Cruise Report Tuamotus & Line Islands

Cruise Report Tuamotus & Line Islands August 21 September 2, 2017 Contributing Authors Dr. Stuart Sandin 1 Dr. Brian Zgliczynski 1 Lindsay Bonito 1 1 Scripps Institution of Oceanography www.100islandchallenge.org Report prepared on 22 August 2017 1

Expedition Team Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Stuart Sandin, Professor Dr. Brian Zgliczynski, Postdoctoral Researcher Nicole Pedersen, Staff Researcher Chris Sullivan, Staff Researcher Waitt Institute Joe Lepore, Diving Safety Officer Shayna Brody, Social Media & Outreach, Photographer Cook Islands Korero O Te 'Orau Dr. Teina Ronga, Marine Ecologist James Kora, Research Assistant Center for Insular Research and Observatory of the Environment (CRIOBE) Charlotte Moritz, Postdoctoral Research Scholar The Nature Conservancy Hank Lynch, Scientific Diver 2

Executive Summary Members of the 100 Island Challenge team (Nicole Pederson, Chris Sullivan, Stuart Sandin, and Brian Zgliczynski) returned from an expedition this past August to survey coral reefs at a subset of atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia, as well as re-visit several islands in the Southern Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati. This expedition was supported by the Waitt Institute and represented a collaborative effort between the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Waitt Institute, Center for Insular Research and Observation of the Environment (CRIOBE - French Polynesia), Korero O Te Orau - Cook Islands, and The Nature Conservancy Hawaii. The goal of the 14-day expedition was to characterize coral reef communities as part of the 100 Island Challenge. The coral reefs of the Tuamotu Archipelago and Southern Line Islands are remote and relatively free of direct human influence. Therefore, they provide researchers with an opportunity to study intact ecosystems with thriving coral and fish communities. Although this was the first opportunity to visit sites in the Tuamotus as part of the 100 Island Challenge, our team has conducted multiple survey efforts to the Southern Line Islands over the past several years. This expedition was particularly important because it provided our team with an opportunity to investigate the status of coral reefs of the region in conjunction with reports of widespread coral bleaching across the Pacific. By establishing new survey sites and re-visiting long-term sites are team will contextualize changes in coral reef communities through time and gain invaluable information on how these diverse ecosystems respond to recent warm water events. The team was excited to visit these sites but there was some apprehension over what they would find. Would the coral reefs of these islands be another casualty of the global mass-bleaching event? Upon entering the water, the team was filled with mixed emotions. Preliminary observations revealed that the reefs had been impacted by the warm water events. However, the magnitude appeared to be species-specific and variable across islands. For example, fast growing species appeared to be hit the hardest while slower-growing species appeared to be impacted to a lesser extent. While the observed mortality was discouraging the team was excited to see evidence of recovery and regrowth. Corals that had recently died were being overgrown with coralline algae, an important reef builder that strengthens the reef and provides substrate for new corals to settle and attach. Additionally, the team observed healthy populations of reef fishes including predatory species like jacks, snappers, and sharks as well as abundant populations of smaller-bodied species that are important food sources for predators. Overall, the expedition represented a successful collaborative effort and the team gained valuable insight into the structure and function of coral reefs in the two regions. During the 14-day expedition, the team conducted over 300 scientific dives across 8 islands (Millennium, Flint, Vostok, Takapoto, Tikehau, Rangiroa). These dives were comprised of 47 total photomosaic benthic surveys (14 resurveys of permanent sites) and 59 reef fish surveys. This high level of productivity could not have been possible without the hard work and efficiency of the crew of the Plan B. 3

100 Island Challenge Description: This research initiative employs novel approaches for studying coral reef community dynamics through the application of underwater photomosaic technology. Working with colleagues from the University of Miami, we have built a camera system that allows us to capture images of large swaths of the reef surface. Further, by revisiting exact locations multiple times and replicating photography, we have an unprecedented opportunity to track the dynamics of corals and algae. In particular, with advanced image analysis, we can track how a reef community changes, addressing questions of coral growth, death, and competition that are currently unresolved. We have field-trialed this photomosaic equipment and are developing a reliable image analysis protocol. We are now poised to apply this tool to generate the large-scale data of reef community dynamics that have to date been unavailable. Further, by combining these image-based data with reliable information about the composition of the fish community, the general oceanography, and the human situation of each location, we can begin to elucidate the conditions that are more (or less) conducive to the maintenance of growing and so-called healthy coral reefs. Application to French Polynesia & Line Islands: By linking the fates of these reefs to the oceanographic conditions and to the local activities of people, we will be able to start understanding cause-and- effect pathways for reef change. Given that local-scale marine managers consistently seek information on the state of their coral reef, looking for comparisons to help guide local management. Further, by making the data that describe each reef readily available and easy to visualize, there is a terrific opportunity to increase the dialogue between the science and management communities, as well as independently among the managers looking for tangible information to improve their self-management. By working side-by- side with regional managers and partners in local NGOs (e.g., the Nature Conservancy, Conservation International), we will expand the scientific insights into the state and future of their reef areas. For more information, visit www.100islandchallenge.org 4

Tuamotus & Line Islands Background Figure 1. Map of French Polynesia & Line Islands. The Tuamotu archipelago is a French Polynesian chain of almost 80 islands and atolls with a land area of 850 km 2 and 16,000 inhabitants. Its major islands are Anaa, Fakarava, Hao and Makemo. The Line Islands is a chain of 11 atolls (with partially or fully enclosed lagoons) and coral islands (with a surrounding reef) spanning 2,350 kilometres. Of the 11 islands/atolls, 8 form part of Kiribati, while the remaining 3 are United States territories grouped with the United States Minor Outlying Islands. Only Kiritimati and Tabuaeran atolls and Teraina Island have a permanent population. 5

Survey Metadata Table 1. Sites surveyed to assess fish and benthic communities in 2017. Island Station ID Date Local Time Latitude Longitude Area (m 2 ) Habitat Mosaic Divers 1 Fish Divers 1 Data Collected 2 Tikehau TIK 29 2017-08-21 8:30-14.98673-148.27971 100 Forereef CS, NP, TR, JK NA M Tikehau TIK_31 2017-08-21 10:50-14.97581-148.27463 100 Forereef CS, NP, TR, JK NA M Tikehau TIK_33 2017-08-21 13:20-14.94565-148.24799 100 Forereef CS, NP, TR, JK NA M, T Tikehau TIK_30 2017-08-21 8:30-14.97896-148.27632 100 Forereef NA BZ, SAS, HL, CM F, B Tikehau TIK_32 2017-08-21 11:06-14.95968-148.26324 100 Forereef NA BZ, SAS, HL, CM F, B Tikehau TIK_34 2017-08-21 13:21-14.93361-148.23050 100 Forereef NA BZ, SAS, HL, CM F, B Tikehau TIK_24 2017-08-22 8:40-15.10787-148.25697 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M Tikehau TIK_25 2017-08-22 8:45-15.09092-148.26892 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Tikehau TIK_26 2017-08-22 10:40-15.07326-148.27898 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M, T Tikehau TIK_27 2017-08-22 11:00-15.05541-148.28696 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Tikehau TIK_28 2017-08-22 13:10-15.03591-148.29088 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M, T Tikehau TIK_CRIOBE 2017-08-22 13:20-15.01405-148.28525 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Millennium MIL_C24 2017-08-24 8:30-10.01105-150.23424 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Millennium MIL_C1 2017-08-24 8:30-10.00463-150.23869 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M Millennium MIL_16 2017-08-24 10:45-9.99833-150.23634 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Millennium MIL_C25 2017-08-24 10:30-9.99193-150.23393 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M Millennium MIL_05 2017-08-24 13:30-9.98814-150.23267 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360

Island Station ID Date Local Time Latitude Longitude Area (m 2 ) Habitat Mosaic Divers 1 Fish Divers 1 Data Collected 2 Millennium MIL 06 2017-08-24 12:30-9.97930-150.22855 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M, T Millennium MIL_C7 2017-08-25 8:30-9.93995-150.21213 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M Millennium MIL_04 2017-08-25 10:05-9.95014-150.21541 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M Millennium MIL_02 2017-08-25 12:45-9.95460-150.21555 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M, T Millennium MIL_C8 2017-08-25 8:30-9.92806-150.21010 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Millennium MIL_C5 2017-08-25 11:00-9.96098-150.21771 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Millennium MIL_01 2017-08-25 13:00-9.97102-150.22160 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Millennium MIL_C13 2017-08-26 8:30-9.91663-150.19696 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M Millennium MIL_03 2017-08-26 13:00-9.91578-150.21051 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360, T Millennium MIL_C12 2017-08-26 8:30-9.90809-150.20076 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M Millennium MIL_C10 2017-08-26 9:45-9.90660-150.21318 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Millennium MIL_05 2017-08-26 15:05-9.98792-150.23270 100 Forereef NP, TR NA M Vostok VOS_03 2017-08-27 9:00-10.05809-152.30956 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M Vostok VOS_04 2017-08-27 10:40-10.06435-152.30791 100 Forereef NP, TR SAS, HL F, B, M, T Vostok VOS_01 2017-08-27 12:30-10.05900-152.31400 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360, T Vostok VOS_02 2017-08-27 14:00-10.05992-152.31485 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, T Flint FLI_04 2017-08-28 10:00-11.41927-151.82724 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, T Flint FLI_01 2017-08-28 11:30-11.43118-151.82480 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, T 2

Island Station ID Date Local Time Latitude Longitude Area (m 2 ) Habitat Mosaic Divers 1 Fish Divers 1 Data Collected 2 Flint FLI_03 2017-08-28 13:00-11.43492-151.82201 100 Forereef CS, JK SAS, HL F, B, M, T Rangiroa RAN_18 2017-08-30 9:00-15.03938-147.55038 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Rangiroa RAN_16 2017-08-30 10:59-15.01311-147.57411 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Rangiroa RAN_14 2017-08-30 13:00-14.98886-147.59961 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M Rangiroa RAN_13 2017-08-30 13:30-14.97731-147.61913 100 Forereef CS, TR SAS, HL F, B, M, 360, T Rangiroa RAN_19 2017-08-30 8:50-15.05389-147.53447 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Rangiroa RAN_17 2017-08-30 10:10-15.02863-147.56358 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Rangiroa RAN_15 2017-08-30 12:15-14.99699-147.58498 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Takapoto TAK_12 2017-08-31 8:45-14.61549-145.23912 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360 Takapoto TAK_10 2017-08-31 10:00-14.63294-145.23987 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M Takapoto TAK_08 2017-08-31 11:45-14.65201-145.24420 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M Takapoto TAK_07 2017-08-31 13:30-14.65998-145.24724 100 Forereef BZ, CS SAS, HL F, B, M, 360 Takapoto TAK_13 2017-08-31 8:30-14.60701-145.23460 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Takapoto TAK_11 2017-08-31 9:45-14.62409-145.23988 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Takapoto TAK_09 2017-08-31 11:15-14.64253-145.24194 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Takapoto TAK_05 2017-09-01 8:20-14.67651-145.25470 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M Takapoto TAK_03 2017-09-01 10:00-14.69259-145.26282 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M Takapoto TAK_CRIOBE 2017-09-01 12:45-14.70667-145.25406 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360, T 3

Island Station ID Date Local Time Latitude Longitude Area (m 2 ) Habitat Mosaic Divers 1 Fish Divers 1 Data Collected 2 Takapoto TAK_01 2017-09-01 13:50-14.71347-145.24915 100 Forereef BZ, CS SAS, HL F, B, M, T Takapoto TAK_06 2017-09-01 8:10-14.66837-145.25000 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Takapoto TAK_04 2017-09-01 9:30-14.68382-145.26018 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Takapoto TAK_02 2017-09-01 11:30-14.70145-145.26094 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Rangiroa RAN_94 2017-09-02 9:45-14.94599-147.86282 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M Rangiroa RAN_92 2017-09-02 11:30-14.98049-147.87914 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M Rangiroa RAN_90 2017-09-02 14:00-15.01225-147.90918 100 Forereef CS, JK BZ, CM F, B, M, 360, T Rangiroa RAN_95 2017-09-02 9:30-14.92903-147.85791 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Rangiroa RAN_93 2017-09-02 11:15-14.96389-147.86935 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B Rangiroa RAN_91 2017-09-02 13:30-14.99688-147.89073 100 Forereef NA SAS, HL F, B 1 Divers: CS- Chris Sullivan; CM- Charlotte Moritz, HL- Hank Lynch; JK- James Kora; TR- Teina Ronga; BZ- Brian Zgliczynski; NP- Nicole Pedersen; SAS- Stuart Sandin 2 Data Collected: F- Fish; B-Benthic photoquadrats; M-Mosaic; T- temperature logger deployed; 360-360 video 4

Benthic Photomosaic Survey Methods Benthic photomosaics were completed to collect a permanent record of reef habitat on a larger scale (100m 2 ). The benthic photomosaic system consists of a diver operating a camera system including dual SLR cameras and video camera mounted to a custom frame. The first still camera is setup to use a wide-angle 18mm focal length lens to sure high overlap among adjacent images while the second still camera uses a 55mm focal length lens to capture images with sub-cm resolution. The high-resolution wide-angle video camera serves as a backup in the event that images from the still cameras are compromised. To obtain the large image covering 10m x10m the diver operating the camera system swims a gridded pattern approximately 1.5 m above the benthos recording images at 1 sec intervals throughout the plot. A pair of lasers is mounted within the frame of the 55mm camera to provide scale in the high-resolution imagery. Images are later stitched together analytically using custom algorithms to create a single image file representative of the 100m 2 plot. Figure 2. Photomosaic Data Collection Method. Each mosaic is stitched together from ~2000 photos acquired by swimming back and forth over the reef in the pattern on the left. Figure 3. Photomosaic Processing Method. Once stitched, each mosaic is ecologically post-processed by tracing individual coral colonies and algae species of interest. Once individual colonies are traced and identified (E), data is exported and run through custom algorithms to evaluate both standard metrics including percent coral cover and more complex spatial statistics.

Summary Findings Figure 4. Sites surveyed at Millennium Atoll during the Tuamotus and Line Islands expedition in 2017. 2

Summary Findings Figure 5. Sites surveyed at Vostok and Flint Islands during the Tuamotus and Line Islands expedition in 2017. 3

Summary Findings Figure 6. Sites surveyed at Tikehau Island during the Tuamotus and Line Islands expedition in 2017. 4

Summary Findings Figure 7. Sites surveyed at Rangiroa Island during the Tuamotus and Line Islands expedition in 2017 5

Summary Findings Figure 8. Sites surveyed at Takapoto Island during the Tuamotus and Line Islands expedition in 2017 6

Sample Mosaic Site: MIL_03 Island: Millennium Atoll Date: August 26, 2017 Notes: 100m 2 plot on forereef 7

Photomosaic Results & Products All mosaic products are available online both on the 100 Island Challenge website and through our public Google Drive. Below are links to the photomosaics and 3D model videos from the 2017 expedition. 100 Island Challenge Google Drive 100 Island Challenge YouTube Channel 2D Orthophotos & 3D Model Videos Tuamotus & Line Islands 2017 Google Drive YouTube Playlist 8