A new approach to Improved Stoves The example of Mongolia and Haiti Robert J. van der Plas 2-22-2008
Outline Summary historic overview of urban stove programs (non-complete) New approach for future stove programs Example of this approach Case study of Mongolia (space heating) Haiti (urban cooking)
1 st Generation Stove Programs (Urban) 1980s Halt deforestation Laboratory developed One size fits all, selected by donor Highly subsidized Expected result Households to automatically adopt this model Penetration rate Result: Failure Success: China 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 project duration 1st generation
2 nd Generation Stove Programs 1990s and beyond Deforestation & social benefits Laboratory developed, user tested + feedback Different models per country or within Donor selects the stove model Not subsidized but promotion and market development Beneficiary now needs to buy it at cost Sustainability expected due to commercial approach Result: General Failure Success: Kenya, Rwanda, Madagascar, Guatamala, Sri Lanka 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0-10 Penetration rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 project duration 2nd generation
next generation is needed What are lessons learnt so far? Very few success stories China, but not replicable Guatemala Kenya, KCJ Ethiopia, Lakech + Mirte Mali, Sewa Madagascar Mitsitse Rwanda Canamake + Rondereza Sri Lanka 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Penetration rate project duration 3rd generation 10 Acceptance is good during project period but dwindles soon thereafter 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Despite considerable savings/ short payback
Common Success Factors Good acceptance Better performance Appearance, looks Modernity Easily distinguishable from traditional stoves Form (KCJ, Lakech) Color (Mitsitse) Label (Rondereza)
3 rd generation stove programs? Focus on quality & characteristics of generic efficient stove models National stove standard Performance (fuel use, IAP, CO 2 emissions) Quality label/certification Awareness raising Why new stoves are needed, why they need to be certified, where to obtain, how they look like, etc Very important: how to use correctly Develop demand for better stoves But no pre-selection of certain stove models Verification of quality + performance Capacity building to develop certified models if needed Not trivial: many programs failed to do this! ex: Uganda Subsidy - if funds are available Allowing better, more expensive stoves to be used Higher subsidy for better performing stove Different mechanisms possible directly to the household In the form of a voucher
Mongolia Heating Stoves» Rampant Air Pollution from peri-urban Ger Districts
Ulaanbaatar Coldest capital in the World Population about 1 million 40-50% lives in Ger districts 140,000 households Of which 40-45% in a Ger Rapid periurban growth (10-20k households/yr) Brown coal + wood use for heating Smog inversion
GEF Improved Stove Program 16,000 stoves OBA NGO, distribution center Doesn t compensate for peri-urban influx New approach need to scale up
Haiti Most deforested country in Western Hemisphere Border Haiti - Dominican Republic visible 80% of Haitians live below the absolute poverty line Urban charcoal market: US$175 million/yr (PaP)
ESMAP Energy Strategy Study (2005) Use energy efficient equipment More professional production Imports Import/produce substitute fuels LPG, kerosene, coal Promote locally produced substitute fuels Briquettes, ethanol Increase supply of woodfuels (increased productivity, better management, planting) Farmers fields Watershed protection areas Regulatory, legislative, fiscal measures
Mechanism in Practice (3 rd generation stove programs) Publicity campaign households Certification Energy efficient cooking/heating equipment in general Professional supply chain Verification
Mechanism in Practice Publicity campaign Subsidy New stove voucher households Certification better stove models Political priority: air pollution in Ulaanbaatar Therefore: subsidy to all households available Verification Haiti: deforestation is serious, but not declared enough of a political priority to make a subsidy available
Mechanism in Practice Publicity campaign Subsidy New stove voucher households Certification good stove models Political priority: air pollution in Ulaanbaatar Therefore: subsidy to all households available Verification Haiti: deforestation is serious, but not declared enough of a political priority to make a subsidy available
Publicity campaign Subsidy New stove voucher households Request new stove models Laboratory testing Certification -Stoves -Producers Certified proprietary stove models National stove standard Testing protocol Certified open source stove models & producers Verification
Publicity campaign Subsidy New stove voucher households Request new stove models Laboratory testing Certification -Stoves -Producers Certified proprietary stove models National stove standard Testing protocol Certified open source stove models & producers Replace old Stove voucher Verification
Benefits A range of better stoves available to users Cheap to expensive More professional actors in supply chain Imported stoves are optional Different fuels can be included Quality & Verification system allows beneficiary choice Voucher system designed for OBA & other forms of donor assistance Better stoves could benefit from larger subsidy Carbon savings are easier to verify