Lecture 11. Container Ships - PDF Free Download

Lecture 11 Container Ships

CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers

CONSTRUCTION SHIP YARDS

CONSTRUCTION NEW ORDERS (ALL SHIP TYPES)

CONSTRUCTION NEW DELIVERIES (NUMBER OF SHIPS)

CONSTRUCTION NEW DELIVERIES (MILLION GT)

CONSTRUCTION CAPITAL COST Emma Maersk (2006) US$145m 14,770 TEU = US$9,817 per TEU slot 13 crew = 1136 TEU per crew member Triple E Class (2013) US$190m 18,000 TEU = US$10,556 per TEU slot 13 crew = 1385 TEU per crew member

CONSTRUCTION NEW BUILD PRICES

CONSTRUCTION NEWBUILD PRICE INDEX

CONSTRUCTION IMPORTANCE OF STEEL

CONSTRUCTION STEEL PLATE CUTTING & SHAPING

CONSTRUCTION MODULE BLOCK CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION SHIP LAYOUT CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION ENGINE 2300 TONNES

CONSTRUCTION PROPELLOR

CONSTRUCTION RUDDER

CONSTRUCTION TANKS Ships have many tanks to store fuel oil, lube oil, hydraulic oil, drinking water, fresh water, ballast water etc. Fuel & diesel oil tanks Bunker tanks stores fuel and diesel oil Settling tanks (heated) contaminants (water, solids) sink to bottom of tank Service tanks (heated) - stores treated oil for main engine and auxiliary engine Over flow tanks - to collect overflowed oil from bunker tank Emergency generator diesel oil tank - capacity subject to SOLAS rules Main lubricating oil tanks Main engine crank case oil tank Main engine cylinder oil tank Main engine cylinder oil daily tank Auxiliary engine lube oil tank Ballast ship trim and stability Fresh water Sewage and dirty water Fuel Tank Locations

CONSTRUCTION TANKS EXAMPLE HANNOVER EXPRESS General details Length overall 294.00 m Molded beam 32.25 m Depth to main deck 21.40 m Design draft 12.00 m (max 13.52 m) Container capacity 4,407 TEU On deck 2,125 TEU Below deck 2,282 TEU Reefer on deck 348 below 104 units Power Engines Main MAN B&W 9K90MC TCS 4 diesel generators 1 emergency diesel generator Fuel consumption at 12m draft & 23kn 138 tonnes fuel oil tonnes/day 10 tonnes/day (diesel engines) Range at 23kn = 24,000nms Tanks Heavy oil tank capacity 7,360 m³ at 60 C = +7m litres 6,500 tonnes of fuel Diesel oil tank capacity 360 m³ at 60 C = +0.36m litres 320 tonnes of diesel Fresh water tank 280 m³ (0.28m litres) 280 tonnes Weight of fuel + fresh water 7,100 tonnes Ballast water tank 16,770 m³ (16.7m litres) 16,700 tonnes

CONSTRUCTION CONTAINER SHIP CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION VIDEO EUGEN MAERSK

CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers

STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS BENDING (SAGGING)

STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS BENDING (HOGGING)

STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS BENDING (SHEAR FORCES)

STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS TRIMMED BY THE HEAD

STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS TORSION

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP STABILITY TENDER Two forces keep a ship stable Downward force of gravity Upward force of buoyancy Centre of gravity (G) depends on location: Weight of ship structure Cargo Fuel Ballast Centre of buoyancy (B) determined by Ship s draft Tender Ship

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP STABILITY TENDER & STIFF Two forces keep a ship stable Downward force of gravity Upward force of buoyancy Centre of gravity (G) depends on location: Weight of ship structure Cargo Fuel Ballast Centre of buoyancy (B) determined by Ship s draft Tender Ship Stiff Ship

STABILITY & DRAFT STABILITY UNLOADING & BALLAST

STABILITY & DRAFT STABILITY LOADING & BALLAST

STABILITY & DRAFT STABILITY VOYAGE BALLAST

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP STABILITY CARGO OPERATIONS Empty ships Roll more But less likely to roll over Full ships Roll less But are more likely to roll over Stability during working Small geared ships at risk Barges layer loaded Moving fuel and ballast while loading

FUTURE SHIP DESIGN CONTAINER SHIP SIZE CHALLANGES Torsion/Warping stress Fatigue Acceleration forces on lashing Engine power Shaft alignment Parametric roll Slamming/Bow impact (flat forward bottom area) Loading manual strength and lashing

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP CHARACTERISTICS Length Overall (LOA) extreme length Beam Overall (BOA) - extreme width Draft depth below waterline Airdraft height above waterline Airdraft Draft BOA

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS TIDAL RANGE Tidal range amount of water from surface to seabed Changes due to Hour-by-hour Time of year Low Tide High Tide

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS SEABED Tidal range amount of water from surface to seabed Changes due to Hour-by-hour Time of year Seabed (riverbed) High Tide Low Tide

STABILITY & DRAFT MEAN DAILY TIDAL RANGE Tidal Range Number of Ports 0 to 1 m 2874 >1m to 2m 503 >2m to 3m 222 >3m to 4m 71 >4m to 5m 30 >5m to 6m 9 >6m to 7m 1 >7m to 8m 1 >8m to 9m 3 >9m 3 3717 Source: WORLD PORT INDEX 150 (2011) 21 st EDITION NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

STABILITY & DRAFT TIDAL RANGE OVER TIME Tidal day - 24 hours and 50 minutes Tidal Range Number of Ports 0 to 1 m 2874 >1m to 2m 503 >2m to 3m 222 >3m to 4m 71 >4m to 5m 30 >5m to 6m 9 >6m to 7m 1 >7m to 8m 1 >8m to 9m 3 >9m 3 3717 Source: WORLD PORT INDEX 150 (2011) 21 st EDITION NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS SEABED Dredging Siltation Obstacles High Tide Low Tide

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS DRAFT Draft Depth below waterline Requires safety margin (under keel clearance) Changes due to Weight of cargo Amount of fuel onboard Ballast water Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded

STABILITY & DRAFT DRAFT TIDE SEABED/RIVER BED High Tide Low Tide

STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS BRIDGE HEIGHT Length Overall (LOA) the extreme length of the ship Beam Overall (BOA) - the extreme width of the ship Draft depth of ship below waterline Airdraft height above the ship s waterline Low Tide HighTide

STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT Height above the ship s waterline Clearance depends on overnight obstacles Bridges Cables Clearance

STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT TIDE & DRAFT Tide changes Hour-by-hour Time of year Draft changes Ballast Cargo Fuel Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded Low Tide Clearance

STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT TIDE & DRAFT Tide changes Hour-by-hour Time of year Draft changes Ballast Cargo Fuel Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded

STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT TIDE & DRAFT Tide changes Hour-by-hour Time of year Draft changes Ballast Cargo Fuel Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded High Tide Clearance

STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT TIDE & DRAFT & SEABED Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded High Tide Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded Low Tide

CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers

CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION PROCESS Ensure marine operations are performed in a way to safeguard: Life & property The environment Sets standards to ensure ships are Safe to sail Represent minimum hazard to others Enforced through surveys (inspections) of ships During ship construction to approve its design Before entering service (being launched) Regularly during the life of a ship Include Materials used Hull, equipment and machinery design and operation Electrics, piping and pressure controls Communication and safety equipment Comply with international conventions and laws SOLAS Safety of life at sea MARPOL - Prevention of pollution from ships LOADLINE safe loading and stability of ships

CLASSIFICATION SEEK TO PREVENT

CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS Primary role Set and maintain rules of ship design Reports failures to national authorities (the government responsible for the ship) Issue Classification Certificates to prove a ship is safely designed and maintained Recognised as Experts in the marine industry Financially independent (Eg not controlled by ship owners or builders) Highly technically competent Undertake research and development Skilled workforce Continually learn through Ships surveys Studies of accidents and damage reports World-wide survey network Operate in ports all over the world Have global information and reporting systems

CLASSIFICATION PURPOSE IS TO ASSIST Governments Statutory (legal) requirement for ships to be surveyed Accept ships for registry Allow ships into their territorial waters Insurance companies Ensure ships they insure are fundamentally safe Ensure cargo they insure is transported on safe ships Finance institutions (banks and lenders) Ensure they invest in safe ships Allow accurate valuation of a ship Ship yards Guide the design and construction of ships Prove to potentially buyers ships built are safe Ship owners / operators ensure ships They build are designed correctly They buy are safe They charter (rent) are safe They buy or charter are correctly maintained Cargo owners Ensure their cargo is transported on a safe ship

CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLE - ICE CLASS SHIP DESIGN

CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS PROPELLORS & AZIPODS

CLASSIFICATION ICE BREAKING

CLASSIFICATION ICE INLAND WATERWAYS

CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS CONTAINER SHIP

CLASSIFICATION ICE DAMAGE

CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS CLASSIFICATON Ships that operate in ice covered waters Must be designed for ice class requirements Countries developed own rules 1930 s Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules (FSICR) 1972 Canadian Coast Guard - Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulation (CASPPR) Requirments include Ship design Engine and fuel requirements Navigation Safety features Crewing levels Pollution control Classification Societies Develop own requirements Ensure these meet National and International requirements

CLASSIFICATION WINTERISED OPERATIONS

CLASSIFICATION WINTERISATION DESIGN FEATURES

CLASSIFICATION NORTHERN PASSAGES

CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS SHIPS

CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS SHIP - NORTHERN PASSAGE

CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS GENERAL CARGO TRADES Bulk Trade s General Cargo Trades Tanke r Bulk Carrier Specialised Carrier Breakbulk Container Specialised Oil Tanke r Major Bulk Chemical Carrier Loose Cargo Deep-sea Wheeled Cargo Chemical Tanke r Minor Bulks Car Carrier Standard Units Short-sea Project LNG Reefer Breakbulk - loose cargo, a wide range of cargo types, sizes and shapes Container domestic, international, deep-sea, short-sea Other accompanied and unaccompanied Ro-Ro, palletised

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS GENERAL CARGO SHIP TYPES RoRo RoLo LoLo RoRo Passenger Container CoRo Conbulker Open Bulk Container Multipurpose Semi container Heavy Lift

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS MODERN TWEENDECKER

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONVENTIONAL / LOOSE CARGO

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS MULTI PURPOSE VESSELS

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS REEFER Container and breakbulk Temperature controlled shipments Specialised trade Highly seasonal Vertical integration Declining sector Average age of vessels increasing Being replaced by containers

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS WHEELED RORO UNACCOMPANIED

Details Total 652 TEU 12 barges (800 tonnes) 28.5 beam 6.65m draught LOA 205m Built 1980 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS LASH SHIPS

CARGO CAPACITY 11 cargo holds Total of 2,286 TEU Under deck 4 high, 11 across Above deck 4 high 11 across 22 reefer plugs Grain capacity of 65,338m³ Bale capacity of 65,298m³ SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS SHIP CONBULK

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS WHEELED CORO VESSELS

Source: HIS FairplayJan 2012 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS GENERAL CARGO SHIP FLEET

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS DEDICATED CONTAINER SHIPS Geared cellular 3 rd Generation 4 th Generation 5 th Generation Hatchless Container Barge

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINERS

Highly capital intensive 1 ship = +$100m High handling rates +2000 tonnes ship working hour High vessel productivity Low per TEU freight cost Fast delivery times Good cargo quality control Catalyst for world trade SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER CHARACTERISTICS

Details Total 2,500 TEU 960 TEU under deck 1536 TEU on deck 350 Reefer points 29.8 beam 12m draught LOA 212m Built 2002 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER GEARED SHIPS

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER GEARED SHIPS

Details Total 8,204 TEU TEU 6143 (14 tonne) 700 Reefer points 42.8m beam (17 wide) 14.5m draught LOA 334m Built 2006 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER FULLY CELLULAR

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CELL GUIDES ABOVE DECK

Details Total 533 TEU 126 TEU underdeck 397 TEU ondeck 75 Reefer points 18.2 beam 6.6m draught LOA 100m Built 1996 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER FULLY CELLULAR

Details Total 1,620 TEU 308 Reefer points 27.2 beam (10 wide) 9.0m draught LOA 169m Ice Class 1A-Super Built 2005 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS SHIP SEMI HATCHLESS

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER BARGES

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS DEDICATED CONTAINER SHIP FLEET

SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS GENERAL CARGO SHIP TYPES RoRo RoLo LoLo RoRo Passenger Container CoRo Conbulker Open Bulk Container Multipurpose Semi container Geared cellular 3 rd Generation 4 th Generation 5 th Generation Hatchless Container Barge Lash Heavy Lift