ARCHAEOLOGY MEETING GEOPHYSICS ON POL ISH EX CA VA TIONS IN EGYPT

Studia Quaternaria, vol. 30, no. 2 (2013): 45 59. DOI: 10.2478/squa-2013-0004 ARCHAEOLOGY MEETING GEOPHYSICS ON POL ISH EX CA VA TIONS IN EGYPT Ka rol Myœli wiec In sti tute of Medi ter ra nean and Ori en tal Cul tures, Pol ish Acad emy of Sci ences, Nowy Œwiat 72, 00-330 War saw, Po land, e- mail: zas pan@zas pan.waw.pl Ab stract The ar ti cle pres ents the re sults of ar chae o log i cal ex ca va tions in two lo ca tions where geo phys i cal sur veys were car ried out for the first time on Pol ish ex ca va tions in Egypt: Tell Atrib (an cient Athribis in Lower Egypt) and Saqqara (west of the pyr a mid of Djoser). It em pha sizes the in ter de pen dence of ar chae o log i cal and geo phys i cal re search. Par tic u larly in - ter est ing were the re sults of three geo phys i cal sur veys made in Saqqara in 1987, 1997 and 2012 by three dif fer ent teams us ing dif fer ent meth ods. All of them helped iden ti fying archaeological structures in two subsequent layers cor - re spond ing to two pe ri ods: a) Old King dom (lower stra tum) with rock-hewn tombs of high of fi cials; b) Ptol e maic Pe - riod with hun dreds of buri als found in a layer of sand (up per stra tum). Key words: Tell Atrib, Saqqara, Old King dom, Ptol e maic Pe riod The first ap pli ca tion of geo phys ics on an ar chae o log i cal site in Egypt ex ca vated on be half of the Pol ish Cen ter of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw, was in 1985. It pre ceded res cue ex ca va tions at Tell Atrib (Lower Egyp tian Athribis, cap i tal of the tenth Lower Egyp tian nome), which were car ried out on an area in the east ern sub - urb of pres ent-day Benha, ad ja cent to the hill of Kom Sidi Youssef (Fig. 1) which is ven er ated by the lo cal pop u lace (Myœliwiec & Sztety³³o, 2000; Myœliwiec & Krzy anowska, 2009; Myœliwiec & Herbich, 1988; Myœliwiec & Herbich, 1995). The sur vey, con ducted by Tomasz Herbich (Fig. 2), aimed at sup ply ing data to aid in choos ing the most prom is - ing lo ca tion for a se ries of trial pits test ing for ar chae o log i cal sub stance in an area in tended un der mod ern ur ban de vel op - ment (D¹browski, 1962; Lecl re, 2008; Szymañska, 2005). The sur vey was car ried out us ing the elec tri cal re sis tiv ity method in seven places lo cated within this area (Myœliwiec & Herbich, 1988; Myœliwiec et al., 1993). Seven trenches were opened based on the re sults, in clud ing one (no. III) in a part of the area where the sa lin ity of top soil con sist ing of camel ex cre ment (a con se quence of cam els be ing herded there for a long time) thwarted any geo phys i cal prospection (Fig. 3). In the case of this trench, ar chae ol o gists were tempted by a large reg u lar rect an gle de void of veg e ta tion, which could be ob - served on the sur face. The re sults here proved a rev e la tion: an assemblage of fragmentary marble figurines representing Aph ro dite and other Greek di vin i ties, found in the con text of coins and stamped han dles of im ported am pho rae from the 3rd cen tury BC. In all like li hood the re mains be longed to a Greek sculp tor's work shop (for ref er ences see: Myœliwiec & Krzy anowska, 2009). The other trial pits un cov ered ru ins of brick and stone ar - chi tec ture from Ptol e maic, Ro man and early Chris tian pe ri - ods, re veal ing the spe cific char ac ter of this north east ern sub urb of an cient Athribis (Myœliwiec, 2011; M³ynarczyk, 2012). In ef fect, the geo phys i cal sur vey com bined with ar - chae o log i cal test ing put a tem po rary stop to mod ern build ing de vel op ment in the area sur round ing Kom Sidi Youssef (Fig. 4), turn ing it over in stead to a joint ar chae o log i cal team from the Pol ish Cen ter of Med i ter ra nean Ar chae ol ogy, Uni - ver sity of War saw, and the Egyp tian An tiq ui ties Ser vice. Res cue ex ca va tions (Fig. 5), di rected suc ces sively by the au - thor of the pres ent ar ti cle and Pro fes sor Hanna Szymañska, were car ried out an nu ally un til 1999 (For the last campaing, cf. Szymañska, 2000). A geo phys i cal sur vey was car ried out next on a site in west ern Saqqara (Fig. 6). The prospection, car ried out also by Tomasz Herbich (Fig. 7), pre ceded the start in 1987 of ar - chae o log i cal ex ca va tions by the Pol ish Cen ter of Med i ter ra - nean Archaeology, University of Warsaw (Myœliwiec & Herbich, 1995; Herbich, 2003). The area se lected for ex plo - ra tion was lo cated di rectly to the west of the Djoser pyr a mid en clo sure. The mag netic method ap plied in this case was not re ally ex pected to be suc cess ful in view of the con di tions and char ac ter of the site: pre sumed stone ar chi tec ture in a sandy layer, neither material with sufficient magnetic susceptibility to gen er ate dis tinct anom a lies. To the joy of both geo phys - i cists and archeologists, the re sults of the sur vey sur passed all ex pec ta tions. A dense con glom er a tion of anom a lies was mapped on the mag netic map, doubt less re flect ing the pres ence of mud-brick walls be long ing to Old King dom mas - ta bas, which as the ex ca va tions later proved lay some - times di rectly be low the sandy sur face (Figs 8, 9). This embarrass de richesse forced ar chae ol o gists to use other cri te ria in plac ing their first trenches. Three spots were se lected. Trial pit I was lo cated more or less on the west ern

46 K. MYŒLIWIEC Fig. 1. Tell Atrib: area south of Kom Sidi Youssef be fore ex ca va tions (phot. K. Myœliwiec). Fig. 2. Geo phys i cal sur vey at Tell Atrib in 1985. From left to right: Marek Ch³odnicki, Barbara Ruszczyc, Jaros³aw Dobrowolski, Tomasz Herbich (phot. K. Myœliwiec).

AR CHAE OL OGY MEET ING GEO PHYS ICS 47 Fig. 3. Tell Atrib 1985. Geo phys i cal sur vey and trial pits. (draw ing by J. Dobrowolski). ex ten sion of the E W axis of Djoser s pyr a mid, trial-pit II was closer to the mas ta ba of Ptahhotep and trial-pit III lay on the east ern slope of a lon gi tu di nal hill span ning the area south of the Ptahhotep com plex (Myœliwiec & Herbich, 1995). The lattermost trench was dug to check the char ac ter of the sand-cov ered el e va tion, that is, to see whether it was a nat u - ral, geo log i cal for ma tion or an ar chi tec tural struc ture. The first sea son of ex ca va tions left no doubt that this part of Saqqara had been used as a ne crop o lis from the Old King dom through the Byzantine Pe riod.

48 K. MYŒLIWIEC Fig. 4. Re mains of Ptol e maic and Ro man Athribis upon ex ca va tions at Tell Atrib (phot. K. Myœliwiec). The struc tures and small finds dis cov ered in trial pit I lo - cated close to the pyr a mid en clo sure were par tic u larly prom - is ing (Myœlwiec et al., 2004). It was here that the mis sion, headed by the au thor of the pres ent ar ti cle, started reg u lar ex - ca va tions when it re turned to the site in 1996. Be low an up per layer con tain ing sim ple, some times in tact buri als from the Ptol e maic Pe riod (Radomska et al., 2008; Kaczmarek et al., 2008), an ex traor di nary tomb was dis cov ered in 1997. It con - sisted of a finely carved rock-hewn cult cha pel and a mudbrick su per struc ture with re cessed walls, be long ing to a man of three names Merefnebef, Fefi and Unisankh, who was a vi zier and who had four wives, rep re sented in the tomb carv - ings as a quar tet of harp ists. This fu ner ary struc ture from the be gin ning of the Sixth Dy nasty turned out to be the first of its kind es tab lished in the lo ca tion of a stone quarry dat ing from more than three hun dred years ear lier, when the ad ja cent pyr - a mid was be ing con structed (Welc, 2011). An other im por - tant tomb from the same pe riod, that of a no ble called Ny-ankh-nefertem, was dis cov ered be side the mas ta ba of Merefnebef (Myœliwiec & Kuraszkiewicz, 2010). The wall dec o ra tion of both fu ner ary cha pels is not only a unique re - cord of late Old King dom re lief and paint ing, but also an im - por tant source for the his tory of a tur bu lent time fol low ing the reign of Unis (Kanawati, 2003). The Old King dom cem e tery (our Lower Ne crop o lis ), which these tombs are part of and which was founded at the end of the Fifth Dy nasty in an old stone quarry, re mained in use till the First Intermediate Period. Excavations carried out af ter 1997 dem on strated that it had de vel oped to the east and west of the two mas ta bas men tioned above (Kuraszkiewicz, 2013; Rzeuska, 2006). In the east, ex ca va tors reached the en - clo sure wall of the pyr a mid of Djoser, and in the west the west side of a fea ture called the Dry Moat was taken as the limit (Fig. 10). At both ends of the ex plored area they un cov - ered fea tures both sur pris ing and mys te ri ous. At the east end there is a huge mud-brick-built plat form built over Old King dom fu ner ary struc tures (Myœliwiec, 2002; Myœliwiec, 2005; Myœliwiec, 2006a). It stands ad ja - cent to the en clo sure wall of the pyr a mid com plex, ex tend ing south wards from a small wall aligned al most per fectly with the E W axis of the pyr a mid (Fig. 11). Some fea tures and par tic u larly the pot tery sherds found ly ing be low and upon the plat form, as well as be tween and in side the bricks used for its con struc tion, sug gest a ter mi nus post quem for the struc - ture, which seems to be the be gin ning of the Ramesside Pe - riod (Rzeuska, 2002; Rzeuska, 2007). Its pur pose re mains a mys tery. It has dem on strated no ev i dence of cult pur pose and can be con sid ered best as a form of pro tec tion for some ear lier fu ner ary struc tures of par tic u - lar im por tance. It is still not clear how far south it ex tends be - side the en clo sure wall of the pyr a mid; it runs at least 50 m to the south of the ex ca va tion field, as in di cated by a se ries of trial pits dug by the team. What were the orig i nal di men - sions? What was it sup posed to hide or pro tect? Who built this cu ri ous struc ture and for whom? These and many other ques tions can not be an swered at the pres ent stage of re - search, and they will surely be in stru men tal in shap ing the mis sion s ex ca va tion pro gram in the fu ture.

AR CHAE OL OGY MEET ING GEO PHYS ICS 49 Fig. 5. Tell Atrib. Ar eas ex ca vated in 1986-1995 (draw ing by J. Dobrowolski). The ques tions con cern ing the west part of the Dry Moat have proved equally im por tant. Only the cen tral part of the fea ture has been ex plored, span ning ap prox i mately 20 m from north to south. Dig ging has reached depths of about 5 m ad ja cent to the east ern and west ern façades (Myœliwiec, 2006b). The ex ca va tions un cov ered some Old King dom struc tures, not all of fu ner ary char ac ter, hewn into the up per floor of both rock walls bor der ing the de pres sion. Of the three struc tures dis cov ered in the east wall a long cor ri dor run ning to the west and end ing in a kind of crypt proved unique (Figs 12, 13). The fill of the crypt con tained two un - usual de pos its: a) con cen tra tion of wild an i mal skel e tons ly ing on the sur face of the fill (Ikram, 2002), pos si bly as so ci ated with the god Seth; b) a huge wooden har poon dec o rated with rep re sen ta - tions of at tack ing snakes in re lief, de pos ited in a long cy lin - dri cal box also of wood, doubt less a rit ual ob ject sym bol iz ing

50 K. MYŒLIWIEC Fig. 6. Saqqara: area adjacent to the west side of the pyramid of Djoser before geophysical survey in 1987 (phot. K. Myœliwiec). Fig. 7. Saqqara. Location of the geophysical survey 1987 west of the step pyramid (drawing by K. Kamiñski).

AR CHAE OL OGY MEET ING GEO PHYS ICS 51 Fig. 8. Saqqara West (1987). Mag netic con tour map. Con tour in ter vals 1 nt. Bold lines rep re sent pos i tive val ues; dou ble lines rep re sent neg a tive val ues. Grey trans par ent rect an gles rep re sent test trenches I, II and III (by T. Herbich). the god Horus (Myœliwiec, 2001; com plete bib li og ra phy in: Myœliwiec, 2012) (Fig. 13). Among the struc tures hewn in the west wall of the Dry Moat, the tomb of Ikhi/Mery, one of the high est of fi cials from the reign of Pepy I, was of great est in ter est (Kuraszkiewicz, 2003). How deep is the Dry Moat at the point where these tombs were dis cov ered? Are there any fu ner ary struc tures hewn in the walls of the Dry Moat be low these tombs? Has the moat a uni form shape and func tion all through its length? These and other ques tions in spired the mis sion to un - der take a geo phys i cal sur vey of the area prior to any fur ther ex ca va tion, es pe cially as nei ther the prospection in 1997 (Figs 14, 15) (Fassbinder et al., 2001) nor sim i lar, still un pub - lished work car ried out by the late I. Mathiesson in 2001 have sup plied a suf fi ciently clear pic ture of sub ter ra nean to pog - ra phy to de ter mine di rec tions for re search. A team a geo - phys i cists in clud ing Dr. Jerzy Trzciñski, Dr. Fa bian Welc and Dr. Sebastian Kowalczyk, joined the mis sion in 2012 (Fig. 16). The pre lim i nary re sults of the over all sur vey of the con ces sion field that they car ried out us ing georadar are found in con tri bu tions pre sented in this vol ume. As it of ten hap pens (and like it was at Tell Atrib in 1985), a sur pris ing dis cov ery made at the close of the field sea son in Oc to ber 2012 un ex pect edly changed the fo cus of fu ture work by the team in Saqqara. Clean ing in front of the façade of the rock-hewn cha pel of Ikhi/Mery re vealed that its floor served a dou ble func tion: it was also the ceil ing of a tomb ly ing di - rectly un der this cha pel (Fig. 17). The lower struc ture must be sig nif i cantly ear lier than the tomb in the up per (up per - most?) floor, for the lat ter could have been hewn and sub se - quently vis ited only once the sand fill ing the moat had

52 K. MYŒLIWIEC Fig. 9. Saqqara West (1987). Stan dard de vi a tion con tour map. Con tour in ter val 0.4. Grey trans par ent rect an gles rep re sent test trenches I, II and III (by T. Herbich). reached the top of and ef fec tively con cealed the ear lier struc - ture. The chro no log i cal se quence is cor rob o rated by the ob - ser va tion that some shafts be long ing to fu ner ary struc tures of the up per level were cut in the fill and through the floor of the tomb be low. The ex plo ra tion of this lower tomb has be come the most im por tant and ur gent task for the mis sion in the com ing years. This struc ture may turn out to be an im por tant source for the his tory of Saqqara be fore the Sixth Dy nasty. Fol low ing those first two geo phys i cal sur veys on Pol ish ex ca va tions at Tell Atrib (1985) and in Saqqara (1987), Tomasz Herbich s team has con ducted ex ten sive prospection and has helped to dis cover an cient struc tures on sev eral other sites in Egypt ex ca vated by Pol ish ar chae o log i cal mis - sions, e.g. Deir el Naqlun (Godlewski et al., 1990), Qasr el-saga (Herbich, 2001), Tell el Farkha (Herbich & Ch³odnicki, 1999; Ch³odnicki et al., 2002a; Ch³odnicki et al., 2002b; Herbich, 2003; Herbich, 2004; Herbich, 2012a), Berenike (Herbich, 2011a; Herbich, 2011b), Tell el-retaba (Rzepka et al., 2009; Rzepka et al., 2011), Pelusium (Herbich, 2007; Herbich, 2009a; Herbich, 2012b) and Ma rina el-alamein (Herbich et al., 2011), as well as by other teams, e.g. Napta Playa (Herbich, 2007; Herbich, 2009a), Tell et Daba/Qantir (Herbich, 2008; Herbich, 2010; Herbich, 2012b), Tell el- Balamun (Herbich & Spencer, 2006; Herbich, 2007; Herbich & Spencer, 2008; Herbich & Spencer, 2009; Herbich, 2009b; Herbich & Spencer, 2010; Herbich, 2011a; Herbich, 2012b), Ain el-gazzareen (Smekelova et al., 2003), Tell el-ghaba (Herbich, 2011a) and oth ers. The use ful ness of the geo phys i cal pre lude to the Pol ish ex ca va tions at both Tell Atrib and Saqqara for de ter min ing

AR CHAE OL OGY MEET ING GEO PHYS ICS 53 Fig. 10. Saqqara West in 2009 (cf. Fig. 6): re mains of the Up per Ne crop o lis (Ptol e maic Pe riod) and Lower Ne crop o lis (Old King dom) (phot. W. Wojciechowski). Fig. 11. Saqqara: area west of the pyr a mid: geo phys i cal sur vey in 2012, blue strips in di cat ing the lo ca tion of Dry Moat (left side) and of the mud-brick plat form at the en clo sure wall of the pyr a mid (right side) (draw ing by K.O. Kuraszkiewicz and M. Radomska).

54 K. MYŒLIWIEC Fig. 12. Saqqara. Cross-sec tion (E-W) through the Old King dom ne crop o lis (draw ing by M. Puszkarski). Fig. 13. Cor ri dor 1: plan and ver ti cal sec tion. Lo ca tion of the har poon (draw ing by M. Puszkarski). the main objectives of subsequent archaeological research en cour aged many other mis sions to re peat the ef fort, of ten on a much larger scale and some times with even more spec tac u - lar and un ex pected re sults. REFERENCES Ch³odnicki, M., Cia³owicz, K., Ab³amowicz, R., Herbich, T., Jórdeczka, M., Jucha, M., Kabaciñski, J., Kubiak-Mar tens, L., M¹czyñska, A. 2002a. Pol ish ex ca va tions at Tell el-farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta. Pre lim i nary re port 1998 2001. Archaeologia, 53: 63 119. Ch³odnicki, M., Cia³owicz, K., Ab³amowicz, R., Herbich, T., Jórdeczka, M., Jucha, M., Kabaciñski, J., M¹czyñska, A. 2002b. Tell el-farkha Sea sons 1998 1999. Pre lim i nary re port. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, 58: 89 117. D¹browski, L. 1962. La topographie d Athribis l époque ro maine. Annales du Ser vice des an tiq ui ties de l Egypte, 57: 19 31.

AR CHAE OL OGY MEET ING GEO PHYS ICS 55 Fig. 14. Saqqara West. Re sults of the geo phys i cal sur vey in 1997 (by T. Herbich). Fassbinder, J., Becker, H., Herbich, T. 2001. Mag netom etry in the Desert Area West of the Zoser s Pyr a mid, Saqqara, Egypt. In: Becker, H., Fassbinder, J. (eds.), Mag netic pros pect ing in ar - che o log i cal sites, 64 65. Mon u ments and Sites VI. Mu nich. Godlewski, W., Herbich, T., Wipszycka, E. 1990. Deir El Naqlun (Nakloni), 1986 1987: First Pre lim i nary Re port. Nubica, 1 2: 171 207. Herbich, T. 2001. Qasr el-saga, Mag netic sur vey, 1999. Pol ish Ar - chae ol ogy in the Med i ter ra nean, 12: 181 184. Herbich, T. 2003. Ar chae o log i cal geo phys ics in Egypt: the Pol ish con tri bu tion. Archaeologia Polona, 41: 13 55. Herbich, T. 2004. Mag netic sur vey at Tell el Farkha or how to in ter - pret a mag netic map. In: Hendrix, S., Fried man, R., Cia³owicz, K., Ch³odnicki, M. (eds.), Egypt at its Or i gins. Stud ies in Mem ory of Barbara Ad ams, 389 398. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta138. Leuven. Herbich, T. 2007. Geo phys i cal sur vey ing in Egypt: pe ri odic re port for 2005 2006. In: Kuzma, I., Tirpak, J. (eds.), VII Conference on Archaeological Prospection, Nitra. Proceedings, 188 191. Nitra. Herbich, T. 2008. Resisitivity method in re con struct ing the his tor i - cal land scape of the Tell el-daba area. In: Forstner-Müller, I.,

56 K. MYŒLIWIEC Fig. 15. De tails of the geo phys i cal map (cf. Fig. 14): 1. Trial pit 1 (1987) - tomb of Merefnebef; 2. Trial pit 2 (1987) - Old King dom struc - tures; 3. Trial pit 3 (1987) - Ptol e maic Pe riod buri als in Old King dom shaft (be long ing to the tomb of Ikhi/Mery); 4. Waste-heep; 5. Mod ern build ing; 6 - Tent of the mis sion (by T. Herbich, J. Fassbinder). Herbich, T., Schweitzer, Ch., Weissl, M., Pre lim i nary re port on the geo phys i cal sur vey at Tell el-dab c a/qantir in spring 2008, 100 106. Ägypten und Levante XVIII. Wien. Herbich, T. 2009a. Geo phys i cal sur vey ing in Egypt: pe ri odic re port for 2007 2008. Archeosciences. Re vue d Archéométrie, 33 (suppl.): 73 76. Herbich, T. 2009b. Mag netic sur vey of the Late Pe riod great tem ple en clo sure in Tell- el-balamun, Egypt. Archeosciences. Re vue d Archéométrie, 33 (suppl.): 77 79. Herbich, T. 2010. Resisitivity sur vey re sults. In: Forstner-Müller, I., Herbich, T., Schweitzer, Ch., Weissl, M., Pre lim i nary re port on the geo phys i cal sur vey at Tell el- Dabca/Qantir in spring 2009 and 2010, 81 84. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen In sti tutes in Wien 79. Wien. Herbich, T. 2011a. Geo phys i cal sur vey ing in Egypt: pe ri odic re port for 2009 2011. In: Drahor, M.G., Berge, M.A., Ar chae o log i - cal Prospection. 9th International Conference on Archaeologi - cal Prospection, Sep tem ber 19 24, 2011 Izmir (Tur key), 234 239. Istambul. Herbich, T. 2011b. Mag netic sur vey (2008 and 2009). In: Side-

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58 K. MYŒLIWIEC Fig. 17. The tomb of Ikhi/Mery and a new fu ner ary struc ture un der neath, ver ti cal sec tion (draw ing by B. B³aszczuk).

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