The Roman Rural Settlement Project

The Roman Rural Settlement Project Preliminary results from the East Midlands Dr Tom Brindle

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. The East Midlands dataset 544 records of LIA/Roman sites 15% of Jeremy Taylor s total of 3635 rural sites for the region Compares with 16.5% of Taylor s sites in the Eastern Region

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Distribution of sites by county 200 150 100 50 Number of records by county 199 129 71 70 50 25 0 Percentage of records by county 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 13.05% 12.87% 36.58% 23.71% 9.19% 4.60%

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Distribution of sites with Derbyshire Earthwork survey sites removed

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Area of investigation (hectares) 25.44819 3.61422 92.32766 134.6615 21.8193 5.35095 0.0600 0.0500 0.0400 0.0300 0.0200 0.0100 0.0000 % of county with Roman rural sites excavated 0.0570 0.0118 0.0133 0.0101 0.0140 0.0014 Density of sites by area of county 0.0007 0.0006 0.000545685 0.00065445 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.000270476 0.000324675 0.000285961 0.000231481 0.0002 0.0001 0

Derbyshire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Rutland Derbyshire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Rutland Derbyshire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Rutland Derbyshire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Rutland Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Derbyshire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Type of investigation by county 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Excavation Evaluation Watching brief Fieldwalking Geophysics Field survey

Division of archaeological investigations 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Major regional Archaeology units Other commercial units Other organisations Proportions of investigations by type of organisation 29.77% 15.94% 54.29% Major regional Archaeology units Other commercial units

Proportion of types of output 3.71% All Grey Lit 30.04% Other publications 6.18% 60.07% Published Reports in county Journals Published Reports in other Journals 1.47% Percentage of reports by decade 1.65% 4.78% 7.90% 4.78% pre-1960s 1960s Source of grey lit reports 1970s 1.76% 43.20% 36.21% 1980s 1990s Direct from ADS 2000-09 38.82% 59.41% Grey Lit Reports from Cotswold Archaeology Grey Lit reports from other sources 2010+

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Project sites in Northamptonshire (blue dots) and Iron Age/Roman Aerial Photography evidence (in red)

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Distribution of Roman Rural Settlement Project sites compared to NMR index records of all investigations

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Project records shown against density of NMR index of investigations Clear correlation between distribution of Roman sites and the quantity of archaeological interventions

Density of RRSP records and woodland and Roman Portable Antiquities Scheme records

Site type Derbyshire Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Nottinghamshire Rutland Grand Total farm* 56 42 101 80 29 12 319 field system* 35 10 63 18 21 4 151 funerary site* 1 10 25 7 2 3 48 iron production* 4 5 11 15 2 6 43 other metal production 8 1 5 1 1 16 pottery production* 4 2 13 18 37 quarry* 8 14 1 23 RC temple 1 1 1 3 salt production 11 11 shrine 1 2 7 10 1 21 unwalled 'small town'* 1 7 3 3 14 villa 1 8 8 23 2 6 48 village 2 2 2 3 9 * Consolidated data (i.e. each town may consist of more than one record) Record may have more than one site type ** Records may have more than one site type

Chronology All sites occupied in the Late Iron Age 199 sites (37% of total) were occupied in the Late Iron Age % of sites with Iron Age activity in East Midlands and Eastern Regions 70 60 50 40 30 20 % LIA activity East Midlands % LIA activity Eastern Region 10 Crown Copyright/database right 2013. 0 Farmsteads Nucleated settlements Villa sites

All sites established mid to late 1 st century AD 180 sites (c 33% of total) were established during mid-late 1 st century AD 38.2% of sites with late Iron Age activity were either abandoned or transformed Crown Copyright/database right 2013.

Roman sites with evidence for early Saxon activity 28 Roman sites have evidence for early Saxon activity (c 5% of total) Site types with evidence for early Saxon activity (% of site type) EAST MIDLANDS 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Farms Nucleated settlement Villas Site types with evidence for early Saxon activity (% of site type) EASTERN REGION 40.00 20.00 Crown Copyright/database right 2013. 0.00 Farms Nucleated settlement Villas

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Distribution of all villas 48 villas within the dataset 252 possible villas listed in the NMR dataset for the East Midlands (many characterised based on fairly spurious evidence)

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Density of villas recorded on NMR Density of villas recorded by Roman Rural Settlement Project

Date established Date of establishment for villa buildings 700 600 500 400 400 300 275 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48-100 -200

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Establishment date for villas in East Midlands (where date known) 25 20 15 10 5 0 Construction dates available for 67% of East Midlands villas

Number of villas in use in East Midlands 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 AD 50-100 AD 100-150 AD 150-200 AD 200-250 AD 250-300 AD 300-350 AD 350-400

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Date of establishment of nucleated sites in the East Midlands 23 nucleated sites villages and unwalled small towns 0 LIA* AD 50-100 AD 100-150 AD 150-200 AD 200-250 AD 250-300 AD 300-350 *some possibly established earlier than LIA AD 350-400 Nucleated sites in use in the East Midlands 25 20 15 10 5 0 LIA* AD 50-100 AD 100-150 AD 150-200 AD 200-250 AD 250-300 AD 300-350 AD 350-400

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Date of establishment of farms in East Midlands 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Farms in use in East Midlands and Eastern Region 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 % of East Midlands farms (number = 281) % of East region farms (number = 332) 20.0 10.0 0.0 LIA* AD 50-100 AD 100-150 AD 150-200 AD 200-250 AD 250-300 AD 300-350 AD 350-400

Open farmsteads 12 examples on the database Empingham Site 4: 'Empingham West, Rutland (Cooper 2004)

Enclosed farmsteads 131 examples on the database Clay Lane, Nothants (Windell 1983) Enderby, Enclosure I, Leics (Clay 1992)

Seagrave Lane, Sileby, Leics ( Albion Archaeology) Higham Road, Burton Latimer, Northants (Albion Archaeology) Linear farmsteads 53 examples on the database

Farmstead morphology in the East Midlands 200 150 100 50 0 Linear/developed Enclosed Unenclosed Unclassified 12 unenclosed 131 enclosed 53 linear/developed 143 unclassified 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 %Farmstead morphology in the East Midlands and East Region Linear/developed Enclosed Unenclosed Unclassified

% of total farms % of farms in use 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% Chronology of morphology of East Midlands farmsteads 20.00% 10.00% Linear/agglomerated Enclosed 0.00% 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Chronology of morphology of eastern region farmsteads LIA 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 Linear/developed Enclosed

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Distribution of farms with classified morphology

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Distribution of stone circular buildings on domestic sites 19 sites. 89% are from Northamptonshire 40% of all domestic sites with circular buildings in Northants Of 16 dated, 12 were of late 1 st /early 2 nd century or Early Roman 8 (42%) from villa sites, often (but not always)pre-dating construction of villa 10 (53%) have evidence for a preceding phase of timber roundhouses 6 are followed by rectangular masonry buildings, 3 are contemporary with masonry rectangular buildings and 3 constructed after masonry buildings Where farm morphology recorded 3 are from linear sites and 1 is from an enclosed site

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Pottery production 38 sites Sites with pottery production (% of site types) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Iron production 42 sites 35 Sites with iron production (% of site types) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Salt production 11 sites

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Other metal production 16 sites 16 Sites with other metal production (% of site types) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Crown Copyright/database right 2013. Linear settlements and industry?

Conclusions Surprisingly large number of sites available from East Midlands Clear value of developer funded archaeology to our understanding of Roman rural settlement in the region, contributing to our understanding of the chronological, morphological and architectural development of sites in the region Results from Roman Rural Settlement Project so far largely supporting patterns previously recognised, but providing firmer evidence for many trends Significant intra-regional variation, which requires further investigation in the future