien chdn li tdi cao cd tinh cudng che ben ngoai thanh chdn li tii gidc (hay dung hdn la cai "thien" tu giac) ben trong. Ap liic ben trong lam cho phdn dp liic hudng ra ben ngoai cdn dp liic ben ngodi lai lam cho phdn dp liic hudng ve ben trong. Tuy nhien. luc can ciia xa hdi phong kien cd' huu hang nghin nam da khdng the nao tao thanh thdi ki "Phuc hung" nhu d PhUdng Tay. Tien de cua cudng qud'c cdng nghe Nhat Ban chinh la d chu "hdc" (gaku). Tien de ciia chu "hoc" lai la tu tudng triet hoc giao due ciia VUdng Dudng Mmh. Tai sao hoc thuyet goi la "tam hoc" cua VUdng Dudng Minh lai dudc phat huy tdi da khdng phai d Trung Qud'c ma chinh la d Nhat Ban?'"". Cd the tim nguyen nhan d kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi, v.v... nhung di thay nha't cd le la d xu sd Mat Trdi Moc nay ngudi ta rat de cao tmh than tu giac, xem danh dii cdn quan trong hdn ca tinh menh. Quyen liic thudng d trong tay giai cap quy tdc cap tien, thudng hudng ve hieu qua kinh te hdn la triet H kinh vien. "Tam hoc" ciia VUdng Dudng Minh da hda hdp vdi tmh than Samurai ciia xa hdi Nhat Ban. Ngudi lap ra trudng phai DUdng Minh hoc dau tien d Nhat Ban la Toju Nakae (1608-1648). Hang loat nhflng nha tu tudng danh tieng nhu Kumazawa Banzan (1619-1691), Saigo Takamori (1827-1877), Takasugi Shinsaku (1839-1867)... da ndi nghiep dng. Cd le neu khdng cd nhflng nha "Tam hoc" nay thi e rang cung khdng cd Minh Tri Duy tan (Meiji Restoration) ndi tieng, khdng cd Nhat Ban hau hien dai d Chau A. Trong khi VUdng DUdng Minh Nhat Ban "ndi dinh noi dam" thi VUdng Dudng Minh Trung Qud'c lai "ba chim bay noi", khen cd ma che cung cd, thang chflc cung cd ma hi each chflc cflng cd, tham chi cdn bi hoan quan Lflu Cin danh cho 40 heo de cho "chfla" cai "lfldng tam", "lfldng tri" gi dd. Cdn Vfldng Dfldng Minh Viet Nam thi hinh nhfl chang may ai biet den. Cd le Trin Trong Kim da ndi dung: "Hay xem nhfl d ben Tau, trong ddi nha Minh va nha Thanh cd bao nhieu hoc phai ta cung khdng biet. Mot cai hoc nhfl Dfldng Minh hoc diy khip ca nfldc Tiu va tran sang den tan Nhat Ban, ma d ben ta khdng tha'y ai ndi den. Hoac gia cd ngfldi nao biet ma ndi ra, thi cung khdng cd anh hfldng gi den sfl hgc thuat""". Vfldng Dfldng Minh dfla vao "lfldng tam" va "lfldng tri", tra lai tfl each chii the va chu kien cho ngfldi hoc. Cho du "hoc Ddi" cd hien dai den dau nhflng neu nhfl lam cho "lfldng tam" trd thanh cai cd the "thfla", cdn "hfl danh", "vu ldi", "giao dieu", v.v... lai trd thanh cai khdng the "thieu" thi se la ndi buon cfla "hoc Dao" va cua ca dan tdc./. 10. "Tam hgc", tieng Anh ggi la "Hean learning", ngiroi Nhat ggi la "Shingaku". 11. Tran Trgng Kim. Nho gido. Nxb. Tp. Ho Chf Minh, 1992. tr. 735.