Present Status and Future Challenges Michael Michael J. Economides Xiuli Wang
Vessels Natural Gas Transportation Current 70% via pipeline 30% as LNG Economics Transport: 2
Globalization of Gas Trade Vessels Transport: Source: International Energy Agency 3
Potential Markets Vessels Transport: 4
vs. LNG Marine Transport Vessels Transport: LNG 5
Loading and Offloading Terminals for LNG and LNG Vessels At Source Transport: At Destination Source: http://www.xgas.us 6
Vessels vs. LNG Processing Compressed gas <1:300 (Possibly chilled) LNG gas liquid gas (1:600) Transport: Loading Dehydrate, compress Treat, liquefy, store Terminals Jetty or buoy Jetty or regas offshore Ships Simple like bulkcarrier Sophisticated, efficient Receiving Decompress (& heat) utilize energy released Store, regasify 7
Marine History Vessels Transport: Source: companies web sites 8
ABS, DNV Approval Vessels Transport: EnerSea (steel, vertical pipes, 130 bar, 29 C) SeaNG (Coselle 275 bar) Knutsen (steel, vertical pipes, 250 bar) CETech: (steel, horizontal pipes, 200 250 bar) TransCanada (wrapped steel liner) Trans Ocean Gas (composite) 9
Vessels Trivia Articulated Tug Barge Ship Vessels Transport: Volume Loading unloading rates 0.7-2 MMcm (25-75 MMscf) 0.3-2 MMcm/day (10-75 MMscf/day) 8-29 MMcm (300-1000 MMscf) 2-14 MMcm/day (75-500 MMscf/day) Distance Speed 100-1000 km (50-500 nautical miles) <25 km/hr (<14 knots) 250-5000 km (135-2700 nautical miles) <33 km/hr (<18 knots) Estimated cost $15-35 million $150-350 million 10
Technologies: Coselles (Compression only) Vessels Transport: Source: SeaNG 11
Technologies: Compression and Chilling Vessels Transport: Source: EnerSea 12
Why Compression and Chilling? Vessels z V ~ zt P Transport: 13
Loading and Offloading Vessels Transport: 14
Natural Gas Transport: Fixed Cost Vessels Transport: 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% Distribution Distribution Permanent Assets Flexible Assets Permanent Assets Flexible Assets LNG Pipeline LNG Pipeline 15
Distribution Patterns: Logistics Matter! Vessels Hub and Spoke Milk Run Transport: 16
Distribution Vessels Transport: 17
Fleet Size Bounds Vessels Transport: 18
Distribution in the Caribbean Vessels Transport: Puerto Rico Dominican Republic Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Bahamas Guadeloupe Netherlands Antilles United States Virgin Islands Barbados Martinique Aruba Bermuda Haiti Cayman Islands Saint Lucia Grenada Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Anguilla British Virgin Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Montserrat Bcmyear Individual barsand cumulative dots requirement 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 19
Distribution in the Caribbean: The Big 4 Vessels Transport: 20
to the Big 4: Fleet Capacity Vessels Transport: 21
to the Big 4: Travel Time Vessels Transport: days Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Time Time Offloading time 8 Offloading time 8 Travel and loading time Travel and loading time 6 6 4 4 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 of ships, n of ships, n days Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Time Time 15 Offloading time 15 Offloading time Travel and loading time Travel and loading time 10 10 5 5 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 of ships, n of ships, n days Time Time 8 8 6 6 4 4 Jamaica Jamaica Offloading time Offloading time Travel and loading time Travel and loading time days Time Time 8 8 6 6 4 4 Bahamas Bahamas Offloading time Offloading time Travel and loading time Travel and loading time 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 of ships, n of ships, n 0 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 of ships, n of ships, n 22
Distribution in the Caribbean: The Small Ones Vessels Transport: 23
to the Small Ones: Itinerary Vessels Transport: 24
to the Small Ones: Fleet Capacity Vessels Transport: G total MMcm 180 160 140 120 100 n 4 n 5 n 6 n 7 n 8 n 9 n 10 4 6 8 10 12 14 q load MMcmday 25
to the Small Ones: Reduced Itinerary Vessels Transport: 26
to the Small Ones: Fleet Capacity for Reduced Itinerary Vessels Transport: G total MMcm 80 70 60 50 n 4 n 5 n 6 n 7 n 8 n 9 n 10 4 6 8 10 12 q load MMcmday 27
Vessels Transport: ready for prime time Room for further improvement complements LNG Several potential markets worldwide Logistics and fleet important 28