Session 47 Risks at work/risques au travail

Session 47 Risks at work/risques au travail 14h Introduction : Philippe Minard et Catherine Omnès Experts et expertises : Jacob Fogel, Martin Lengwiller Discussion Les organisations professionnelles : Danièle Fraboulet, Laure Machu Discussion Pause-Café 16h Les maladies professionnelles et leur réparation I : Peter Bartrip, Paul-André Rosental Discussion Les maladies professionnelles et leur réparation I : Peter Bartrip, Paul-André Rosental Discussion Les maladies professionnelles et leur réparation II : Jeronia Pons Pons et Andrès Bibiloni, Nicolas Hatzfeld Discussion

Risks at work cultures and prevention practices in France and Europe during the 20th century Bilan d une recherche collective menée par une équipe interdisciplinaire et internationale dans le cadre d une convention avec la Drees-Mire (2003-2005) et d un colloque organisé en décembre 2005 à l Université de Versailles- Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Rapport final : Tome I : Catherine Omnès (dir), rapport de synthèse (85p.); Tome II : Catherine Omnès et Laure Pitti (dir), Actes du colloque, 264 p.; Catherine Omnès, Note de synthèse, 6 p..

Why the culture of risk s prevention was so late to developpe in France? I focuse my paper on three reasons for this : Identification of the risk at work Professionnalisation Practices

I-The identification of the risk at work Three conditions lagged the identification of the risk at work 1-The first condition was to get a scientific knowledge

I-The identification of the risk at work Three conditions lagged the identification of the risk at work 1-The first condition was to get a scientific knowledge 2- The second condition is the presence of experts (scientifics, juridical, doctors ) whose evaluation allows to make the risk visible

I-The identification of the risk at work Three conditions lagged the identification of the risk at work 1-The first condition was to get a scientific knowledge 2- The second condition is the presence of experts whose evaluation allows to make the risk visible 3- The third condition is the elaboration of rules and norms that define the risk at work

The process of identification is long, opaque The position of actors are dissymetric

II- The professionnalisation of the jobs comitted with risk s prevention -There are many jobs: inspecteur du travail, surintendantes d usines, psychotechnicien, ingénieur de sécurité, médecins du travail, ergonomes but the professionnalisation is difficult jn the french firms. 3 obstacles : 1- The juridical obstacle: In France, the risk is associated with the reparation and the rent rather than the prevention

II-The professionnalisation of the jobs comitted with risk s prevention -There are many jobs: inspecteur du travail, surintendantes d usines, psychotechnicien, ingénieur de sécurité, médecins du travail, ergonomes but the professionnalisation is difficult jn the french firms. There are 3 obstacles : 1- The juridical obstacle: In France, the risk is associated with the reparation and the rent rather than the prevention 2- The organisationnel obstacle : Inside the french firms, the sécurity is directly driven by the top management. It s a conséquence of hierarchical organisation of the french firms

II-The professionalisation of the jobs comitted with risk s prevention There are many jobs : inspecteurs du travail, Surintendantes d usines, psychotechnicien, ingénieur de sécurité, médecins du travail, ergonomes but the professionnalisation is difficult jn the french firms. There are 3 obstacles : 1- The juridical obstacle: In France, the risk is associated with the reparation and the rent rather than the prevention 2- The organisationnel obstacle : Inside the french firms, the sécurity is directly driven by the top management. It s a conséquence of hierarchical organisation of the french firms 3- The cultural obstacles : the several cultures (the technical culture of the engeneer of security, the male culture, the social culture of the surintendante ).are in competition rather than they coopérate. Only, the medecine of work succeed to become a dominant force from 1940 s.

III-The prevention pratices The emergence of a managerial fonction centred on security is late in french firms (from 70 s-90 s) : 1-External prévention and exclusion prevail until the WWI

III-The prevention pratices The emergence of a managerial fonction centred on security is late in french firms (from 70 s-90 s) : 1-External prévention and exclusion prevail until the WWI 2-The learning of the risk s prevention appear only in a few modern firms (WWI-60 s)

III-The application of the prevention The emergence of a managerial fonction centred on security is late in french firms (from 70 s-90 s) : 1-External prévention and exclusion prevail until the WWI 2-The learning of the risk s prevention appear only in a few modern firms (WWI-60 s) 3-The prévention is finaly imposed by the European directives and by the mobilisation of the social forces from the 70 s-90 s

Conclusion Prevention is a long process in France because : Structure et strategy of the french firms are not favourable to the prevention Actors are in dissymetric position Contraintes financières faibles =ne faut-il pas utiliser le renchérissement du coût du risque comme un levier de la prévention, suivant le modèle américain?