Growth Singapore 64 TABLE 1. DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF SELECTED DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION, 1993 Country Per Capita GNP Real GDP Rate Ofi Population (1994) Male Literacy Rate (US$) (Percent) (million) (Percent) Hong KongTaiwan, Provo of China Republic of Korea Malaysia FijiThailandTonga KazakstanVanuatu Papua New Guineaestern Samoa Kyrgyzstan Philippines Maldives Solomon Islands Indonesia Kiribati (1993 fig.) Sri Lanka PRC Pakistan India Bangladesh Viet Nam Afghanistan Cambodia Cook Islands Marshall Islands Micronesia, Fed. States 19,31 17,86 1,85 7,67 3,16 2,14 2,4 1,61 1,54 1,23 1,12 98 83 83 82 75 73 71 6 49 43 29 22 17 1.1 5.8 6.3 5.8 8.3 1.8 6.2 3.7 4. 16.5-16. 2.1 6.2 7.3 6.9 15.1 1.9 3.7 4.5 8.1 4.1 1.7.4 2.9 6.1 21. 44.5 19.5.78 59.4.1 16.9.16 4..17 4.5 68.6.25.37 19.7 77.4 17.8 1191.8 126.6 9.5 17.1 72.5 17.4 9.9 19.1.5.11 95 96 99 87 96 99 65 99 94 88 93 87 47 62 47 92 44 48 -- Myanmar Tuvalu 6. 8.7 43.9.1 89 --indicates data not available. Source. Asian Development Bank (1995), Ke Indicators of DeveloRing Asia and Pacific Countries.
65 TABLE 2. MERCHANT SHIPPING FLEETS BY COUNTRY OF REGISTRY, ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIES, 1985, 199 and 1994. 199 1994 No. GT No. GT No. GT East AsiaChina, PR TaiwanHong KongJapanKorea, N.Korea, S.Macau Subtotal 1,948 66 375 1, 89 2,11 13.9 5.77 6.5727.8.44 7.78 2,71 642 358 9,76 115 2,121 3 15,646 15.83 6. 7.7 22.1.7 7.. 59.33 1,991 396 1,288 69 1,847 14 639 7, 1 69.171 182 3 3 1,653.. 1.94 42 3 1,884 1 498 142 1,42 774 296 273 5333 o. O. 2. O. 1. O. 8. 7.' O. O. 23. 62 4 2,136 2 632 132 1,518 1,239 459 445 6629 2 2. O. 9. 11 1 29 469 161, 758 244 128 4364 1.77.12 4.59 6.5.59.3 15.82 Southeast AsiaBruneiCambodiaIndonesiaLaosMalaysiaMyanmarPhilippinesSingaporeThailandVietnam Subtotal 26 741 35 2 77 4 91 1,228.36 6.6.13.4.45..63 8.22 38 855 45. 36 71 6 78 1,399.46 6.48.8.1.35..35 7.82 287 881 56 58 62 9 56 1,49.38 6.49.7.21.38..29 7.81 South AsiaBangladeshIndiaMaldive Is.MauritiusPakistanSeychellesSri Lanka Subtotal..5 2.38 1.1.55.5 2.35.51.2.35 3.14.6 3.68.87.2 15.3..5 4.74 1.4.53.4 1.85.31.2.36 1.68.8 3.72.75.2 15.19..17 3.8.88.65.6 2.2.26.2.56 1.6.28 5.45 1.2.2 16.25 79 347 148 64 8 245 247 28 6 398 53 817 232 37 2763 87 393 143 58 6 225 175 27 67 311 68 869 253 39 2721 9 429 117 57 4 212 139 2 61 262 168 1, 297 4 2896 est Asia Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria TurkeyU.A.E. 'r'emen Subtotal.9.65.94.51.17 36 18 72 B351936193 8.37.1 68 73 68 41.89.37.77
AustraliaFijiMicronesia 66 TABLE 2. Continued. New ZealandPapua 117 N.G.Solomon 84 Is.TuvaluVanuatu. 26 2 28 Samoa 6 SubtotalTotal Asia Pac.% increaseorld% increaseasia-pacific as% of orld Total 652 2.91 915 23,861 76,395 721 63.3 135.3 84.1 35. 2.14 273.3 9 2.5811.81322 25,732 7.8 78,336 2.5 2.51.6 1.26.4.1. 2.16.3 5.7 112.69 1.7 423.63 1.77 628 55 19 155 85 33 11 287 7 128 27,86 8.3 8,676 3. 3.1.3.1.25.5.1.5 2..1 5.41 118.72 5.35 475.86 12.33 31.23 26.621 32.85 26.61 34.53 24.951 Source. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, Statistical Tables, 1985, 199 and 1994.
I > I f'.. L().,- 1 L() f'.. ( ( ( f'...,- M f'..- ai.,-.,-.,-.,-.,- 1 67 - -J I Z I- Z Q -J -J m- M ) ) I ro... ) t: (.) u. c.. >- m w c I- Z t: m w C -J t: M -J m «.- c. Gi 81 I I (5 " ::J L- () I m Nriri,.f,.f It) f".. "f" (V) a a a a L{) O>NL{)(OI'- CX)OL{)I'- I M M Ii) O O>""""-q- J O. <D- <D. >- >- - cci ;II> >-.P '- ro U- E e"- C> :p :J c- CO - N :: ro f- (Y) > > t II> ro t=.. "t: ro "- ":;: () l) z u '- :J
as 851 orld 68 TABLE 4. NATIONAL AND BENEFICIALL V-ONED SHIPPING FLEETS OF MAJOR ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIES, 31 DECEMBER 1993. I tl as U;oot COUNTRY Flag Flag Russian FednJapanChinaS. 177 146 448 Korea 95 Hong Kong IndonesiaSingapore 426 31 IndiaTaiwan 395 191 363 Turkey PhilippinesIranSaudi 276 153 ArabiaAustralia 6 8 Kuwait 36 --LTotal Share 1824 256 217 544 95 192 42 2 2 16 1 41 18 7 291 1716 665 639 521 52 437 391 383 292 154 11 98 43 3747 I (%) Total I Total% of orld Total 68.3 17911 31.8 1. 11422853 45. 36.9 1.1 8.1.91 2.91 5.13 5.5 8.84 8.71 27.96 1.45 2.61.76 4.52.25.27. 3.27.25 3.3 1.1 Total 21.7 84.78 3.11 18.56 33.3 4.1 9. 11.15 11.9 7.85 4.1 8.1 4.18 3.16 4.31 135.33 7.7 25.39 34.1 3,247.26 1. Flag I 15.94 29.73 _! 21.27 9.85 5.35 2.56 6.4 1.39 7.39 7.6 3.74 65.9 33.2 4.98 21.6 % of Ttl orld Ttl I 3.22 24.34 64.93 12.95 4.6 29.37 46.94 2.83 83.94 36.12 28.97 1. Australia Saudi Arabia Iran Philippines Turkey Taiwan India u Singapore Indonesia S. Korea China Japan Russian Fedn 5 1 15 2 38.991 49.58' Kuwait z 478.871 3.13 6.75.2 NUMBER OF NATIONAL AND FOREIGN REGISTERED SHIPS, ASIA-PACIFIC (END 1993) 78.32 7.88 23.4 6.82 37.94 I 25 3 UNCTAD (1994), Review of Maritime Transgort 1993, Table 1, p. 25. 5.8.61 1.37 1.7 1.82 1.2.61 1.22.64.48.66 1
no. 69 TABLE 5. NUMBER OF SHIPS ON ORDER BY COUNTRY OF DOMICILE AND COUNTRY OF FLAG, ASIA-PACIFIC AS AT JUNE 1995 COUNTRIES, Country or area Country of Domicile Count'Yq- Total on Order East AsiaJapanHong 318 KongKorea, 19 SouthChinaTaiwan93 55 5 Sub-total % of total Southeast Sub-total % of total 625 72.9 dwt 12,283. 6,497.7 5,596.5 2,93.5 2,227.9 28,698.6 74.59 144 41 3 55 27 2976.61 dwt 2,416.1 2,293.4 1,935. 1,235.1 1,524.4 9,44. 57.21 AsiaSingaporeMalaysiaIndonesiaThailandPhilippinesMyanmar 6 66 25 24 23 2 4 134 2,413.9 695.9 131. 264.7 25. 6. 3,536.5 9.19 15 2 5 2 114 23.27 2,5.3 811.5 1.9 3. 95. 6. 3,93.7 18.82 462 15 123 11 77 922 67.94 126 49 38 22 9 4 248 38.72 dwt 14,699.1 8,791.1 7,531.5 3,328.6 3,752.3 38,12.6 69.38 4,464.2 1,57.4 231.9 294.7 12. 12. 6,63.2 12.7
11 7 TABLE 6. A CRE MODEL BASED ON THE SHIPBOARD FOR A MODERN SHIP ORGANIZATION Number Staff: Captain Chief engineer Chief officer 1 1 1 Communication: Radio officer Operation: Maintenance: Dual-licensed officers Engineer Technical assistant Dual-purpose ratings Apprentice 3 3 Catering Steward/cook Steward Total 15
71 TABLE 7. TRENDS FOR CRE COMPLEMENT FOR VARIOUS SHIP TYPES, 1982-1992 Source: Alam (1992)
72 TABLE 8. SUPPLY OF AND DEMAND FOR SEAFARERS IN ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIES, 199 I Estimated Demand I Officers Ia East Asia China, PR China (Taiwan) Hong Kong JapanKorea, NorthKorea, South_- Sub-total % of Total Asia 2,944 4,266 2,131 23,715 1,13 69,727 39.48 76,86 I 2,597 I 4,41 22.848 2,473 29,183 138,2 28.67 1 28,622 2,674 3,586 28,842 879 72,513 56.63 61,356 2,655 4,881 3,85 2,232 9,899 111,873 55.31 j Surplus 322 1,592 (1,455) (5,127) 224 5,214 8.1 IQ!--J 15,54 (58) (84) (8,2) 241 19,284 26,129 8.94 IOfficers Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Vietnam Sub-total % of Total Asia 14,51 1,853 5,25 46,782 842 73,12 41.34 37,9 3,912 1,7 143,377 2,895 29,154 43.45 1,45 3,381 869 1,526 6,67 33,27 25.79 18,823 4,143 2,55 13,276 8,273 3,241 49,811 24.62 4,465 (1,528) 4,156 36,256 (5,828) 39,985 62.9 19,77 (231) 8,15 13,11 (5,378) 7,759 159,343 54.55 South Asia India Bangladesh Maldive Islands Mauritius Pakistan Seychelles Sri Lanka Sub-total % of Total Asia 12,879 1,1 23 1,885 2,4 55 19,48 113 34,311 6,75 2,88 4,439 5, 32 6,822 59,73 12.41 6,164 1,953 49 1,743 474 24 514 11,281 8.81 15,823 3,625 826 3,758 1,178 28 629 25,867 12.79 6,715 (853) (386) 142 1,926 31 624 8,199 12.73 18,488 3,125 1,262 681 3,822 292 6,193 33,863 1159 est Asia Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey UAE Yemen Sub-total % of Total Asia 66 35 9,768 1"'O;'ff8" 6.1 1,172 1 67,13 68,42 I 59 65 654 83 6,949 9,22 7,523 9,759 5.87 4.82 2 2,68 67 151 285 1,113 86 247 1,594 2,819 1,133 4 1,946 17. 229 5,993 1,52 518 17 1,336 15 33 1,99 58,18 1,369 46 71,534 24.49 Oceania ustralia Fiji Micronesia New Zealand Papua New Guine I estern Samoa Sub-total % of Total Asia 2,42 588 572 428 3,63 26 4,7 2 1,261 53 2,562 39 458 34 6,61 3,714 2.9 3,487 51 61 38 4,969 246 (52) 198 74 114 124 61 51 8 583 (31) 94 66 15 75 1,261.43 Total Asia Pacific I 176,627 481,349 128,58 22,279 64,395 292,13 I ilson (199), The orldwide Demand for and SUDDlv of Seafarers: Final ReDort, Table A 1 (mimeo.)
73 TABLE 9. ESTIMATES OF THE SUPPLY OF SEAFARERS FROM FOUR MAJOR ASIAN SUPPLY COUNTRIES, 199 AND 1995 Source. Lawford, Herry (1995).
TABLE No. 73 75 27 25 1 2,311 Hong 74 1: DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE HONG KONG SEAFARERS, 1992 Officers Ratings Total % % % Seafarers at sea 1,728 1,34 72 3,68 Seafarers ashore 583 524 28 1,17 Total 1 1,864 4,175 1 Source: Kong Merchant Navy Training Board, 1992, p.5
75 TABLE 11: HONG KONG ACTIVE SEAFARERS, 1988-1992 : Source: Ships under HK ownership management or crewing agency Hong Kong Merchant Navy Training Board (1992), p. 19; (1994), p.24
76 TABLE 12: NUMBER OF SEAMEN ON THE REGISTER, AT SEA AND IN THE ACTIVE AND INACTIVE RESERVE POOL AS AT 31 DECEMBER 1992 Source: Singapore National Maritime Board, Annual Report, 1992, p. 26
77 TABLE 13: REGISTERED SEAFARERS EMPLOYED AT SEA UNDER VARIOUS FLAG STATES AS AT 31 DECEMBER 1992, SINGAPORE Source: National Maritime Board, Annual Report 1992, p. 26
78 ( N :: rn..- - ':;: ) ) - U Z :) i
79
\t1alaysia ng ]Sa! Igladesh ;ri Taiwan, :>akistan yanmar Idonesia I, lilippines 8 FIGURE III. SURPLUS SEAFARERS, ASIAN ECONOMIES, 199 s Ja Hd Kong Ratings People's Republic I)f China Lanka -,.Officers Province Iof China P Vietnam India Republic )f Korea p -2 2 4 6 NUMBER (thousand) 1 12 14 Source ilson mj!1. (199)
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I II) =) : I.C).q- :.qo : Ll) (") : (") : a : Lt) ; N..-.q- > >.-- cry > > C).. -.. t: - 83 CI)..J CI) CI) w > c wz I CI) Z <C c.. <C -, u.. <C z z ) 1-) CI) CI) : C Z <C : aj ::) z z w z <C J: (J > w t: ::) u.. ) ) > <X> >.- <X) <X) m r-.. <X) Q') co IX> >.- LC) CX) ) a> L- ro ::1 ro t: - ro L- I- C:- 'C: t: - a> ro ::1 «ro '(3 «- L- a> s: - E- a> a> ro - ro J a> -.- (-.- a a -..-..- -..- a a CX) a ( -q- N 38wnN
61 46-5 41-45 17-2. 25. 84 FIGURE VII. AGE PROFILE OF HONG KONG RATINGS, 1994 & ABOVE 3.68 56-6 1.73 51-55 19.73 D.. ::> w oct 21.38 2.64 31-4 17.4 21-3 6.45 TOTAL 4997 1. 15. 2. PERCENTAGE SOURCE. MERCHANT NAVY TRAINING BOARD, HONG KONG (1992).
./ ". 199 1991 N.Q.te. 85 FIGURE VIII. NUMBER OF SEAMEN REGISTERED,EMPLOYED AT SEA, AND MEMBERSHIP OF OFFICERS 'AND SEAMEN'S UNIONS, SINGAPORE, 1988-1994 6, c=:j Registered -Employed At Sea -SMOU -.-SOS 5, "' /' /' /' 4, w m 3, z,,, -- 2, 1, 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 National Maritime Board (NMB) requises registration and records of employment for ratings only. Membership with the Singapore Maritime Officers' Union (SMOU) open to all while for the Seamen's Organisation of Singapore (SOS) became opened to non-citizens in 1993.