Ancient Greece 900-30 BCE Geometric and Orientalizing Periods 8 th Century BCE Human figures were turned into art, they are stylized, many were small in scale Centaur- Half man, Half horse Friezes were still in use especially on kraters- decorative vase Introduced black figure paintings Amphora- two-handled storage jar Kore-limestone statue of a goddess or maiden Inspired by Egypt or Near Eastern art Archaic: Lady of Auxerre(650-625 BCE) Kore. Referred to as Daedalic because he might have been an artist at the time. More naturalistic than rest of work but still abstract. Early and High: Nike adjusting her sandal (410 BCE) In the Temple of Athena Nike and is marble repeated many times but the body is visible through the drapery- shape and form of body is apparent. S- curve and an elegant curve that is a little awkward.
Greek: Archaic 6 th Century BCE Contrapposto- A stance in which one foot is advanced slightly while the weight is on the other foot Archaic Smile- a grin in the statue that is fake, a sculptors was of indicating that a person is portrayed as alive Kouros(kouroi)- youth statue of a young man or women Women are always clothed in archaic statues Transitions from wood and mud brick to limestone Greek architecture was about ordered, compactness, and symmetry Page 110 Examples of Doric Order: Temple of Hera I Temple of Aphaia Temples has friezes at the top acting like guardians Temples had friezes identifying various gods and giants
Greek: Early and High Classical Periods 480-323 BCE The time of great sculptors, writers and painters: Sophocles, Euripidies, Pericles, Socrates. Worshipped many gods. Most sculptures were of Zeus, Olympia, Herakles- architecture was dedicated to them as well(ex. Temple of Hera II, Temple of Zeus, Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos) Pediment: the triangular space at the end of a building, formed by the ends of sloping roofs above collonades- decorated with sculptures (ex. Dying warrior from the west pediment from the Temple of Athena) Sculptures of people start to portray how human being actually stands, as opposed to stone image (ex. Kritios Boy) Statues were cast, made of bronze, nude, and frozen in time, portrayed as young. S- Curve- the statues body is in the shape of an S Polykleitos- sculptor of Doryphoros(Spear Bearer- one of the most frequently copied scultprures). Had a system of proportions to make sculptures have a standard of perfection- canon Pericles was the leader at the time and called for reconstruction of the acropolishigh city This city included the Parthenon, Erechtheion, and Temple of Athena Nike (pg.126) Parthenon has harmonious design and mathematical precision of sizes because Iktinos and Kaliikrates used algebraic equations Processional/ iconic frieze- runs parallel to walls telling story(parthenon) Metope- High relief sculpture built into wall The asymmetrical plan of the Ionic Erechtheion is different then the previous structure- new style, sculptures start to have flexibility Sculptures(ex. Nike adjusting her sandal) start showing the human body through the drapery they wear Stele- tomb stone, marked grave. Achilles Painter- known for white- ground paintings(chalky white clay) who decorated the lekythos(flask containing perfume oil) Classical Greek
Hellenistic Period Opened with the Death of Alexander in 323 BCE up until around 30 BCE Greek cities were in ruin had plan to build- Hippodamian plan: designed separate quarters for public, private and religious functions Hypaethral-open to the sky (ex. Temple of Apollo-replacing the Archaic Temple) Porticos-covered colonnades, often housed shops and civic offices Gauls: shown as barbarians with bushy hair, mustaches, neck bands(torques) Sculptors openly explored the nude female form. Hellenistic sculptors often portrayed sleep Realistic, shoed people who were old and from the lowest Also kept the traditional themes of the Greek Athlete Venus de Milo, 150-125 BCE Slipping garment to teaste the spectator Goddess is overly sexual Old market Woman, 150-100 BCE Opposite of Classical Realistic face and body, lower class, shows age Laocoon and His Sons Strangling of sea serpents, while sacrificing at an altar
Greek: Late Classical Period Fourth century BCE Praxiteles- Artist of many famous sculptures(ex. Aphrodite of Knidos). He eliminated the super human beauty and focused on naturalism- nude women, slaves, noble women, and goddesses- sensuousness. Starts to move away from perfection, uses S-curve. Lysippos- Sculptor of many famous pieces (ex. Apoxyomenos). He created a new canon of proportion where the head is 1/8 of the body rather than 1/7 th. He creates nervous energy, lack of balance, angles, and humanizing features in figures, Corinthian Capitols- more ornate form of Doric Or Ionic with two rows of acanthus leaves wrapped around in a bell shape. Introduced the theater, which is half of an amphitheater and was a place to see performances such as dances, music, ancient rites, and drama. Apoxyomenos: Marble copy 330 BCE Lysippos is the artists and breaks the canon and the frontal view- multiple angles. Epidauros Theater Polykleitos The Younger On a hillside so that can see whole orchestra. Accommodates 12,00 spectators.