UV Disinfection in Drinking Water Treatment: 35 years of global experience Paul Buijs
Berson: the company Founded 1972 based in Nuenen, The Netherlands a HALMA group company since 1988 Focus on innovation 1980 Introduction Medium Pressure UV 1995 Introduction InLine -concept 2000 Introduction UltraWipe 2010 Introduction Summit -concept 2011 Introduction Cyclops -concept 2012 Introduction UltraWipe+
Berson: global and local Global presence: 95% export worldwide: Europe, United States Asia, Australia, New Zealand South Amerika Local approach: sales offices in PRC, US and UK network of sales- and service partners range of validations: DVGW, USEPA, NWRI, JWRC
Over 17.000 units sold worldwide through local distributors The Americas: - Canada - USA - Mexico - Brazil - Argentina - Chile - Aruba Europe: - Netherlands - Belgium - Luxembourg - France - Spain - Portugal - Italy - Greece - Germany - Poland - Switzerland - Austria - Turkey - Bulgaria - Slovenia - Croatia - Bosnia - Hungary - Denmark - Norway - Iceland - UK - Sweden - Finland - Ukraine - Cyprus - Czech Rep Middle East: -Turkey - Israel - Kuwait - Saudi Arabia - Bahrain - Iran - UAE - Iraq Africa: - Egypt - Tunesia - South Africa - Zimbabwe Asia: - South Korea - Japan - Taiwan - Hong Kong - Singapore - China - Brunei - Malaysia Pacific: - Australia - New Zealand
Milestones in drinking water (1) 1674: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (NL) Tradesman and father of microbiology Relation between water and health: Giardia 1854: John Snow (UK) First epidemiologist (Cholera London) Introduction of slow sand filters 1945-1970: rebuild and expand infrastructure (after WWII)
Milestones in drinking water (2) 1976: Joop Rook (NL) Discovery of THM as byproduct of chlorination Abandon chlorination in the Netherlands Start of intensive studies into organic micropolutants Introduction of carbon filters Introduction of UV 1993: Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak 403.000 people ill (50% of consumers) 104 people died US$96.2M costs (excluding water plant upgrade) Final proof chlorination is not sufficient! Introduction of UV in drinking water USA
Recent Crypto outbreak UK 6 August 2015, Lancashire UK 300,000 homes affected Boiling drinking water before consumption No casualties Resolved 6 September 2015 >US$20M to be paid in damages Costs cannot be reclaimed through water tarrif!
Mechanism of UV Disinfection UV light damages DNA: Bonds between nucleotide bases broken DNA will not replicate Bacteria will not die, just not replicate: Viable, non-culturable state
Effects of UV irradiation on DNA DNA before exposure DNA after exposure
Reasons to use UV
1. Safe water Protection against chlorine resistant pathogens Cryptosporidium Giardia
2. No disinfection by-products Source: Hu, 2007
3. UV is the green alternative! Source: Hu, 2007
First Berson UV in Drinking Water Elimination of bacteria after activated carbon filtration (1979)
Were to integrate UV? Does not replace breakpoint chlorination! Most effective as a final step before CWR: Highest UVT Lowest turbidity, TSS, counts Satellite treatment to be considered: Close to critical consumers Transport chlorination: Minimum level of chlorine at tap (0.1 ppm) Abandoned in large parts of NW-Europe
Case Aruba: Preserve the Balashi taste! 2001: Legionella problems Aruba has the best tasting water in the world: No chlorine taste and odour Perfect mineral balance Highly satisfied customers Also used for Balashi brewery Chemical desinfection should be avoided to preserve the great Balashi taste!
Measures (Harm Veenendaal and Paul Buijs, Kiwa 2001) Closed remineralizing filter Calcite Apply UV disinfection Central: after RSF Satellite: after tanks At critical end users: Hospital Cruise terminal Airport Hotels and resorts Result: end of problem distribution UV end sea MSF aeration remin RSF UV central tanks UV sat distribution UV end now SWRO now eliminated
Implementation Central: 5 x Berson InLine 1000 40 mj/cm² Satellite: 2 x Berson InLine 450 40 mj/cm² End users: InLine 50 (Hospital) InLine 450 (airport) InLine 5000 (Valero refinery) Royal Dutch Navy Base 6 x ProLine LP (hotels)
Drinking water Méry-sur-Oise (France) Type : Inline 1500 Number units : 5 Configuration : parallel, after nanofiltration riverwater Capacity : 180,000 m 3 /day Location : Paris, France Chlorine : 0.1 ppm (by law)
Drinking water Basel (Switzerland) Type : InLine28000 + (DVGW- certified) Number units : 4 Configuration : parallel Flow : 208,800m 3 /day T 10 : 97% Location : Basel, Switzerland Year : 2010 Chlorine : no!
Drinking Water Essen (Germany) Type : Inline 15000+ DVGW Number units : 4 (NW750 flanges) Configuration : parallel Capacity : 1200m 3 /h/street UVT : 85% Location : Gelsenwasser Essen, Germany Chlorine : no!