Typical and radiional producions: Rural effec and agro-indusrial problems 52 nd EAAE Seminar - Parma, June 19-21 1997 FRANCESCO CONTÒ 1, ERMANNO TRASATTI 2 Rural effec for ypical producion in souhern Ialy ABSTRACT The rapid expansion of he cherry crops in some areas of he Puglia Region represens wihou doub a phenomenon of alernaive agriculural crop o he medierranean agriculural crop. In fac, he renewal of experimens of new varieies of chery culivars in Puglia has increased he aumon of surface areas invesed such culivaions in subsiuion of oher medierranean producions. I represens an Economic agriculure operaive reply by world research and cherry producers o precariousness and uncerainies generaed by he above-menioned reforms. Principal purpose of he presen paper is checking he presence in a paricular area of he Puglia Region of a agriculural microsysema ha could shape like a Typical Agrofood Disric, in a nex fuure. INTRODUCTION The normaive complex, which has characerized he sraegies of inervenion in he agriculural field in he las hiry-seven years of he european communiy hisory, could be brough back o wo big caegories. The firs one could be emphasized as a sraegy in order o suppor price and marke, fulfilled hrough various means addressed o safeguard he local producs of he Communiy and o foser he supply planning. The second sraegy is a srucural suppor one. I was fulfilled hrough differen measure addressed o he whole agriculural filieres having more arges among which we remember he supporing of he company invesmens and he enhancing of producive unis. 1 Professore Associao di Poliica Agraria, Diparimeno Tecnico Economico per la gesione del Terriorio - Universià degli Sudi della Basilicaa. Via N. Sauro, 85 85100 POTENZA, Ialia. 2 Conraisa presso la Caedra di Poliica Agraria, Diparimeno Tecnico Economico per la gesione del Terriorio - Universià degli Sudi della Basilicaa. Via N. Sauro, 85 85100 POTENZA, Ialia. 201
Francesco Conò, Ermanno Trasai Furhermore he second sraegy had he ask of re-direc he producive poenial and o qualify i under he environmenal profile (CAP measures). Boh sraegies have been ruled by various regulaions ha were ineresed in he main agriculural producs. The managemen of he marke has been ruled as well by specific regulaions for differen fields, beer known as Marke Common Organizaions (MCO). The paricular siuaion of he markes and of he medierranean agriculural producs imposes deep houghs o he scienific and indusrial world. Unil some years ago, in Ialy and in he whole Europe, here were presen wo kinds of agriculure:?? a radiional agriculure praciced in he major par of he erriories and consanly urned o an inensificaion and o an improvemen of he ecniques ha could allow a beer oupu and a higher profiabiliy (cereals and milk).?? A specific agriculure praciced in some disadvanaged areas, paricularly in he mounains areas. Afer recen developmens, he radiional agriculure had o face more and more difficulies and a lower rae of profiabiliy, up o he poin ha he specific model of some marginal areas is oally inapplicable o a subsanial par of he erriory, paricularly in he souh Europe. The drop ou of he agriculural income, he excess of he agriculural european producion, he recen negoiaions of he GATT, he hreaening deserificaion of he rural areas, he worry of he european populaion for he environmenal problems and he reques of he consumers of differeniae producs which have all he hygienic qualificaions, are all facors which exhor o develop and o fulfill alernaive agrarian policies. The following adjusemens of he CAP in he las en years are sympoms of his evoluion. Since many years, he difficul exising conex (limied areas, difference in levels, srucural obsacles) forces he local operaors o search for new and alernaive agriculural paerns. In fac, on one hand he agrarian economiss are inerrogaed on he impacs of he reforms ( Mc Sharry, Ocm, ec) and on he Ga agreemen abou he agriculure, on he oher hand farmers demand some concree answers abou he new alernaive in respec of he normal colural regulaions acually exising. These problems have driven he research oward he analysis of new crop possibiliies ha don weigh on he budge of he CAP and ha allow o he farmers o creae producion and iwealh wihou ies and grans from he UE. An example of his research aciviy has brough o he ligh he phenomenon of he apulian cherrycrop. The renewal in Apulia of he experimenaionns on new cherrycrops and he following increase of he surface submied o his crop, in subsiuion of oher medierranean producions, represen a clear and concree answer of he producers o ha sae of precariousness and uncerainy deriving from he aforesaid reforms. The presen paper should be a firs aemp o verify he presence of a cherrycrop disric in he Region Puglia. For his reason he producive and managemen models of he region will be deeply analysed. The invesigaion will conemplae he possibiliy o deermine he presence of an agriculural micro-sysem in a paricular area in he Puglia Region. This analysis derives is roos from he resuls of a riennal research on he cherrycrops of Puglia, research recenly issued. 202
Rural effec for ypical producion in souhern Ialy Choice of he field of invesigaion crieria The imporance of he Puglia region is in he fac ha we could consider i as a represenaive of he cherrycrops phenomenon in Ialy [1]. In fac, if we analyse he daa concerning he invesed SAU o he fulfilled producion in Ialy in he period running from 1990 o 1996, we could noice ha wo imporan evns are presen in he field of ialian cherrycrops. The firs one is sricly linked up o he producive level rend. I has increased more and more, around he 27% passing from 109.000 ons of he 1990 o 150.000 ons of he 1996. The second rend reveals us he evoluion of a ardbeland invesed o cherry ha hs spen from 23.168 hecares in he 1990 up o he 26.000 hecares in he 1996. This fac shows an increase abou a 14% wih a produciviy per hecare ha are by now sabilized around he 6 Tons/ha (Tab.1). These daa show like his crop, respassing over a period of re-organisaion due o a new social and economical condiion, have underaken he road of a srong expansion ha makes us hope for he fuure. Breaking he naional daa we discover many ineresing news: 1) Cherrycrop is paricularly in souh Ialy (Tab. 2); 2) The ialian cherry producion is assembled in only four regions: Veneo, Emilia Romagna, Campania, and Puglia. Puglia covers up o he 80% of he naional producion and of he invesed surface (Tab. 3). Associaing his daa wih he evoluion of producion and wih he increased culivaed surface in Ialy, we are drawn a he fac ha, in he las 6 years in he Souh-Ialy, many imporan invesmens have been made. Producions are, in fac, relaively low, comparing hem wih he ardble land invesed o cherry. As he producion shows, he income is under he half of he naional average. We are a he presence, saving disadvanageous climaic evens, of young facories which represen he 100% of he increased ardable land invesed in cherrycrop in Ialy. Among hese regions only in Puglia he cherrycrops is sill living a very srong expansion phase winessed by he daa of he yearly producion average (56.000 ons of which 70-80% for he direc consumpion and 20-30% for he facories) an by he values of he invesed ardable lands in cherrycrops as well. These areas have jumped beween 1990-and 1996 from 6.325 o over 15.000 hecares (30% of hem specialized). This daa is very meaningful because i shows ha he apulian ardble land in cherrycrops represens more han he 40% of he naional area, while conribues a he producion for a rae of 25%. We are in fron o a phenomenon in ascen. The low yield per hecare, joi o he increase of he invesed area, confirms ha i deals wih he new facories above menioned which in few years will conribue, for a large par, o he naional producion. The apulian cherrycrops phenomenon, especially Bari, is due o a happy concomiance of many facors: he commercial srengh of he main culivar (Ferrovia), he calcareous naure of he ground ha permis o obain plans wih a precocius frucificaion and wih conained dimensions, a favorable climae and enerpreunerial abiliies and agriculural professionalism ha seing rus in his plan launching a new challenge o he marke. 203
Francesco Conò, Ermanno Trasai From a srucural poin of view he imminen danger glimpse ha he crop manifess producive excesses. To he conrary he main problems are in he echnical-agronomic and organizaional sphere of he producive srucure: - seing up wih wrong densiy of planaion; - forms of culivaion no proper o demands of an easy operaion of harves, cause of op coss; - inadequae professional preparaion of he operaors respec o he echniques of culivaion ( pruning and pollinaion); - fragmenaion and pulverizaion of he producion; - scarce commercial organizaion; - scarce acquainance of he markes of resul. Any of hese problems are limied o marginal areas and he renewal happens by now wih echnical crierions ha has nohing o envy o hose adoped for oher arboreal crops. From Agriculural Micro-sysem o an Agro-Indusrial Disric? I is well known ha he condiions for he exisence of he Agroindusrial disrics are [2] [3]: a) he exisence of a ypical or main produc which have conemplaed he producive process; b) he presence of a space wihin resolve he specializaion of he enerprises oward a paricular produc; c)he deerminaion of a space wihin which he enerprises could fulfill relaionships in order o creae a marke in which hey exchange informaion, facors, knowledge, job and equipmens. These hree condiions seem have been verified in he arge area of he analysis. The agriculural sysem of he Pre-Murgia Barese is composed by farms ha have been inegraed hrough he individuaion of an alernaive producive process, bu ypical a he meanime (cherry culivaion), and he specializaion of new funcions such as conoerzismo and he markeing of goods. Course of he Area and of he Producion The culivaion of cherries in Puglia, considered as a profiable crop, has manained a seady presence for long ime. In he las en years his kind of crop has become objec of paricular ineres and research by many producers, public adminisraors and ecnicians. I allows he bes usage of bad soils, like he premurgia barese wih ineresing incomes. Despie he obsacles and he damages provoked by very droughy seasons ha have srongly damaged fruis bu also plans, he cherrycrop is sill living an expansion phase subsained by he producion annual average daa passed by ons 19.760 (1984-88) o 30.300 ons in 1989-1992, and furher o 51.000 ons (1992-94). The arable land has jumped from 10.852 o 15.000 ha ( 1992-94) wih a prevailing diffusion in he sorroundings of he Bari province (Tab. 4). 204
Rural effec for ypical producion in souhern Ialy Disribuion of he Crop The crop is locaed for he 97% in he Bari province, in wo circumscribed areas: he firs one, a norh of Bari, is raher level and is surrounded by Modugno, Grumo Appula, Corao and Trani municipaliies, he second one is perimerically delimied by he municipaliies of Casamassima, Acquaviva delle Foni, Alberobello, Monopoli wih an hilly climae, more proper for cherries which need a middle ime of mauraion. Referring o he agrarian regions, he provincial erriory is always consiued by law in agrarian regions, he surveys of he Regional Agriculural deparmen since 1992 make he cherry resul praically absen from he Murge Ofanine and from he Murge of Alamura, wihin cerain limi presen, abou 300 has, in he Murge of Andria, Biono, Gioia del Colle and in he plain of Bari, srongly presen, abou 500 ha s, in he plain of Barlea, 1500 ha s in he palin of Monopoli and, pariculary assembled, abou 1000 ha s, in he Murge of Casellana. I is hisorically possible o go back o he origins of he cherry in he province of Bari o he second half of he XVIh cenury. In he invenory of he Diocesan Archive of Molfea, daed 1572, he number of he rees is always menioned, and among hese, generally olive rees, and almond rees is also signalled he presence of few rees of nere. The name of nere or also said anere is sill oday aribued in order o sae he Magaleppo Cherry ree (Prunus Mahaleb L.) which represens he radiional grafing of he cherry in he province of Bari. This kind of cherry ree when i is ripe gives fruis wih a blue-black colour. From some memorials daed o he firs half of his cenury, we could argue ha a he end of he las cenury, he cherry crop was already a real culivaion wih commercial purposes. Business adminisraion ypologies and feaures of he cherry crop culivaion Cherrycrop in Puglia is sronglly characerized by he incidence of he small farms (70%), which resides in prevalence in he counry. These farms, using in prevalence family manpower (devoed for he mos par o he par ime job), confers he cherrycrop of a cerain sabiliy in erms of conainmen of he producion coss. There are housands of families in he province of Bari who draw he primary fon of he income from he sale of he cherry. For as he ypologies of culivaion abides,in he province of Bari also, as in he res of Ialy, he cherry is spread paricularly as secondary crop. However in he province of Bari, more han elsewhere, i is eviden he rend o he specializaion of he culivaions, receip by he offical saisics, which oday aribue o he cherrycrop abou 30% of he whole area. This percenage resuls o be much more higher han he naional average, evidenly in he province of Bari he cherrycrop farmers have recognize he cherry an imporan role. In he rural areas of some municipaliies his kind of crop has he absolue leadership in he agriculural field, paricularly in he Casamassima, Casellana Groe, Conversano and Turi erriories. These erriories are all siuaed in he souh-eas of he Bari province. The arable area dedicaed o he cherrycrop represens from he 22% o 37% of he whole municipal arable land. The same rend is regisered in he rural area of Bisceglie for wha i concerns he Norhern area. Technological Level 205
Francesco Conò, Ermanno Trasai The deerminaion of he echnological level applied in a cherrycrop depends on wo fundamenal facors: 1) The kind of rearing; 2) The degree of mechanizaion. The kind of cherrycrop rearing, being culivaion raher diffused, was objec of aenion for he echnicals and for he farmers because srongly condiioned by is conduc. Among he obsacles deriving by he massive srucure of he rees, paricularly weighy is he manpower reques need for he harves of fruis, operaion ha reveals iself as paricularly onerous.the soluion o he problem of he massive srucure of he rees has been found in he adopion of special rearing and pruning sysems, dwarf grafes, dwarf culivar, compac and high densiy of planaion. Many farmers are experimening, obaining also good resuls, new high densiy sysem wih shor plans (Shor-T) of 3x5meers ha involve he presence of 650 palns per ha. These insallaion are suppored and guided by a carrying srucure, and uilize drop sysem of irrigaion. The advanages of hese cherryfields are numerous: he yield of he harves job is high because i happens on he ground wihou using of sool or saircases. I provides less ime los and smaller risks of acciden on he job. The pruning is compleely mechanized hrough he adopion of decespugliaori wih an horizonal and verical acion. The carrying srucure of he plans allows he coverage of anihail nes in order o anicipae he vegeaive resumpion. The middle ampleness of he specialized cherryfield in he province of Bari is abou 2 ha s. Planaion densiy vary wih he age and he size and shape of he rearing sysem, from 220 o 240 plans pro ha wih he adopion of disance beween he row of 6x7meers for aged cherryfield and wih form of rearing called a volume (vases). For he recen cherryfields, wih form of rearing called Palmea, he densiy is abou 400 o 800 rees pro ha wih disance beween he row of 5x5 meer or 5x3 meers. The mechanizaion degree in he cherrycrop has no reached high level ye; he work of he ground, he reamens represenr, in fac, hose rearing operaions ha are fulfilled by now hrough he uilisaion of he machines. The operaions in which he workmanship sill resiss are prevalenly pruning and harves. This is necessary mainly in he harves in he cherrycrop because i is necessary o proceed wih care in he phase of separaion of he fruis in order o avoid raumaic lesions of he sem and of he fruis. In he average he requiremen of job for ha of specialized cherrycrop is abou 600 hours of which 85% absorbed from he operaion of harves. Noed of he average of he provincial producion and he middle produciviy of he job of harves, 10-15kg for hour for workers wih a maximum which rarely reach he 19-21 kilos for hour, he annual requiremen of manpower is possible o be eseemedbeween 1,5 and 2,1 millions of job hours in he period of 30 days, approximaely beween May 20h. and June 20h. The Marke Unil oday a good par of cherrycrop has been oriened o he producion for he indusry and in a large par he cherry quoa should be abou around he 30% of he oal producion. This daum remains of diffciul deerminaion because par of he producion (fresh produc) when is damaged and nomore usable is desinaed o he indusrial ransformaion. For his desinaion, he marke for he cherry desined o be preserved in syrup appears fairly modes while for he jams he ialian indusry ofen helps iself of cheaper semi-manufacured 206
Rural effec for ypical producion in souhern Ialy deriving from he Eas Europe. Oher desinaions are hose relaive o he producion of candies, juices (scarce quaniy) and musards (praically in exincion) as shown in he las paragraph. For wha concerns he expor, since many years, he apulian cherries are always been presen on he wes europe markes wih varying quoas bu in increase wih he passing of years. The pah of he apulian exp oraion in he las weny years is clearly represen in a visual form (graphic 1). Is aspec very jagged synhesize in a perfec ay how inconsan is he rend of he marke of he cherrycrop on he foreign marke and how could be difficul o foresee he fuure rends. A firs sigh, he cherry exporaion seem o have a casual and unconrollable developmen, bu hrough a deeper evaluaion of he graphic allows us o effec imporan discoveries. In fac if on he axle of he abscissas we devide in hree pars he considered period of ime: - decade 1969-78; - decade 1979-88; - 1989-91. I could be ascerained ha in he firs decade he expor annual average was of 20,40 qls, in he second decade has grown o 50.400 qli. in he las hree years 1989-91 has been reduced o 39.700. In he second decade an increase has been fulfilled, in he period 1988-91 has been verified a relapse of he quaniies expored. I is oherwise, indispuable ha, in middle annual value, hey have sayed of double eniy as regards he decade 1969-1978. In conclusion he expor of cherry in he uglia Region has been marked by a posiive rend ha, despie he calamiies fallen on he crop in he las years, has allowed he achievemen of a supremacy on he oher regions in he secor. The expor of he area-disric is based on he variey Ferrovia, Bigarreau Moreau; oher variey such as Fucilea, precocious a ender pulp, Francia, Forlì, Roma have a secondary role. The prices, aking heir course by he rends of he frui and vegeables markes of Verona, Bologna and Milan in he monh of June, show how he apulian cherry enjoy of a privileged posiion regarding he naional producion. In he 1994, for insance, he apulian producion on he principal marke of frui and vegeables (Bologna, Verona, Milan) has regisered a value ha is sabilized around 6.000 i/kilo. The year 1995 insead has seen o come rue a real boom in he firs week of markeing. Culivar Ferrovia, on he wo main frui and vegeables marke, Bologna and verona, has been changed wih prices ha vary from 8.000 o 8.500 i/kilo for hen aes iself on he values of he preceding years. This siuaion paricularly favorable o he apulian producs is o aribue o he scrce disponibiliy of he produc ha comes from he norhern Ialy. Shifing he analysis on he course of he prices of he swee cherry on he german markes he producion of he souh-eas of he Bari province has been able o manain he own quoas hanks o he appreciaion given o he variey Ferrovia. Markeing The markeing of he cherries begins in May and involves he municipaliies of Conversano, Turi and Casellana. I sees he presence of wo problems: he pos-harves, and he negoiaion. If he harves ime represen a fundamenal momen of he producion, because i characerizes he global qualiy of he produc, he following phase (pos harves) is likewise imporan because from her depends he duraion of he life-ime of he produc on he marke. 207
Francesco Conò, Ermanno Trasai The high decay of he produc, combined wih he ho emperaure of he weaher in he harves period, makes necessary he reducion of he gap which inervenes beween he harves and he firs processing, in order o delay he senescence and he developmen of parasiic aleraions. Acually, in he area, he produc a indusrial desinaion is preserved, in some cases hrough semimanufacuring consising in he speduncolaura, snocciolaura calibraion and breaking in soluion of sulphurous anidryd, while hose desined for he fresh consumpion suffers he course of he marke. For wha concerns he mechanism inheren o he negoiaion and o he acquisiion of such produc, his presens noable difficulies because a collecion cener does no exis ye. The aucion happens everyime during he day, whenever he goods arrives. Given he pulverizaion of he producion people have o discuss abou he price also wih low quaniy of produc; for compleing he load of a ruck people need o employ differen qualiies of produc deermining a disomogeniy of he qualiy. A he end many are he acors who parecipaes o he markeing of a produc boh from he supply and from he reques. I is imporan o consider ha a load of cherry is worh of many millions of Lire and normally is paid o he producer wih wo or hree monhs of delay his concerns ha in case of opposiion losses could be considerable. The soluion o such problems of he marke could be found in he planning of he rearing indusry. I needs o coun ha in agriculure is presen an unique phenomenon; he price of he goods are no linked one each oher, while for any indusrial manufacured aricle each year is presen an increase sricly conneced wih he inflaion rae, moreover in agriculure here is an oscillaion ha i is no proporionae no o he inflaion neiher o he qualiaive level. In a year of unfavorable harves a cheap produc could reach high prices, for he same reason in a year of super producion a produc of excellen qualiy could ouch he leas of he price. The disribuive chain of he perishable producs or wih a low life-ime as he cherry, is long and scrappy. I is characerized by a low level of organizaion boh in he wholesale and in he reail. Accordingly i presens obsacles o a rapid and efficien ransmission of he final reques informaion oward he producion and viceversa. Besides he srucure of he disribuive sysem conribues o siffen he reques a he origin because of he mechanism of price formaion. This mechanism operaes in a conrary sense o ha of he physical disribuion of he goods, raising o he final reques on he marke o he reail up o he producion hrough various inermediaries. The disribuion is organized more and more in sore cenrals which have he necessiy o plan he supply o he sale poins on a daily base. On he oher hand he frui and vegeables produc makes rise paricular demands: -planning of he supplies o he sale poins; - compeiive prices, no necessarily lower bu a leas no aller in order o subsain he compeiion; - o differ he produc in order o saisfy he larges par of he marke; - severe qualiy conrols in order o ransfer o he consummer a clear image of qualiy of he whole sale poin. in he aemp o overcome he numerous limiss and necessiies in he relaionship wih he consumer, he disribuion ries o ransfer suche difficulies oward he suppliers and principally on he commodiy or undiffereniae produc. To his purpose he disribuion has developed some sraegies ha could be sinheyzed as follows: - differeniaion or grading and qualiy conrol of he furnished producion (cerificaion); 208
Rural effec for ypical producion in souhern Ialy - logisic sraegies in order o check he flow of he produc and he associae informaion; - labelling of he disribuor, wih he purpose o check he informaion flow associae wih he produc. Conclusions The abiliy of he whole cherry firms of he area in modelling he srucure of he secor is a poin of sraegical imporance in order o pass from an indisinc geographical area o a cherrycrop disric. Through his choices he modern cherrycrop could ry o define he rules of he game, such as: he producion policies, markeing rends, price policies. Wihin he limis imposed by he economical condiions of he secor and by his own resources, he producer could ry o define he rules of he secor in a more favourable way in he long period. In he emerging field in which we are ineresed in, a sraegical variable of conclusive relevance is consiued by he capaciy of he firms o make funcional choices in order o he defense and o he developmen of he cherrycrop secor. The success of he enerprise in he firs phase depends, a leas parially, from he behavior of he oher enerprises operaing in he area, for wha concerns he aspec regarding he image of he field, is credibiliy, and he disorienaion of he poenial buyers. Normally i needs o sar oward forms of sandardizaion, checking he qualiy sandards and presen in a uniarian way so o form a criical mass beside buyers, sellers, public insiuions and financiers. This new model of ineracion among differen parner of he filieres wih oher pieces of he economical sysem of he arge area, deermines auomaically he birh of a new subjec differen from he preceden sandard which could easily considered as ypical disric having implicaions on he local economy. Since we have been called o value he rural effecs and he agro-indusrial problems given by he cherrycrop secion elevaed o disric, we need o proceed o a verificaion of wha he european acions, hrough he srucural policies and he sraegies of rural developmen, will be. In fac if we apply he philosophy and he mehodology of he Leader programme o he arge area we could noice ha he social and economical parameers as well as he erriorial and srucural values, are all deeply influenced and charcerized by he esisence of a considerable cherrycrop filieres operaing in he area. Since he revision of he policies and of he european insiuions (Saner packe), he revision of he srucural funds (repor on he coehsion policies, Forum abou cohesion) and he revision of he agrarian policies (sraegy paper, Conference of Cork on he rural developmen) will deermine a deep changemen in he european acion abou he rural areas such as he area here involved, we consider ha an ex ane verificaion abou hose acions is srongly needed. The leading daum which characerizes he area is he non loss of populaion beween he wo censuses and he enry in he agriculural world of a percenage of youhs higher han he regional average. In fac, he planning of he inervenions and of he incenives sysem is ariculaed in he following proposals : - a sole program of developmen for he rural areas in each region, wih he eliminaion of he numerous relaives programs descending o differen regulaions (Cork); - he program in is objecives and in is insrumens should be ariculed for cherrycrop areas (Cork); 209
Francesco Conò, Ermanno Trasai - eliminaion of he complex procedure of planning based on he Subsaining Communiy Cadre and on he nex operaive programs and adopion of an unique planning documen. - he local finance resourcesshould have an heavier weigh in he developmen programs. This implies an higher enerpreunerial parecipaion; -his enerpreunerial parecipaion is o combine wih a beer employmen of he credis and wih echnical of financial engineering, mainly where he projecs seem o have a beer economical and financial yielding; (Cohesion repor); - for hose iniiaives wih an high occupaional impac, for isance he small and medium enerprises in he cherrycrop secor, is woh o uilize a major reducion of he financial coss. Through he applicaion of his new philosophy clearly derives ha he beer parecipaion of farmers and ransformers, he echnical and financial involvemen of Cooperaive Banks, he higher occupaional impac of he cherrycrop filiera connoes furhermore he evoluive rend of he local sysem acquiring he digniy of cherrycrop disric. This is also confirmed by he side of Feoga-policies and by he GATT in he frui culivaion secor. The new professional organizaions designed by he european regulaion 2200/96 and he COM foreseen by he call for proposal of he las March se he agrarian subjec a he cener of he aciviy, srucurally linked o he oher subjec of he filieresand o he local conex. The cherrycrop secion has o answer wih jus in ime sysems ha impose he organizaion of a ne sysem which involve exra agrarian subjec in he area as well. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Conò F. (1996): Poliica Comuniaria nel seore orofruicolo e cerasicolura, Edizioni Ermes, Poenza. [2] Iacoponi L. (1995): Impresa e disreo: un inerpreazione della sosenibilià dell impresa familiare, Manino F. (a cura di), Impresa agraria e dinorn. Conribui allo sudio dell impresa e delle sue rasfromazioni nel erriorio, Inea, Roma. [3] Iacoponi L. (1994): Organizzazione dell impresa agraria e sisema agricolo locale, Universià degli sudi di Pisa. [4] Bellia F. (1995): Evoluzioni e prospeive dell indusria agroalimenare nel mezzogiorno, Academia dei Georgofili, Fireenze. [5] Bellia F. (1992): L agroalimenare nelle regioni medierranee, Ai del 1 semianrio inernazionale di sudi Dalla poliica agricola alla poliica alimenare in Europa ed in Ialia, Parma. [6] ISMEA (anni vari): Informazioni [7] Isa (anni vari): Annuario saisico 210
Rural effec for ypical producion in souhern Ialy Tab. 1 - Evoluive endencies of producion surface (ha), Toal Produc (ons), Harves Produc (Tons) and Average yeld per hecare (Tons/ha) of cherrycrop in Ialy - 1990-1996 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996* Producion surface 23.168 25.993 26.054 25.602 25.999 26.200 26.350 Toal Produc 108.790 112.170 155.835 142.556 159.197 139.000 154.568 Harves Produc 100.470 104.950 140.730 139.000 148.000 127.000 130.070 Average Yeld 4,7 4,3 5,9 5,6 6,0 5,3 5,9 * Esimae Source: Our calculaion on ISTAT daa Tab. 2: Evoluive endencies of Surfaces and producsin he four "vocaional" cherrycrop ialian region. (Value in ha and Tons) Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Puglia 7.006 23.850 9.982 35.050 10.852 39.298 12.235 49.172 15.000 51.017 15.500 53.200 16.000 56.000 Campania 6.406 43.400 6.260 37.120 5.454 43.687 5.000 31.000 4.900 28.500 5.000 32.550 5.500 35.000 Veneo 3.059 9.450 3.092 11.100 3.108 22.587 2.900 21.646 2.400 24.270 2.500 14.240 2.550 16.000 Emilia Rom. 2.598 11.980 2.596 11.710 2.622 21.845 2750 20.935 2.900 21.580 2.950 21.700 3.000 23.000 Source: Our calculaion on ISTAT daa Tab. 3: Evoluive endencies in souher Ialy of cherrycrop. (value in ha and Tons) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Area Norhern-Middle Ialy 8.198 35.270 8.202 33.550 8.201 65.180 7.200 39.916 7.979 47.760 Souhern Ialy 14.970 73.520 17.791 78.620 17.853 90.654 17.862 102.640 18.020 111.440 Source: Our calculaion on ISTAT daa Tab. 4: Evoluive endencies of cherrycrop in Puglia Region. (Value in ha and Tons) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 211
Francesco Conò, Ermanno Trasai Province Foggia 10 150 38 110 46 138 55 156 85 162 Bari 6.756 22.900 9.691 34.120 10.545 38.794 11.890 47.854 14.610 49.669 Tarano 10 70 23 140 31 234 40 256 65 261 Brindisi 230 730 230 680 230 832 235 906 240 925 Puglia 7.006 23.850 9.982 35.050 10.852 39.998 12.235 49.172 15.000 51.017 Source: ISTAT daa 80.000 70.000 Graf. 1: Marke evoluive endencies of pugliesi cherry. Q.li 60.000 50.000 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 50.4 39.7 20.0 0 '69 '70 '71 '72 '73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 Years Average Average Average '69-'78 '79-'80 '89-'91 212