Desecuritization as a Foundation for Benefit- Sharing: Lessons from the Okavango River Basin Mekong River Commission Forum 29 November 2005 Chiang Rai Thailand Dr. Anthony Turton Gibb-SERA Chair in Integrated Water Resource Management aturton@csir.co.za President: Universities Partnership for Transboundary Waters www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu AR Turton, 2005.
Why should I worry about the future? What is in it for me? The only thing we can change is the future. We are also going to live the rest of our lives there. So we better get it right!
Layout of Presentation Okavango River Basin Securitization Desecuritization Benefit-Sharing Conclusion
Shared River Basins Africa s shared river basins contain: 61 % of the area 77 % of the people 93 % of the water Pete Ashton 0 N 500 1000 Kilometres
MEAN ANNUAL D. R. C. TANZANIA RAINFALL ANGOLA ZAMBIA MOZABIQUE MALAWI = 860 mm isohyet = World average rainfall SADC Average Annual Rainfall = 948 mm Pete Ashton 0 250 500 km NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA ZIMBABWE LESOTHO SWAZILAND Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) 2500 2000 1500 1250 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100
Lake Chad WATER Nile TRANSFERS Congo (DRC) IN Congo Tanzania SOUTHERN AFRICA Angola Rovuma Kunene Zambia Mozambique Zambezi Cuvelai Zimbabwe Malawi Existing water transfer scheme Namibia Okavango/ Makgadikgadi Botswana Limpopo Pungué Buzi Save-Runde Proposed new water transfer scheme South Africa Orange Incomati Umbeluzi Maputo Swaziland N Pete Ashton Lesotho 0 250 500 Kilometres
Angola Namibia Botswana
Okavango River Basin and Makgadikgadi Catchment ANGOLA N Cuito R. Cuando R. ZAMBIA Cubango R. Kavango R. Zambezi R. Okavango Delta Chobe R. Okavango Basin ZIMBABWE Omatako R. Boteti River basin Nata R. Lake Ngami Map sourced from GEF Report on Okavango Delta Study NAMIBIA 100 km BOTSWANA Okwa R. Deception Pan basin Ntwetwe Pan basin Sowa Pan basin R.S.A.
Angola
Namibia
Botswana A rich diversity of life
Securitization Linkage between perceptions of national security (survival) with water security Driven by a specific Threat Perception Shifts water resource management out of the domain of the Technocrat into the domain of the Securocrat Data becomes classified as Secret National interests dominate the agenda Regional integration is undermined Zero-sum in outcome
Desecuritization Politicization of water resource management Changed posture based on different Threat Perception Shifts water resource management back into the domain of the Technocrat Data becomes accessible and institutionalized National interests redefined in terms of regionalism Regional integration is stimulated Plus-sum in outcome
Benefit-Sharing in the Okavango Cold War theatre of armed military confrontation Downstream reliance on ecological flows Upstream need for rapid economic development and post-conflict reconstruction Possibility of paying upstream country not to develop the resource Needs robust institutional arrangement Parallel National Action Approach
Parallel National Action Model Supra- National OKACOM OTHER National Level Water Other Water Other Water Other Sub- National Water Other Water Other Water Other Anthony Turton AWIRU
Possible PNA Model for OKACOM OKACOM (National Commissioners) Technical Committee (Engineers) Inter-ministry Policy Coordination Unit Basin-wide Forum (Grass-roots representation) Energy Rural Development Tourism Angola Anthony Turton Namibia Botswana AWIRU
Benefit-Sharing Model It is the normative aspects of the Policy / Legal Environment that enables Social Capital to be developed. This defines relationships and is the key for Benefit-Sharing. W ater E nergy Physical Capital Infrastructural Foundation A ccess Markets, Finance, Justice, Education L and tenure Social Capital Benefits Policy / Legal Environment T echnology - economy H ealth human & ecosystem Human Capital Integration The water-energy nexus is particularly pertinent in the Mekong in light of the recent ADB report.
Benefit-Sharing in the Okavango Written up in Turton, A.R. & Earle, A. 2003. An Assessment of the Hydropolitical Dynamics of the Okavango River Basin. Paper presented at the 2nd Workshop of the Green Cross International Water for Peace Project on the Okavango River Basin, held at the Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, Gobabeb, Namibia from 23-25 February. Available from the Website http://www.up.ac.za/academic/libarts/polsci/awir u
Benefit-Sharing in the Okavango Written up in Turton, A.R. & Earle, A. 2003. Discussion Document on the Implications of International Treaties on the Development of a Management Regime for the Okavango River Basin. Deliverable D 6.2 of the Water and Ecosystem Resources in Rural Development (WERRD) Project. African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU). Pretoria University.
Benefit-Sharing in the Okavango Written up in Turton, A.R. & Earle, A. 2004. An Assessment of the Parallel National Action Model as a Possible Approach for the Integrated Management of the Okavango River Basin. Deliverable D6.2 of the Water Ecosystem Resources in Rural Development (WERRD) Project funded by the European Union. Available online at (http://www.okavangochallenge.com/okaweb/w p6/default00748.htm).
Benefit-Sharing in the Okavango Written up in Turton, A.R. & Earle, A. 2005. Public Participation in the Development of a Management Plan for an International River Basin: The Okavango Case. In Jansky, L. & Uitto, J.I. (Eds.) Enhancing Participation and Governance in Water Resources Management: Conventional Approaches and Information Technology. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
Thanks to the Swedish Foreign Ministry