Human Factors Soaring Safety Foundation FIRC Presentation
A Changing Landscape Improve Pilot skill level Improve Pilot support system Many names Aeronautical Decision Making Judgment Training CRM/SPRM Risk Management
FAA Publications
Regulatory Requirements FAR 61.97 Aeronautical Knowledge (b)(11) Aeronautical Decision Making and Judgment Practical Test Standard (PTS) Single Pilot Resource Management
Underlying Principles Risk Management and Decision Making Skills are learned behavior Explicit training using available resources Books, pamphlets, AC s, web sites Implicit training by example what you do vs what you say what do your peers do
Implicit Learning
ADM Decision Making Process
ADM Risk Analysis and Mitigation
ADM 5 Hazardous Thoughts Anti-Authority - follow the rules they re usually right Invulnerability - it can happen to me Impulsive - slow down and think first Macho - taking chances is foolish Resignation - I can make a difference
ADM - Example
Current Thinking Decisions are based on Experience Knowledge of multiple facts Expected outcome Evaluation of changing events Known or expected risks Known or expected rewards Manage Risks instead of completely eliminate them
American vs Swiss Cheese
Model Comparison American Cheese Risks can be eliminated Checklists Pilot in Command makes decisions New rules and regulations based on causal factors Swiss Cheese Risks can be managed Multiple barriers Multiple personnel involved New barriers created based on causal factors
Glider Assembly Process Post assembly checklist Critical Assembly Check Suitable space POH, or other written, instructions Knowledgeable assistant Positive Control Check Limit distractions
Risk Management Pilots must be taught that flight involves Managing Risk Potential responses to risk include Ignore potential Identify Risk factors Eliminate known risks Mitigate know risks Risk Mitigation framework Pilot, Aircraft, environment, External (PAVE) model
PAVE Model
PAVE Model
PAVE Model
PAVE Model
SPRM - Background Grew out of Commercial Airline Operations Flight crew failed to warn the pilot of a problem/mistake Captain didn t listen to other crew members
CRM Airline Operations Individuals the flight crew can use Flight crew members Ground crew Dispatchers Maintenance personnel ATC Weather specialists
SPRM Glider Operations Individuals the Glider Pilot can use Pilot, co-pilot in multi-place glider Fellow club members Ground crew Wing runner Tow Pilot Instructor
Scenario Based Training Use resources available on-line Generate your own Video based clips From SSF Web site From youtube Text base Use PAVE model to create scenarios or to evaluate pilots response
Clinic Objective Provide you with a mechanism to: Recognize a problem at your club or school Use the PAVE model to organize your thoughts and create a scenario Write or develop a scenario to guide the discussion with the pilot Use the PAVE model to analyze the scenario and develop the mitigation strategies
Scenario Generation Start with a common issue or problem at your site Glider damaged during ground handling Next develop some themes based on this issue Rushing during the assembly process Towing the glider through a narrow opening between 2 trailers Towing the glider down a sloped taxi-way Leave canopy open on a windy day
Scenario Development Use PAVE model Identify Pilot issues Judging distances between hanger and wing tip Identify Aircraft issues Longer wing span on 2 place glider Identify Environmental issues Club member not available to assist Identify External Factors Limited time to complete ride
Develop Scenario Text Using issues from PAVE model, write a short scenario Ingrid has brought her best friend out for a ride. The other club members are busy so Ingrid has her friend drive the golf cart out to the runway while she walks the wing. The friend goes too fast and the glider wing strikes the hanger wall before Ingrid can say stop.
Scenario Analysis and Use PAVE model Mitigation Pilot Aircraft environment External Risk Usually flies own single-place 2-place has longer wingspan Moving glider through narrow area Desire to give friend a ride Mitigation Strategy Talk with other members about tow-out hazards Determine how much clearance exists Obtain help from other members Introduce friend to other members
Scenario Generation Start with a common issue or problem at your site Potential Pilot fatigue issues Next develop some themes based on this issue Rushing to get airborne Improper pre-flight planning Failure to evaluate pilot medical factors
Scenario Development Use PAVE model Identify Pilot issues Skill level in type Identify Aircraft issues New suite of instruments Identify Environmental issues Weather suitable for long flight Identify External Factors Desire to fly recently purchased glider
New Glider Scenario Ingrid, a private glider pilot with 120 hours arrived at the club about 10:00 with the glider she just bought. As she is pulling it out of the trailer she tells you about the long drive and trailer problems she had, getting in about 4:00 this morning. Today promises to be a good soaring day and she is anxious to get started, will you help her assemble?
Scenario Analysis and Use PAVE model Mitigation Pilot Aircraft environment External Risk Fatigue and exhaustion plus excitement New to pilot Flight Computer Will require lots of inflight decisions Desire to fly newly purchased glider Mitigation Strategy Delay flight Ground training on instrument use Other soaring days are coming Focus on ground based activities
Conclusions Every pilot must receive ADM & SPRM instruction Good judgment can be taught Poor judgment leads to accidents and higher insurance bills
http://www.soaringsafety.org/school/ssf-6.wmv
Failed Approach
Why not just use Rules? Potential reasons for not recognizing a Risk Forgot Rushed Distracted Ignored Deemed unimportant