9 K. Firlej, STOWARZYSZENIE A. Niedzió³ka EKONOMISTÓW ROLNICTWA I AGROBIZNESU Roczniki Naukowe l tom IX l zeszyt Krzysztof Firlej, Arkadiusz Niedzió³ka Cracow University of Economics, Agricultural University in Cracow AGRITOURISM AS A FACTOR OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE MALOPOLSKA REGION AGROTURYSTYKA JAKO CZYNNIK ROZWOJU REGIONALNEGO W WOJ. MA OPOLSKIM S³owa kluczowe: region ma³opolski, agroturystyka Key words: Malopolska Region, agritourism Abstract. The article presents the results of research on the agrotourist entrepreneurship. Such entrepreneurship is understood, among other things, as rural service providers inclination towards self organization of agrotourist associations, willingness to cooperate with farmers running agrotourism, foreign language skills and intention of making use of European Union funds. Introduction Changeable social and economic realities in country are sympathetic towards revitalizing entrepreneurship in rural areas. Individual features of people, especially their competence and experience are very important in the development of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is often characterized by entrepreneurs personality, taking into account his features like: resources, initiative, enterprise or system used in the process of management [ mija 1999]. The significance of institutional surrounding, as an important factor of entrepreneurship development is also a significant issue of entrepreneurship creation [Makarski 00]. One form of entrepreneurship which is increasingly taken up by farmers is agrotourism. It is concerned with organizing tourists stay on functioning. Its aim is economic elicitation of rural areas. Agrotourism can meaningfully influent the economic development of places and communities and can play significant role in widely understood local development. Entrepreneurship of agrotourist service providers manifests itself in rural tenderers forming the agrotourist associations. Membership in these organizations is taking place mainly for effective and cheaper promotion. The entrepreneurships features are also noticeable in farmers cooperation with a view on increasing their tourist activity (tourists exchange and common promotion) and in making attractive the vacationers leisure time spending (organization of different recreational services). Out of already mentioned agrotourist associations, called Agricultural Extension Centres, local authorities in communities and regional branches of Agency for Restructurization and Modernization of Agriculture play important role in the development of agrotourist entrepreneurship. The Agency is the institution of European Union funds implementation, with a view on setting up or developing agrotourist services, too. Range, aim and methodology of research The aim of the paper is the presentation of agrotourist entrepreneurship as the form of non agricultural activity which is taken up by farmers in the Malopolska Region. In the descriptive part of the article the number of agrotourism and the role of different institutions in the creation of agrotourist entrepreneurship is presented. In the empirical part we present the results of research conducted among 65 farmers providing agrotourist services in the Malopolska Region. The criterion of farmers selection was the choice of agrotourism, which were located in districts characterized by the highest number of tourist objects. The research was performed based on author s questionnaire of interview.
Agritourism as a factor of local development in the Malopolska Region 9 Agrotourist entrepreneurship in the Malopolska Region Agrotourist entrepreneurship is the form of non agricultural activity increasingly taken up by inhabitants of rural areas. The most agrotourism are located in the Malopolska Region. In 006 the most of such objects were functioning 58 in the Malopolskie Region only, which constituted ¼ all agrotourism objects in Poland [Information of agritourism state in Poland 006]. They possessed 4080 places of lodgings in total; 10, places in one object on average. Agrotourist entrepreneurship manifests itself, among other things, in farmers membership in agrotourist associations. These associations play important role in the process of agrotourism management. The main aim of these organizations is general promotional activity and advisory and training activity. Currently among agrotourism associations functioning in the Malopolska Region four are associated in nationwide Polish Federation of Rural Tourism Hospitable Farms. They are: Association of Tourism and Agrotourism of Mountain Areas with the location in Nowy S¹cz, Agrotourist Association of the Limanowa District with the location in Limanowa, Malopolska Association of Rural Tourism Hospitable Ro nów with the location in Ro nów, Galicia Hospitable Farms with the location in Cracow. Another entity which influences the agrotourist entrepreneurship are local authorities. The work of local government in this sphere should manifest itself, among other things, in the care of natural environment. Local authorities should play the role of inspector of business entities, including agrotourism, so that their activity does not pose the threat for inhabitants health, tourists and environmental values [K³odziñski 006]. Farmers enterprising activities in the field of agrotourism can be also stimulated by local government by means of: tourism promotion in community, program of tourism development in community and creation the local tourism products, community space adaptation to tourism functions performance and favourable atmosphere making for the development of local tourism entrepreneurship [Pawlusiñski 005]. Preparation of tourism development strategy is an important aim of local tourism industry management. Agrotourism development strategy should be formed on the basis of particular estimation of tourism base, tourism and recreation resources of community and skilful projection of future development of this form of rural tourism [Niedzió³ka 006]. The creation of strategy by local government is a crucial element of the development of agrotourist entrepreneurship in community. Advisory and instructive aspects in the creation of agrotourist entrepreneurship development lies mainly in advisory centres hands. These institutions organize courses, trainings in the subject of setting up and providing tourist services in. Next, the most important entity in regard of using Union funds for agrotourism development is regional branch of Agency for Restructurization and Modernization of Agriculture in Cracow. Agency is passing applications for projects subsidy in time limits fixed in announcements about program realization s beginning [Prawno-finansowe 004]. Enterprising farmers providing agrotourist services also cooperate with other rural service providers, regardless of membership in association. Such cooperation most often consists of sending each other the guests, general promotion, organization and recreational services organization (chaise riding, bonfires making or different trips organization). Agritourism in the Malopolska Region has further chances for organization in the future. It can become an important source of additional income for considerable part of or even as alternative activity in this region. It is possible because the Malopolska Region is characterized by dispersion of, considerable surplus of labour in the village, unique nature and culture values [ mija 1999]. Therefore agrotourist services influence and should further influence the local development of communities and districts. Results of research Facts which influence the attendance and completion of different courses by respondents in the researched agrotourism are very interesting. In all of examined 65 owners of agrotourism, 145 people (9,7%) completed agrotourist course. It seems unintelligible if one takes into account that over half of respondents have not completed such a course. In the article authors opinion one should set out the requirement of agrotourist course ownership. It should be done only if someone is intends setting up tourism activity on a farm. The examiner of it can be both local authorities or Agricultural Advisory Centres. Associations of agrotourism and rural tourism can be such examiner, too. Especially because it was a very accurate move to set out the requirement of agrotourist objects registry in a commune.
94 K. Firlej, A. Niedzió³ka In all examined more than half of respondents (5,1%) completed different courses, among them already mentioned agrotourist course. Among other courses, 17 people have completed course concerning organic agriculture. These farmers run their tourist services, in which specific product is healthy and organic food. These belong to ECEAT (European Centre for Ecological and Agricultural Tourism) Poland Section. This form of agrotourism has been called agroecotourism. Similar courses completed by respondents were related to: cooking in rural tourism (11 people), rational feeding the guests (9 people), cooking course ( people), health foods ( people), HACCP 1 (1 person) and serving the meals (1 person). Other kinds of courses were connected with: keeping cultural heritage (11 people), computer service (8 people), horse riding instructor (5 people) etc. Looking at the number of almost half of respondents (175 farmers) in the group of examined agrotourism, who haven t completed any course, even agrotourist one the conclusion is that these people have got low engagement in increasing their qualifications. Financing the agrotourist activity start in most cases comes from own savings (7,4%), only sometimes it was reinforced from other sources. Common farmers distrust of being in debt is just confirmed, even in the case of expenses which must be borne for modernization and suitable rooms equipment for tourists. It can prove also about imperfect system of reinforcement at turning up the alternative directions of economic activity. Among people who financed their activity from own means most farmers (40,8%) are occupied with agritourism for 5 years, and 7,8% run agritouristic services from to 5 years. On the contrary 7,6% farmers financed their new activity completely from other capital. In both cases, 14,4% people have benefited from loan coming from acquaintances and relatives and 6,6% farmers from preference credit and the same from other means. In the examined group only 51 farmers (14,5%) benefited from EU funds, 5 people from Sapard Programme and 16 from Touring Programme. The most farmers, who benefited from Union funds possessed at least secondary education (68,6%). In connection with it is easy to come to a conclusion that the higher education the better knowledge on the subject of possibilities of receiving these funds. Moreover in the group of farmers who benefited from Union funds, 78,4% of them were associated in agrotourist associations. One should think about good advisory instructive help in the subject of receiving support from the European Union from these organizations. However, the structure related to the intention of receiving support from the European Union in the future presents optimistically. Almost 40% respondents intends to do it, 41% of them have not decided for it yet, every fifth examined farmer flatly turn down this option. The highest percentage of farmers thinking about help from the European Union have got a high school education (57,1%). Agrotourist entrepreneurship consists of different forms of service providers self organization, too. Agritourism owners cooperate with a view on improving the quality of their services and increasing number of tourists. Among examined respondents 79 (76,4%) of them cooperate with other people engaged in agrotourism. Farmers self organization plays an important role in the process of agrotourist services management. It can contribute to higher effectiveness of running this activity. Agrotourism cooperate with each other, independently from the membership in agrotourist association. Especially in the first group of associated (86,4%), a close cooperation is clearly seen. In nonassociated objects 66,% of their owners cooperate with each other. The level of education does not influence the farmers self organization. Among people with primary education 70,6% of them cooperate with each other, with vocational education 78,6%, with secondary education 80%, with high school education 76,5% and with high education 60%. Moderately equal disposition of owners cooperation who possess different education can be seen. Farmers with short period of running agrotourism similarly self organize themselves. Among people engaged with agrotourism for one year 76% of them cooperate mutually. It is a good prognosis and indicates big farmers engagement at the beginning of running agrotourist activity (tab. 1). There are different forms of such self organization among owners. They concern mostly sending customers mutually, experience exchange and common activities related to promotion (tab. ). As we can see, the cooperation between farmers meets agrotourism demand. Farms, which do not have free places on a given day recommend tourists to other places which are most often located in the same community. Almost 1/ 1 HACCP is a systems introduced with the purpose of identification and estimation the scale of food safety threats, from the point of its healthy quality and risk of these threats appearance during all stages of production and distribution.
Agritourism as a factor of local development in the Malopolska Region 95 Tabela 1. Cooperation among agrotourism in relation to the period of running agrotourist services Cooperation among agrotourism Yes No In total Period of running agrotourist activity Total [%] for a year 76,0 4,0 S ource: ownstudyof the author. from 1 - years 75,0 5,0 from 5 to 10 years 75,9 4,1 over 10 years Tabela. Forms of cooperation among examined agrotourism Form of cooperation Tourists exchange Experience exchange Commonpromotion Going to tourism fairs Feeding guests from other agrotourism Agricultural products exchange Commonbarbecue Commonsledging cavalcade Commonbonfires Commonfood preparation Commontrips Informationexchange at trainings Commonhorse riding organization Selling products to other farmers Source: ownstudyof the author Number of agroto- urism 17 105 79 5 1 9 77,6,4 76,4,6 Percentage of indication for given kind of cooperation among which cooperate with each other 6,0 7,6 8, 1,5 4,6 farmers help each other in promotion activity. It results from own engagement in common promotion, sometimes even without any help from institutional surrounding or membership in associations. In conducted research in 001 on similar number of agrotourism 4 in the Malopolskie Region by Native Advisory Centre of the Development of Agriculture and Rural Areas Branch Office in Cracow about forms of cooperation among farmers, the most often were observed answers related to experience exchange (59,8%), next guests exchange (8,5%) and common promotion (6,%) [Turystyka wiejska 001]. Comparing both groups of results we can draw a conclusion that during the period of four years considerable growth of the number of tourists visits took place because of sending tourists between farmers. Another form of cooperation among in the process of selforganization is membership in agrotourist associations. Among examined over half of them (50,4%) is associated. Most of associated farmers belong to agrotourist association Galicia Hospitable Farms (99) and to Association of Tourism and Agrotourism of Mountain Areas (). Among associated every fifth of them used Union funds for development of agrotourism in the past. In the group of non associated objects only 6,1% did it. Much higher percentage of associated think about using Union funds in the future, similarly to the percentage of non associated farmers. In this group 45,7% farmers want to benefit from Union financial support, 46,% of them have not decided for it yet, and only 8,1% associated farmers refuse this option. Article authors results of research and other authors results show that agrotourist associations play a significant role in the management of agrotourism. Membership in these organizations gives possibilities of better and effective promotion of agrotourism farming and also gives the chance of participation in trainings and courses and obtaining professional advisory help, for example in the sphere of procedures for applying for Union funds for development of agrotourism activity. In over 80% examined different forms of self-organization are functioning. Over half of farmers is associated, moreover among them 86,4% cooperate with other agrotourism. Over / of examined objects which do not belong to associations cooperate with others, too. In conclusion, there is good cooperation among farmers with considerable advantages of it. Among all 65 examined agrotourism, over half of them hosts foreigners. In this group there are mostly Germans, Dutchmen and Frenchmen. In total, in 95 (80%) examined there are people who can speak foreign languages. Over 1/ of did not host tourists from abroad so far. Among hosting foreigners in 95% of them there are people who can speak foreign languages. It indicates that agrotourist services providers or members of their families have got,
96 K. Firlej, A. Niedzió³ka high competence. In overwhelming majority of examined people can speak English (60%), German (4,%) and Russian (18,4%). Conclusions The research performed and the analysis of the problem of agrotourism in Malopolska Region can bring us to the following conclusions: agrotourism is the form of non agricultural entrepreneurship and represents additional or alternative source of income for agricultural families, enterprising activities in agrotourist services are manifested mainly by farmers engaged with tourism associations and also in cooperation of agrotourism owners, the agrotourist associations play important role in the process of agrotourism management, by supporting different activities, rural service providers self organization consists mainly of general organization of promotion activity, and tourists exchange, agrotourist providers entrepreneurship relates to intention to use european union funds for development of agritourism, the research showed that the higher education, the better knowledge of possibilities of applying and receiving additional funds from european union, although the number of tourists visiting agrotourism is growing, the cooperation between farmers helps meeting agrotourism demand, farmers and their workers have got high competence and work on the development of their skills and possibilities of high quality maintenance, the agrotourism in Malopolska Region is believed to develop very fast in the future. Bibliography Informacja o stanie agroturystyki w Polsce 006: Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi. Departament Prognozowania i Analiz. Warszawa, s. 10 (Za³¹cznik 1). K³odziñski M. 006: Aktywizacja spo³eczno gospodarcza gmin wiejskich i ma³ych miast, Instytut Rozwoju Wsi i Rolnictwa Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa, s. 75. Makarski S. 00: Przedsiêbiorczoœæ w agrobiznesie, Instytut Rozwoju Wsi i Rolnictwa, Warszawa, s. 15. Niedzió³ka A. 006: Wp³yw samorz¹dów lokalnych na rozwój us³ug agroturystycznych w wybranych gminach województwa ma³opolskiego [W:] Regionalne aspekty rozwoju turystyki pod red. M. Jalinika, Agencja Wydawniczo Edytorska EkoPress, Bia³ystok, s. 18. Palusiñski R. 005: Samorz¹d lokalny a rozwój turystyki, Instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej Uniwersytetu Jagielloñskiego, Kraków, s.. Prawno finansowe uwarunkowania prowadzenia us³ug turystycznych na polskiej wsi po akcesji do UE. Poradnik praktyczny 004: Krajowe Centrum Doradztwa Rozwoju Rolnictwa i Obszarów Wiejskich Oddzia³ w Krakowie, Kraków, s. 69. Turystyka wiejska czynnikiem o ywienia terenów wiejskich. Raport. Diagnoza efektywnoœci ekonomicznej polskiej agroturystyki. 001: Krajowe Centrum Doradztwa Rozwoju Rolnictwa i Obszarów Wiejskich Oddzia³ w Krakowie, Kraków 001, s. 95. mija J. 1999: Przedsiêbiorczoœæ w agrobiznesie a rozwój obszarów wiejskich w Regionie Ma³opolski, Czuwajmy, Kraków 1999, s. 7; 159. Streszczenie W artykule przedstawiono przedsiêbiorczoœæ agroturystyczn¹ jako czynnik rozwoju obszarów wiejskich województwa ma³opolskiego. Omówiono ró ne rodzaje aktywnoœci wœród rolników prowadz¹cych gospodarstwa agroturystyczne. Szczególnie dwa rodzaje tej aktywnoœci maj¹ istotne znaczenie: organizowanie siê w stowarzyszeniach agroturystycznych oraz inne postaci samoorganizacji rolników. Ten drugi rodzaj aktywnoœci (wspó³praca) dotyczy zwykle podsy³ania nawzajem turystów oraz aktywnoœci na polu wspólnej promocji agroturystyki. Przedsiêbiorczoœæ agroturystyczna w badanych gospodarstwach agroturystycznych przejawia siê tak e znajomoœci¹ jêzyków obcych przez ich pracowników oraz zamiarem pozyskiwania funduszy z Unii Europejskiej na rozwój us³ug agroturystycznych. Adres do korespondencji mgr Arkadiusz Niedzió³ka dr Krzysztof Firlej Akademia Rolnicza w Krakowie Akademia Ekonomiczna w Krakowie Wydzia³ Rolniczo-Ekonomiczny Wydzia³ Ekonomii i Stosunków Miêdzynarodowych al. Mickiewicza 1, 1-10 Kraków ul. Rakowicka 7, 1-510 Kraków tel. (0 1) 66 4 74/75 tel. (0 1) 9 51 97 e-mail: aniedziolka@ar.krakow.pl e-mail: kfirlej@poczta.onet.pl