Chapter 5 Greek Sculpture

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Transcription:

Chapter 5 Greek Sculpture

CONTEXT: Geography: Isolation of Greek city-states along a coast line and island = self reliance and an emphasis on the individual Religion: Greeks viewed their gods as idealized humans, but with human passions and ambitions (humanizing of their gods) = the perfection of the human body was thought to be the manner in which they themselves resembled the gods Humanism: Greeks attempted to understand what it is to be a human being and to understand the individual s relationship with the world around them (Sophocles) = introspective culture of ideas as well as action Idealism: Plato believed that the world of visible forms (reality) was just a reflection of perfect truth, beauty, and goodness which exists in a world of ideas.(plato = attempt to make art ideal/perfect Rationalism: the belief that the intellect is the highest human faculty the belief that the universe was founded on rational (harmonic) principles ( all things are numbers ) (and ratios) the belief that through knowledge (investigation) one could unlock the logic of the universe.(pythagoras) = rational, intellectual approach to art making and building.

7 Periods/Styles of Greek Art Geometric Orientalizing 750 BCE 650 BCE Archaic 550 BCE (c.600-500 BCE) Historical Events: Severe 480 BCE (c.500-480 BCE) Greeks win Second Persian War 480 BCE Classical 450 BCE (c.480-404 BCE) Peloponnesian Wars end 404 BCE Late Classical (4 th Century) Hellenistic 350 BCE (c.404-323 BCE) Alexander the Great dies in 323 BCE 250 BCE (c.323-80 BCE) Romans make Greece a colony c. 80 BCE

GEOMETRIC PD. 750 BCE Hero and Centaur (Herakles and Nessos)

ORIENTALIZING PD. 650 BCE Mantiklos Apollo

ARCHAIC PERIOD 550 BCE Characteristics of Archaic sculpture: Human figure becomes less rigid, more fluid. Figures are starting to move from frozen in time to a momentary pause. Introduction of the generic nude male, a kouros (pl. kuoroi) and the clothed female, a kore (pl. korai). The appearance of the Archaic smile.

New York Kouros

Moschophoros (Calf Bearer)

Anavysos Kouros

Peplos Kore

Kore from the Acropolis

The 5 th century (the 400 s) includes Early and High Classical. The first 30 years or so of Early Classical is called the Severe Style.

The Severe Period 480 BCE (first 30 years of Early Classical) Characteristics of Severe Style: Loss of the Archaic smile. Stern/serious expression. Fixed poses Still rather stiff, but some opening due to: CONTRAPPOSTO

Kritios Boy 480 BCE

Classical Period 450 BCE Art Historians put the beginning of the Classical age of Greek Art at the defeat of the Persian invaders in 480 BCE.

The Greeks: Man is the measure of all things. Humanity is what matters. Focus on the individual. Believed that intelligence and reasoning set men apart; they were an introspective culture of ideas. Believed that in ideas (thinking) resides truth, beauty, and goodness (the ideal/perfection). Believed that, since man is the measure of all thing, he must strive to be the perfect human, with both intellectual and physical perfection. Sooo.creating the perfect individual became the Greek Ideal in the Classical period. This is called IDEALISM.

The quest for the IDEAL perfection. In their sculpture the human figure will develop as a representation of their attempt to gain perfection. Their approach to art production was an intellectual approach. *Balance, harmony, order, and symmetry were major components. *In architecture also.

Characteristic of (Early and Late) Classical Sculpture Figures in-the-round, and meant to be viewed that way. Full knowledge of anatomy and correct use of it. Further development of contrapposto. Definite expression in gesture and face, but restrained = complete control of human emotions = order. The achievement of arrested motion, yet total equilibrium = balance= order. The development of the Polyclitian Canon of Proportion.

Riace Warriors

Statue of Zeus (or Poseidon?)

Diskobolos (Discus Thrower) By Myron

arrested motion

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) By Polykleitos

7 Head lengths

Grave Stele of Hegaso, From Dipylon Cemetery, Athens c. 400 B.C.E.,

Dipylon Cemetary

Late Classical 350 BCE The 4 th century was a time of chaos and political upheaval. The Peloponnesian war ends in 404 BCE with Sparta the victor over Athens, leaving Greece drained of its strength. Then Thebes takes over for a while. Both are unsuccessful. Mid 4 th century all the Greeks united again to defend against the Macedonians. They lose and Philip II, King of Macedon rules, he is assassinated and his son succeeds him Alexander the Great.

So, what does all this (context) have to do with their art? The Greeks belief that human beings could impose order on their environment and create perfect statues (and temples) for all, changed to a focus on the individual and the real world, instead of the ideal world of perfect beings (and buildings). ****The Late Classical period sees a switch from IDEALISM to HUMANISM

Aphrodite of Knidos By Praxiteles

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos By Praxiteles

Apollo Belvedere By Leochares Apollo 17 emblem

Apoxyomenos (The Scraper) By Lysippos

8 head lengths

Weary Herakles By Lysippos

The Hellenistic Period c. 250 Traditionally dated from the Death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and lasted until 31 BCE.

Context: After Alexander s death his huge empire was divided up among his generals who set up their own kingdoms. So the cultural centers of the Hellenistic period were international. Athens was no longer the cultural center. The cultural centers of the Hellenistic period were in Egypt, Syria, and Pergamon in Asia Minor. The Hellenistic period was a world, or cosmopolitan (citizen of the world, in Greek) civilization.

Characteristics of Hellenistic Sculpture: Exaggerated interest in anatomy and detail. Pursuit of the unusual for its own sake. Informal posing; composition concerned with movement in space. Portrayal of unbridled emotion. Very dramatic and emotional.

Gallic Chieftain Killing Himself and His Wife

Dying Gaul

Winged Victory or Nike of Samothrace

Venus de Milo By Alexandros of Antioch-on-the- Meander

Seated Boxer

Old Market Woman

Laocoon and His Sons or the Laocoon Group By Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes

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