Coral rehabilitation and restoration project in Indonesia: A case study for biodiversity protection and reef conservation combined with higher education Hawis Madduppa Department of Marine Science and Technology Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Bogor Agricultural University INDONESIA IOC/WESTPAC Workshop on Coral Reef Restoration Techniques in the Western Pacific Region Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 21-23 September 2012
Indonesia
Taxa World Indonesia % Sponge 15.000 850 6 Stony coral 828 590 71 Holothurians 350 Copepods 11.500 350 3 Anguillan 18 9 50 Fish 31. 100 4000 13 Shark 375 78 21 Stomatopod 300 110 37 Anguila Stomatopoda Shark Sponge Holothuria
Indonesian reef 39,538 km 2 16% of the world 25% inside the MPA
Year Hard coral coverage (%) Source: COREMAP
INDONESIA Almost 60 milions people are associated with the coral reef
COREMAP (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program) is a long-term program initiated by the Indonesia Government in purpose to protect, rehabilitate, and manage the sustainable use of coral reefs and the ecosystems in Indonesia, which in turn will support the welfare of coastal communities. Phase I: Initiation Phase (1998-2001): set the foundation for a framework of national coral reef systems; Phase II: Acceleration Phase (2001-2007): to establish a system of reliable coral reef management in priority areas; Phase III: Institutionalization Phase (2007-2013): to establish a system of coral reef management and reliable operation, with decentralized execution, and has been institutionalized.
Coral rehabilitation and restoration location in Indonesia CORAL TRANSPLANTATION ARTIFICIAL REEF BIOROCK REEFBALL ECOREEF
Coral transplantation
Ecoreef
Beton (Artificial reef)
Reefball
Biorock Applying a low voltage direct electrical current through electrodes causing mineral crystals naturally found in seawater, mainly calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, to grow on the structure Pemuteran, Bali (1990s by Tom Goreau) Gili Trawangan, Lombok
IPB s coral rehabilitation and restoration activities
1999-2002 Exploration 2002-2005 Dissemination 2005- present Application Research conducted by IPB, LIPI and AKKI using several of ornamental corals in Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta
1999-2002 Exploration 2002-2005 Dissemination 2005- present Application 1. Acropora tenuis, 2. Acropora mestene, 3. Acropora formosa, 4. Acropora hyancinthus, 5. Acropora difaricata, 6. Acropora nasuta, 7. Acropora yongei, 8. Acropora digitifera, 9. Acropora glauca 10. Cynarina sp. 11. Plerogyra sp. 12. Euphylia sp. 13. Fungia sp. 14. Trachyphylia geofforoyi 15. Welsophylliia radiate 16. Porites nigrescenc 17. Montipora digitata 18. Hydnopora rigida 19. Heliopora courella 20. Montipora foliosa 21. Pocilopora damicornis 22. Seraitopora hystrix 23. Tubipora musica 24. Sarcophyton sp. 25. Lobophytum sp. 26. Sinularia sp.
1999-2002 Exploration 2002-2005 Dissemination 2005- present Application
1999-2002 Exploration 2002-2005 Dissemination 2005- present Application Rehabilitation Thousand islands of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Office of Jakarta, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) and the Thousand Islands National Park Marine Ornamental Trade AKKI and ornamental coral fisherman Marine Natural Product
Ornamental Coral Hatchery in Kepulauan Seribu
Coral Garden at Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta: application of coral transplantation Site 1 Site 2 1 2
Sticks: 60 (site 1), 75 (site 2) No. Of coral species transplanted: 17 species Madduppa et al. (in prep.) Coral transplantation at Pari Island, Indonesia: A case study for biodiversity protection and reef conservation combined with higher education
No. Date Season Site 1 Activities Site 2 1 22.-24.10.2003 Transition to northwest monsoon Fixation, Monitoring Fixation, Monitoring 2 28.-31.12.2003 Northwest monsoon Fixation, Monitoring, Maintenance Fixation, Monitoring, Maintenance 3 05.- 07.03.2004 Transition to northeast monsoon Monitoring Maintenance Monitoring Maintenance 4 11.-14.05.2004 Northeast monsoon - Monitoring Maintenance 5 18.-19.01.2005 Northwest monsoon - Monitoring Maintenance 6 12.-15.05.2005 Northeast monsoon Monitoring Maintenance Fixation, Monitoring Maintenance 7 07.2005 Northeast monsoon Monitoring Fixation, Monitoring Maintenance 8 9.-11.06.2006 Northeast monsoon Monitoring Fixation, Monitoring Maintenance
Reef fish development during experiment periods (2003-2006) Mortality rate: 3.9% per month (site1) 2.9% per month (site 2) Madduppa et al. (in prep.) Coral transplantation at Pari Island, Indonesia: A case study for biodiversity protection and reef conservation combined with higher education
The total costs of the project and number of students involved Sampling Date Costs (IDR) Undergraduate Student Accumulate Student no. No. of MST students 1 October 2003 3.700.000 2 2-2 December 2003 3.550.000 2 4-3 March 2004 3.850.000 1 5 20 4 May 2004 3.600.000 4 6-5 January 2005 3.900.000 3 6-6 May 2005 3.950.000 3 6 19 7 July 2005 3.950.000 3 6-8 June 2006 4.100.000 1 6 9 30.600.000 6 6 48
Biorock at the Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta
1st research on Biorock: Reef fish development (2005-2006) With electricity Without electric as control 1 2 4 (ACB) (ACT) (ACB) (ACT) Acropora Branching (ACB) Acropora Tabulate (ACB)
Cathode Anode
Reef fish development 140 120 100 ACB 140 120 100 ACB-control 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 periode sampling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 periode sampling 140 120 100 ACT 140 120 100 ACT-control 80 80 60 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 periode sampling 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 periode sampling Ind Sp Fam Madduppa et al. (2007) Prospect of Biorock Artificial Reef to Develop Fish Resources in Kepulauan Seribu. National Meeting for Coral Reefs,COREMAP II DKP, Jakarta
Deployment: 2007
Zamani et al. (in prep.) Electrical current stimulates coral branching and growth in Jakarta Bay
Zamani et al. (in prep.) Electrical current stimulates coral branching and growth in Jakarta Bay April-November 2009
Num ber of Research 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year Research by IPB s students until present: Coral transplantation = 23 (undergraduate) Biorock = 6 (undergraduate) 1 (master) Artificial reefs = 3 (undergraduate) 1 (master)
The children tomorrow have the right to experience the beauty and wonder of coral reef ecosystems. I call on all of us nations, societies, and individuals to act now to reduce the threats to these remarkable ecosystems. We must ensure that this report marks the beginning of a powerful new age of coral reef protection, not the sad ending to their very existence. - Al Gore - Thanks for your attention