ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА PROCEEDINGS

ВИСОКА ТЕХНИЧКА ШКОЛА СТРУКОВНИХ СТУДИЈА У НОВОМ САДУ, ОДСЕК ЗАШТИТЕ, НОВИ САД, РЕПУБЛИКА СРБИЈА ТЕХНИЧКИ УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У ЗВОЛЕНУ ТЕХНОЛОШКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ ЗА ПРЕРАДУ ДРВЕТА ОДСЕК ЗАШТИТЕ ОД ПОЖАРА, ЗВОЛЕН, РЕПУБЛИКА СЛОВАЧКА УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У НОВОМ САДУ, ФАКУЛТЕТ ТЕХНИЧКИХ НАУКА ДЕПАРТМАН ЗА ГРАЂЕВИНАРСТВО И ГЕОДЕЗИЈУ НОВИ САД, РЕПУБЛИКА СРБИЈА ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА PROCEEDINGS 4. МЕЂУНАРОДНА НАУЧНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈА БЕЗБЕДНОСНИ ИНЖЕЊЕРИНГ ПОЖАР, ЖИВОТНА СРЕДИНА, РАДНА ОКОЛИНА, ИНТЕГРИСАНИ РИЗИЦИ И 14. МЕЂУНАРОДНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈА ЗАШТИТЕ ОД ПОЖАРА И ЕКСПЛОЗИЈЕ 4th INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ON SAFETY ENGINEERING FIRE, ENVIRONMENT, WORK ENVIRONMENT, INTEGRATED RISK AND 14th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FIRE AND EXPLOSION PROTECTION Нови Сад, 02-03. октобaр 2014. Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014

Издавач: ВИСОКА ТЕХНИЧКА ШКОЛА СТРУКОВНИХ СТУДИЈА У НОВОМ САДУ 21000 Нови Сад, Школска 1 Србија Publisher: HIGHER EDUCATION TECHNICAL SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES, NOVI SAD 21000 Novi Sad, Školska 1 Serbia За издавача: Проф. др Бранко Савић, директор Школе For the publisher: Prof. PhD Branko Savić General menanger of the School Одговорни уредници Зборника: Проф. др Верица Миланко Доц. др Мирјана Лабан Инг. др Ева Мрачкова Editors: Prof. PhD Verica Milanko Ass. Prof PhD Mirjana Laban Ing. PhD. Eva Mraĉkova Техничка припрема и дизајн: Ак.Спец. Наташа Субић Prepress: Ac.Spec. Nataša Subić Дизајн корица: Денис Иванов Cover design: Denis Ivanov Штампа: Штампарија Високе техничке школе струковних студија у Новом Саду Printed by: Higher Education Technical School Of Professional Studies Novi Sad Тираж: 150 примерака Circulation: 150 copies Нови Сад, 2014. Novi Sad, 2014

ORGANIZERS OF THE CONFERENCE HIGHER EDUCATION TECHNICAL SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES IN NOVI SAD The Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies in Novi Sad, Serbia, founded in 1959, fulfills its mission in higher education, fields of expertise and research in order to apply the acquired knowledge. It educates engineers at four Departments in 20 accredited study programme of professional bachelor and specialist studies. In the Department of Protection Engineering the following areas are studied: Fire protection, Occupational health and safety, Environmental protection, and Civil protection and emergency rescue. Since 2010 Fire Protection and IT studies are accredited distance learning programme. The continual application of modern scientific, technical and technological processes of production and business increases the quality of activities in the School. TECHNICKÁ UNIVERZITA VO ZVOLENE The main mission of the Technical University from Zvolen is to provide university education in accredited study programme as well as to develop scientific research in different fields of industry. The Technical University in Zvolen comprises four faculties: the Faculty of Forestry, the Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, the Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, and the Faculty of Environmental and Manufacturing Technology. The continual application of modern scientific, technical and technological processes of production and business increases the quality of activities at the University. Department of Fire Protection is at the Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology. UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD FACULTY OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES The Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad is an institution of higher education and scientific research founded in 1960, whose mission is to realize high quality educational programme, develop scientific disciplines and apply the acquired knowledge in economy and society. There are four disciplinary-related science and educational fields implemented by the FTS: engineering and technology, natural science and applied mathematics and human sciences and applied art. Faculty consists of 13 departments implementing 88 study programme at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy offers a comprehensive study programme in the field of civil engineering, survey (geodesy) and disaster and fire risk management: Disaster management and Fire Safety B.Sc. Honours and M.Sc. Qualification levels. Disaster Risk Reduction Centre established in 2007, has the mission to promote and contribute to the culture of resilience by dissemination of the latest research results of hazard, vulnerability and risk-related indicators.

President: PROGRAMME COMMITTEE Verica Milanko, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Members: Branko Savić, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Danica Kaĉikova, Technical University, Zvolen, Slovakia ĐorĊe LaĊinović, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia Eva Mraĉková, Technical University, Zvolen, Slovakia Anton Osvald, Faculty of Special Engineering, Zilina, Slovakia Dubravka Bjegović, Civil Engineering Faculty, Zagreb, Croatia Ljubov Davidova, Sankt-Petersburg University, EMERCOM of State Fire, St. Petersburg, Russia Meri Cvetkovska, Civil Engineering Faculty, Skopje, Macedonia Dragan Karabasil, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Ţarko Janković, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš, Serbia Slobodan Krnjetin, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia László Komjáthy, University of Defense, Budapest, Hungary Jovan Vuĉinić, University of Applied Sciences, Karlovac, Croatia Sergey Kondratyev, Sankt-Petersburg University, GPS MĈS, St. Petersburg, Russia Iveta Marková, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia Sulejman Meta, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Tetovo, Macedonia Predrag Ilić, JNU Institute for protection and ecology of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina Vlastimir Radonjanin, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia Mirjana Laban, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia Anita Petrović Gegić, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Saša Spaić, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Borislav Simendić, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Branko Babić, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Dušan Gavanski, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Petra Tanović, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: President: Branko Savić, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Vice-president: Dragan Karabasil, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Danica Kaĉikova, Technical University, Zvolen, Slovakia ĐorĊe LaĊinović, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia Members: Tima Segedinac, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Slobodan Purić, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Branko Milisavljević, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Vesna Petrović, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Zvonimir Bukta, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Branka Petrović, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Nataša Subić, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Varvara Lazarević, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Vesna Marinković, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia Tatjana Boţović, Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia

PREFACE The Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies in Novi Sad, traditionally organizes scientific and professional conferences on the highest level in the country in the field of fire and explosion protection. We proudly emphasize our leading position in education when it comes to professions concerning fire protection. In 1976, 1 st Yugoslav conference of fire and explosion is held at the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad. It gathers the most eminent experts in the field of fire of the former Yugoslavia. Then, there are two more conferences, also held in Novi Sad in 1984, at "SPENS", and in 1989 at the "Putnik" Hotel. In 1994, when 4 th Yugoslav and 1 st International conference of fire and explosion is organized, this conference grows into an international meeting with the help of our colleagues and experts from Ukraine, Poland and Hungary. Since then, the conference is organized biannually, and in 2006, on its 10 th anniversary, it grows into the congress of the profession. In 2008 the conference is organized as an international scientific meeting prepared in cooperation with the Faculty of Technical Sciences from Novi Sad and the Technical University in Zvolen from the Slovak Republic, bringing together experts in the field of safety and protection from Serbia and abroad. With the same team, 4 th International scientific conference and 14 th International conference on fire and explosion is organized this year at the Higher Education Technical School of Professional Studies in Novi Sad on 2 nd and 3 rd October 2014. The aim of the conference is the exchange of the latest scientific knowledge and experience of experts in the field of safety engineering, and the main topic of fire protection is complemented by topics in the field of environmental engineering, occupational health and safety, and civil protection. In order to efficiently manage risk situations, it is necessary to identify conditions and hazards, study the causes of risk events and build a strategy for preventing their development and consequences. Positive results can be expected by involving scientists and experts dealing with safety engineering and process management in the living and working environments. The exchange of opinions and knowledge is essential and one of the steps contributing to progress Organizing committee

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. САДРЖАЈ: БЕЗБЕДНОСТ ОД ПОЖАРА/ FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING Dubravka Bjegović, Ivana Banjad Pečur, Bojan Milovanović ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND FIRE SAFETY OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS 1 Meri Cvetkovska, Milivoje Milanović FIRE RESISTANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED FLOOR STRUCTURES 12 Marija Jelčić Rukavina, Dubravka Bjegović, Enes Seferović INFLUENCE OF HIGH FIRE TEMPERATURES ON FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE 21 Радинко Kостић ОТПОРНОСТ НА ДЕЈСТВО ПОЖАРА ПРЕГРАДНОГ "ПЛАСТБАУ" ЗИДА У РЕАЛНИМ УСЛОВИМА ИСПИТИВАЊА 29 Rose Smileski, Verica Milanko, Zoran Neshkoski FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCE OF THE HAZARDS AND MEASURES FOR FIRE SAFETY IN CORRELATION WITH THE FIRE LOAD 40 Ivana Banjad Pečur, Ivan Gabrijel, Bojan Milovanović, Ivana Carević ISPITIVANJE NA POŢAR NOVOG INOVATIVNOG PREDGOTOVLJENOG FASADNOG ELEMENTA 46 Slobodan Šupić, Suzana Vukoslavčević, Mirjana Laban VULNERABILITY OF PRECAST INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS EXPOSED TO FIRE 54 Iveta Marková, Jozef Lauko, TEST OF FIRE OF OIL PRODUCT BS95 - WATCHING THE SPEED OF BURNING 61 Vladimir Mozer, Jozef Klucka ESTABLISHING ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FIRE 74

Андрей Мокряк, Анна Мокряк EXPERT ANALYSIS OF MOLTEN COPPER CONDUCTORS FORMED BY OVERCURRENT 82 Eva Mračková FIRE PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES WITH DRIVES LPG, CNG AND LNG 92 Зоран Ловрековић, Драган Карабасил КОМПЈУТЕРСКА ИГРА ЗА ВАТРОГАСЦЕ 103 Sergey Kondratyev, Anna Vorontsova, Natalia Petrova, Tatiana Kuzmina APPLICATION OF INFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND CALCULATIVE METHODS IN THE FORENSIC NORMATIVE EXPERTISE AND IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF FORENSIC EXPERTS 110 Darko Jocić, Mirjana Laban PRIMENA INFORMACIONIH SISTEMA ZA IZBOR OPTIMALNE PUTANJE KRETANJA VATROGASNIH EKIPA DO MESTA AKCIDENTA 119 Слободан Крњетин, Олга Крњетин АНАЛИЗА ПАРАМЕТАРА У МОДЕЛОВАЊУ ЕВАКУАЦИЈЕ ЉУДИ У ПОЖАРУ 126 Биљана Гемовић, Наташа Субић ПРИМЕНА CAD (COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN) АПЛИКАЦИЈА У ОБРАЗОВАЊУ ЗАШТИТЕ ОД ПОЖАРА 134 Zsolt Noskó, Alexandra Kiss, László Komjáthy ANDROID-BASED DECISION SUPPORT IN ACCIDENTS INVOLVING THE TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS 143 Драган Карабасил, Зоран Николић ЕВАКУАЦИЈА ЉУДИ ИЗ ОБЈЕКАТА ЗАХВАЋЕНИХ ПОЖАРОМ 148 J Frank D. Stolt FIRE SAFETY AND INVESTIGATION OF FIRES IN BUSES 153 Татјана Божовић, Мирјана Лабан, Верица Миланко, Саша Богданов МОГУЋНОСТ ПРИМЕНЕ ВОДЕНОГ СТАКЛА ЗА ЗАШТИТУ ДРВЕНИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЈА У ПОЖАРУ 167 Јaroslav Flachbart, Vladimír Mózer, Anton Osvald FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS MINIMISE ECONOMIC LOSS 175

Miroslava Vandlíčková EFFICIENCY OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 183 Darko Nešković IMPROVEMENT OF SYSTEM FOR FIRE PROTECTION IN FACILITIES WITH EXTREME WORK CONDITIONS WITH THERMAL IMAGING AND VIDEO SURVEILLANCE 189 Радинко Костић ТАКТИКА ГАШЕЊА ПОЖАРА МОТОРА ПУТНИЧКИХ ВАЗДУХОПЛОВА 198 Nada Marstijepović, Velizar ČaĎenović NAPON PARA I TAĈKA PALJENJA KAO OSNOV ZA ODREĐIVANJE PREVENTIVNIH MERA ZAŠTITE OD POŢARA I EKSPLOZIJE ZAPALJIVIH TEĈNOSTI 206 Зоран Благојевић, Душица Пешић, Дарко Зигар РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЈА СТАЦИОНАРНЕ ИНСТАЛАЦИЈЕ ЗА ГАШЕЊЕ ПОЖАРА УГЉЕН-ДИОКСИДОМ И ПРЕДНОСТИ НОВОГ УГРАЂЕНОГ СИСТЕМА У ХЕ ''ЂЕРДАП 1'' 212 Ивана Пејачки, Мирјана Лабан ДОБРОВОЉНА ВАТРОГАСНА ДРУШТВА У ВОЈВОДИНИ 218 Љубица Крњаић ДОБРОВОЉНО ВАТРОГАСТВО ШАНСА ДРЖАВЕ И ПОЈЕДИНЦА 225 ЦИВИЛНА ЗАШТИТА И СПАСАВАЊЕ У ВАНРЕДНИМ СИТУАЦИЈАМА CIVIL PROTECTION AND EMERGENCY RESCUE Dragutin Jovanović, Branko Babić, Dragan Babić THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 235 Alexander Matveev, Alexander Maximov, Andrey Perlin THE RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF EMERCOM OF RUSSIA: CONCEPT AND PROSPECTS OF USE 242 Драган Млађан, Предраг Марић, Ђорђе Бабић ШТАБСКИ НАЧИН РУКОВОЂЕЊА У ЗАШТИТИ И СПАСАВАЊУ 245 БЕЗБЕДНОСТ И ЗДРАВЉЕ НА РАДУ/ OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Мира Пуцаревић, Петра Тановић, Љиљана Ћурчић ТЕШКИ МЕТАЛИ У СУСПЕНДОВАНИМ ЧЕСТИЦАМА ПРАШИНЕ У ШТАМПАРИЈАМА 257 Весна Петровић, Борислав Симендић, Весна Маринковић ДЕКОМПОЗИЦИЈА АЗБЕСНО ЦЕМЕНТНИХ КРОВНИХ ПЛОЧА ПРИ ТЕРМИЧКОМ ТРЕТМАНУ 264 Жарко Јанковић, Срђан Глишовић СМАЊЕЊЕ РИЗИКА ПРИ ПРОЈЕКТОВАЊУ ОПРЕМЕ ЗА РАД 273 Божо Илић, Бранко Савић ЗАШТИТА ОД СТРУЈНИХ УДАРА УЗРОКОВАНИХ ЛУТАЈУЋИМ СТРУЈАМА 281 Zoran Vučinić, Nenad Mustapić, Jovan Vučinić UTJECAJ NOĆNOG RADA NA RADNIKA 289 Michal Belcik, Karol Balog, Zuzana Szabova, Pavol Cekan, Richard Kuracina FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND METHOD OF THEIR APPLICATION IN HUMAN RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT 297 Nenad Mustapić, Zoran Vučinić, Igor Burić ZAŠTITA OD BUKE U POSTROJENJIMA TVORNICE MINERALNIH GNOJIVA 304 Јован Перовић, Смиља Матић ОПАСНОСТИ И (НЕ)БЕЗБЕДНОСТ ПОЛИЦИЈСКИХ СЛУЖБЕНИКА 312 Звонимир Букта, Цвијо Шмања ПОВЕЋАЊЕ БЕЗБЕДНОСТИ НА РАДУ ПРИМЕНОМ БЕЗБЕДНОСНИХ МЕТОДА РАДА 320 Душан Гавански БЕЗБЕДАН РАД НА РАВНАЛИЦИ 326 Dario Bognolo, Mensur Ferhatović, Mladen Šćulac OUTSOURCING U VATROGASTVU 334

РИЗИЦИ ОД КАТАСТРОФАЛНИХ ПОЖАРА/ DISASTER RISK ASSESSMENT Борко Ђ. Булајић, Миодраг И. Манић, Ђорђе Лађеновић ON THE APPLICATION OF uniform hazard spectra IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING 341 Владимир М. Цветковић, Бојан Јанковић, Божидар Бановић ГЕОПРОСТОРНА И ВРЕМЕНСКА ДИСТРИБУЦИЈА ЦУНАМИЈА КАО ПРИРОДНИХ КАТАСТРОФА 352 Душан Врањеш СТАЊЕ И МЈЕРЕ ЗАШТИТЕ ОД ПОПЛАВА НА ПОДРУЧЈУ ГРАДА ПРИЈЕДОРА 361 Зоран Благојевић, Станимир Живановић, Дејан Крстић, Дарко Зигар АНАЛИЗА ВЕТРА НА ПОДРУЧЈУ НЕГОТИНА СА АСПЕКТА УГРОЖЕНОСТИ ШУМА ОД ПОЖАРА 372 Александар Бабић, Предраг Илић ЗНАЧАЈ И УЛОГА ПЛАНА ЗАШТИТЕ И СПАСАВАЊА ОД ЕЛЕМЕНТАРНЕ НЕПОГОДЕ И ДРУГЕ НЕСРЕЋЕ 382 Душан Врањеш ПРОЦЕНА УГРОЖЕНОСТИ ОД ПОЖАРА ПОДРУЧЈА ГРАДА ПРИЈЕДОРА ПО МОДЕЛУ РИЗИКО БАЗИРАНОГ ДИМЕНЗИОНИРАЊА 388 Горан Ђорђевић, Михајило Раткнић, Соња Бранковић, Милан Петровић КОНЦЕПТ ИЗРАДЕ ПЛАНОВА ЗАШТИТЕ ШУМА ОД ПОЖАРА - ПРЕДЛОГ ДОПУНЕ ПОСТОЈЕЋЕГ ПРАВИЛНИКА ЗА ИЗРАДУ ПЛАНОВА ЗАШТИТЕ ОД ПОЖАРА 397 ЗАШТИТА ЖИВОТНЕ СРЕДИНЕ/ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Biljana Škrbić, Vesna Marinković, Verica Milanko, Saša Spaić, Ana Senderak BENZENE IN COMBUSTION PRODUCTS AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF POPLAR WOOD SAWDUST 411 Peter Rantuch, Karol Balog, Jozef Martinka DETERMINATION OF ACTIVATION ENERGY VIA CONCENTRATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN COMBUSTION GASSES 420

Петра Балабан ЕКОЛОШКО ВРЕДНОВАЊЕ ГРАФИЧКЕ АМБАЛАЖЕ 432 Иван Ћуковић ГАШЕЊА ПОЖАРА ЕКОЛОШКИМ СРЕДСТВИМА 441 Љиљана Лучић СЕДМИ OПШТИ ЕКОЛОШКИ АКЦИОНИ ПРОГРАМ ЕУ: ЖИВЕТИ ДОБРО УНУТАР ОГРАНИЧЕЊА КОЈЕ ПОСТАВЉА НАША ПЛАНЕТА И ОЗЕЛЕЊАВАЊЕ ПРИВРЕДЕ И ЗАПОШЉАВАЊА 449 Иван Билић УВОЂЕЊЕ УПРАВЉАЊА ЗЕЛЕНОМ УЧИОНИЦОМ У РАДНО ОКРУЖЕЊЕ 459 Петра Тановић, Дуња Мандић СВЕСТ ЗАПОСЛЕНИХ У ШТАМПАРИЈАМА У ПОГЛЕДУ ОЧУВАЊА ЖИВОТНЕ СРЕДИНЕ 469 AnĎelina Kuzmanović, Goran Prolić ENERGETSKI EFIKASNA REŠENJA U SISTEMU RAVNIH I KOSIH KROVOvA SA POSEBNIM OSVRTOM NA ZAŠTITU OD POŢARA 476 ЛЕГИСЛАТИВА ИЗ ОБЛАСТИ ЗАШТИТЕ/ SAFETY LEGISLATION Славиша Богуновић ТЕХНИЧКА РЕГУЛАТИВА У ОБЛАСТИ БЕЗБЕДНОСТИ ОД ПОЖАРА ФАСАДНИХ ЗИДОВА 489 ОБРАЗОВАЊЕ У ОБЛАСТИ ИНЖЕЊЕРСТВА ЗАШТИТЕ И БЕЗБЕДНОСТИ/ SAFETY ENGINEERING EDUCATION Милан Срдановић, Љубица Крњаић, Верица Миланко ЕДУКАЦИЈЕ ИЗ ОБЛАСТИ ЗАШТИТЕ ОД ПОЖАРА УЧЕНИКА У СРЕДЊИМ ШКОЛАМА 499 Маријола Божовић ВАСПИТНО ОБРАЗОВНА И ИНФОРМАТИВНА ДЕЛАТНОСТ У ФУНКЦИЈИ ЗАШТИТЕ И БЕЗБЕДНОСТИ 507

ИСКУСТВА ИЗ ПРАКСЕ/ EXPERIENCES FROM PRACTICE Бранко Ђукић, Драган Карабасил, Славко Смиљанић ПЕНИЛА ЗА ГАШЕЊЕ ПОЖАРА, КВАЛИТЕТ, ПРИМЕНА И ПОТРОШЊА 517 Радован Јованов НУЖНОСТ ОДОБРЕЊА ЛОКАЦИЈЕ ЗА ИЗГРАДЊУ ОБЈЕКТА ЗА СМЕШТАЈ ОСАМ БОЦА ОД ПО 35 kg. ТНГ-А 525

Међународна научна конференција Безбедносни инжењеринг Нови Сад,2-3. октобар, 2014. БЕЗБЕДНОСТ ОД ПОЖАРА International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING

За садржај радова и квалитет језика одговорни су сами аутори. The authors themselves are responsible for the contetnt and language quality of the papers.

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. Vladimir MOZER 1 Jozef KLUCKA 2 Original scientific paper ESTABLISHING ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FIRE Abstract: The main topic of this paper is the economic impact of a fire. By knowing what the expected damage is the stakeholders can take appropriate countermeasures. This may be an installation of a fire protection system, e.g. a sprinkler system, introducing a higher level of compartmentation to the building etc. However, in order to know what the expected fire loss, in monetary terms, is, one needs to know to what size the fire will grow. The solution to this task has two parts. Firstly, the size of the fire needs to be established and secondly, the expected damaged area must be converted into financial loss. Both of these tasks are introduced in this paper and a worked example is provided. In the worked example two scenarios with different levels of fire protection are compared. Probabilistic modeling is used for establishing the size of the fire and the extent of damage. Subsequently, adequate economic tools are applied to assign monetary value to the expected damage. Кey words: probability modeling, fire safety, economic loss, level of safety ОДРЕЂИВАЊЕ ЕКОНОМСКОГ УТИЦАЈА ПОЖАРА Апстракт: Главна тема овог рада је економски утицај пожара. Када се зна која је очекивана штета, актери могу да предузму одговарајуће противмере. То може бити инсталација система заштите од пожара, нпр. спринклер система, увоёење вишег нивоа компартментације (издељености) у згради итд. Али, да би се знало шта је очекивани губитак у пожару, у финансијском смислу, мора се знати колики ће бити пожар. Решење овог задатка има два дела. Прво, треба одредити величину пожара и друго, мора се утврдити финансијски губитак за очекивану оштећену област. Оба задатка су обраёена у овом раду, а дат је и конкретан пример. У примеру се пореде два сценарија са различитим нивоима заштите од пожара. Пробабилистичко моделовање се користи за утврёивање величине пожара и степена оштећења. Затим се примењују одговарајући економски алати ради одреёивања новчане вредности очекиване штете. Кључне речи: пробабилистичко моделовање, безбедност од пожара, економски губитак, ниво безбедности 1 Ing. PhD Department of Fire Engineering, Univeristy of Zilina, Faculty of Special Engineering, ul. 1. maja 32, 01026 Zilina, Slovak Republic, vladimir.mozer@fsi.uniza.sk 2 Ing. PhD Department of Crisis Management, Univeristy of Zilina, Faculty of Special Engineering, ul. 1. maja 32, 01026 Zilina, Slovak Republic, jozef.klucka@fsi.uniza.sk 74

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. 1. INTRODUCTION Probabilistic fire modelling is a well established and widely recognised tool used in fire risk analysis and design [1],[2]. The main objective of this type of analysis is to calculate probabilities of occurence for selected scenarios or outcomes; this may be area damaged by fire, life loss, injury etc. Unlike in deterministic fire modelling, exact quantities, such as the smoke layer temperature, are not of primary interest. Instead, a more general objectives are used, such as: What is the probability of fire spread beyond compartment boundaries?. There may be a number of aspects to a fire risk analysis, depending on the objectives of the individual stakeholders. For the enforcing authority, life safety is of primary importance, however, the investor may be more interested in the economic implications of the design, once the minimum life-safety criteria have been met. The standardised fire engineering design concept, incorporates these objectives, which, once formulated, have to be quantified and assessed for acceptability [3],[4]. Once the probabilities of interest are known, the stakeholders can make the decision, whether the level of risk is acceptable or countermeasures must be incorporated into the design. As mentioned above, some stakeholders may be interested in economic implications and potential fire loss for the proposed design; what level of safety avoided loss and other benefits will the funds ivnested in fire protection measures yield. 2. CALCULATION METHODOLOGY For the analysis two calculation methods are employed; for risk estimation the event tree analysis and for economic loss cost per-area-damaged method. 2.1. Event tree analysis The analysis is undertaken in the form of event trees. According to [2], event trees are most useful when there is little data on the frequency of outcomes of concern that are very infrequent, e.g. multiple fire deaths. A general form of an event tree is shown in Figure 1. The frequency of each of the outcomes F x is then expressed as: F F. P (1) x x where F is the frequency of the initiating event a fire starting in a given type of occupancy, and P x represent the probabilities of nodal events occurring. Figure 7 General form of an event tree [2] 75

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. The problem with this type of analysis, however, is the limited availability of statistical data of required detail and structure. Whereas the data for deterministic fire models may be acquired via various methods of testing (e.g. [5],[6]) in relatively shorts periods of time, gathering the necessary statistical data is a long-term process. Engineering judgement and aproximation have therefore often to be used. The primary probability Initiating event (Fig. 1) is the probability of a fire starting. This probability is closely tied with the occupancy type purpose group of a building. In general, the probability of a fire starting may be expressed as overall or area-dependent. The overal probabilities for selected occupancy types are listed in Tab. 1. Tab. 1 also lists the calculation conostants for equation (2), which can be used for the calculation of areadependent probabilities [2]. b i. b F a A (2) Where: F i - probability (frequency) of a fire starting [y -1 ] A b - floor area of building [m 2 ] a, b - probability (frequency) calculation constants for particular building type [ ] Table 1 Overall fire occurence probabilities and area-dependent probability calculation constants Occupancy type Overall probability of fire starting [y -1 ] 76 Probability of fire starting calculation constants [2] SK [7] UK [2] a b Education 1,5 10-3 4,0 10-2 0,0002 0,75 Hospitals 3,0 10-3 3,0 10-1 0,0007 0,75 Hotels 1,9 10-2 0,00008 1,0 Industrial 8,1 10-3 4,4 10-2 0,0017 0,53 Office 4,1 10-3 6,2 10-3 0,000059 0,9 Shops 8,5 10-3 0,000066 1,0 Warehouses 1,3 10-3 0,00067 0,5 2.2. Loss estimation cost per area damaged by fire In order to be able to estimate potential fire loss, the expected fire spread must be known. In addition to the area damaged by fire, fire loss is closely tied with value concentration; there is a vast difference between, say a 100 m 2, fire damaged area in an office and a warehouse. Similarly to the probability of a fire starting based on the building s floor area (Eq. 2), [2] and [8], give a formula (3) for the calculation of damaged area within the building, based on its floor area; building-dependent constants c and d are given in Table 2. Where: d d. b A c A (2) A d - probable area damaged by fire [m 2 ] A b - floor area of building [m 2 ]

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. c, d - fire damaged area calculation constants for particular building type [ ] Although this is a straighforward calculation, it does not give information about the potential mitigation effects of fire protection measures which may be installed above the minimum requirements; standard fire protection level, characteristic for a given type of occupancy is accounted for in coefficients c and d. Table 2 Probable fire damaged area calculation constants Occupancy type Probable fire damaged area calculation constants [2] c d Education 2,8 0,37 Hospitals 5,0 0,00 Hotels 5,4 0,22 Industrial 2,25 0,45 Office 15,0 0,00 Shops 0,95 0,50 Warehouses 3,5 0,52 As an alternative to the above, and the primary method of calculation, the fire-damaged area is established, together with its occurrence probability, as an outcome of the event tree analysis. In both cases, the financial loss is then calculated as a product of the fire-damaged area and an arbitrary value density (cost) per unit of area [EUR/m 2 ] for the given type of building. 3. CASE STUDY 3.1. Descritpion of buildings and probabilty of fire starting The building in question consists of two compartments, each having a floor area of 1000m 2 ; the total floor area of each building is 2000m 2. Each compartment is further subdivided into at least two rooms. Three various occupancy types are assumed: office, shop and industrial. There are two levels of fire protection: sprinklered and unsprinklered. Since the probabilities of a fire starting calculated using Eq. (2) are the most conservative from the available options, they were used in all subsequent calculations and are as follows: Industrial 0,096; Office 0,052; Shop 0,132. 3.2. Event tree analysis formulation Due to the lack of available statistical data for the Slovak republic, the probabilities from [2] were used. The basic event trees for the sprinklered and non-sprinklered scenarios (values in brackets) with the probabilities for the individual nodal events are shown in Figure 2. 77

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. Confined to 1 st item ignited Fire Confined to contents (minor structural damage) Confined to compartment of origin Yes 0,79 (0,22) E 1 Ignition No 0,21 (0,78) Yes No 0,57 (0,29) 0,43 (0,71) Yes 0,75 (0,75) E 2 E 3 No *values in brackets denote Unsprinklered scenario 0,25 (0,25) E 4 Figure 2 Event trees for modeled fire scenarios The probabilities of the final node failure of a compartment boundary are based on the reliability data for elements of fire protection from [2]. They represent the probability of that the compartment boundary will achieve at least 75% of the designated fire resistance. Table 3 Extent of fire damage and outcome frequencies for defined fire scenarios Fire scenario Extent of damage Outcome frequency Sprinklered Confined to 1 st item E 1 max. 5m 2 0,790 0,220 Confined to contents E 2 50% of compartment 0,120 0,226 Confined to compartment of origin E 3 Spread beyond comparment of origin E 4 100% of compartment 0,068 0,415 2x compartment area 0,023 0,139 Unsprinklered 3.3. Determining the probability, extent of fire damage and potential loss Table 4 lists the probabilities and occurence intervals for the individual fire scenarios, E 1 E 4 ; the values were obtained using Equation (1). The most probable outcome for each fire protection level is in bold. It should be realized that the occurence of a fire does not decrease for the individual fire scenarios E x, but is rather divided among the possible outcomes. It is also very important to take into account the expected lifespan of a building, in order to determine whether or not a fire scenario (event) is relevant to the buliding in question. Remoy [9] states that buildings in Europe and America have an expected lifespan of 50-70 years. This means it is rather unlikely that a fire will grow beyond the first item ignited 5m 2 for the sprinklered occupancies. On the other hand, with the exception of the office category, there is a possibility for even the most severe fire spread beyond the compartment of origin cosequences and damaged area. 78

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. Table 4 Probabilities and occurence intevals for individual fire scenarios Occupancy Fire starting E1 E2 E3 E4 Sprinklered P O P O P O P O P O Industrial 9,6.10-2 10 7,5.10-2 13 1,1.10-2 87 6,5.10-3 155 2,2.10-3 464 Office 5, 5.10-2 18 4,4.10-2 23 6,6.10-3 151 3,7.10-3 268 1,2.10-3 803 Shop 1,3.10-1 8 1,0.10-1 10 1,6.10-2 63 8,9.10-3 112 3,0.10-3 336 Unsprinklered Industrial 9,5.10-2 10 2,1.10-2 48 2,2.10-2 46 4,0.10-2 25 1,3.10-2 76 Office 5,5.10-2 18 1,2.10-2 82 1,2.10-2 80 2,3.10-2 44 7,6.10-3 131 Shop 1,3.10-1 8 2,9.10-2 34 3,0.10-2 33 5,5.10-2 18 1,8.10-2 55 P probability [y -1 ]; O - occurence [y] Taking the most likely outcomes into consideration, the fire-damaged area is 5m 2 and 1000m 2 for sprinklered and unsprinklered scenario, respectively, regardless of the occupancy type. In comparison, Eq. (2) yields 69m 2 for industrial premises, 15m 2 for offices and 50m 2 for shops, regardles of the level of protection. Table 5 provides information on economic implications of the fire scenarios and how sprinkler protection significantly decreases the potential total loss and loss per year, despite the seemingly illogical (exlained above) shorter time period between fires. These simplified fire scenarios give the stakeholder an overview of consequences, in the orders of magitude, that may be expected. Table 5 Probabilities and occurence intevals for individual fire scenarios Occupancy Value density * Likely damage Sprinklered 79 Likely loss Occurence interval Loss per year [EUR/m 2 ] [m 2 ] [EUR] [y] [EUR/y] Industrial 300 5 1500 13 115 Office 100 5 500 23 22 Shop 200 5 1000 10 100 Unsprinklered Industrial 300 1000 300000 25 12000 Office 100 1000 100000 44 2272 Shop 200 1000 200000 18 11100 * Fabricated values for demonstration only 3.4. Life safety Although not as directly quantifiable as the potential for fire damage and loss, life safety implications may also be predicted. Logically, if the fire is most likely not to extend beyond

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. the first item ignited for sprinklered buildings, the fire will not pose such a significant threat to the occupants as if it could grow further. A study by Melinek [10] suggests that a 40% reduction in fatalities and 20% reduction in casualties could by achieved if all fires were sprinklered, however, available statistical data is not sufficient to make such a study for the building type in question. 4. CONCLUSIONS Establishing economic impact of fire should form a standard part of the decision making process. Since there are often a number of ways of achieving the required / desired level of safety, the stakeholders should be able to make an informed decision as to which of them is the most economicaly effective. Probabilistic fire modelling, the Event three analysis in particular, offers a relatively simple way of undertaking such an economic feasibility analysis. The paper demonstrated an example analysis on a range occupancies, an the results are in favour of sprinkler protection. Although commonly acknowledged as an superior fire protection measure, initial and maintenance costs are a common reason for reluctance from the investor. The economical benefits benefits significant drop in total and yearly fire lossare often not enough, since they are only hypothetical in their nature, whereas the installation and maintenance costs are real. These costs should be compared with the benefits, however, were not available at the time of this study. From a life safety point of view, sprinkler protection certainly represents an improvement, however, the lack of statistical data makes it difficult to quantify. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-0727-12. 6. REFERENCES [1] DiNenno, P. J. ed. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering. 4th ed. vyd. Quincy, Mass. : Bethesda, Md: National Fire Protection Association ; Society of Fire Protection Engineers, 2008. ISBN 9780877658214. [2] PD 7974-7: 2003. Part 7 Probabilistic risk assessment. London: BSI, 2003. [3] BS 7974:2001. Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings: code of practice. London: BSI, 2001. [4] ISO/TR 13387-1: 1999, Fire safety engineering - Part 1: Application of fire performance concepts to design objectives [5] Xu, Q., Zachar, M., Majlingová, A., Jin, C., Jiang, Y..: Evaluation of plywood fire behaviour by ISO tests in: European Journal of Environmental and Safety Sciences Vol. 1(1) (2013) 80

International Scientific Conference on Safety Engineering Novi Sad, October 2-3, 2014. [6] Martinka, J., Chrebet, T., Balog, K.: An assessment of petrol fire risk by oxygen consumption calorimetry in: Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Vol. 115(3) (2014) [7] Mozer, V., Wilkinson, P. Use of statistical data in fire engineering design an international comparison, In: Journal of Applied Fire Science, 2014 submitted for consideration [8] Ramachandran, G. The economics of fire protection. London: E & FN Spon, 1998. ISBN 0419207805. [9] Remoy, H.T..: Out of Office: A Study on the Cause of Office Vacancy and Transformation as a Means to Cope and Prevent. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2010. [10] Melinek, S.J.: Potential Value of Sprinklers in Reducing Fire Casualties in: Fire Safety Journal. Vol. 20(3), (1993). 81