Strengthening air quality governance in Central Mexico Megalópolis

Strengthening air quality governance in Central Mexico Megalópolis Air pollution, Health and the Urban Future Beatriz Cárdenas

Current projects and initiatives CONCENTRATION (PARTS PER BILLION) 18 14 12 15 7 109 78 35 33 15 41 70 161 125 84 68 60 34 32 3540 41 39 35 21 11 18 87 78 61 35 23 17 2027 23 Air quality monitoring - Increase coverage (spatial and type of pollutants) - QA/QC harmonization - Comunication (web page + app) High pollution Episodes contingency plan Revision of MCMA existing plan Design of Toluca and Hidalgo plans heallth impacts assessment 32 states 112 337 million people (2010) 78% urban population 42% in poverty Life expentancy 77 years GNI per capita $9,640 usd (2012) Air quality monitoring stations Source: www.aire.df.gob.mx 6 T H H I G H O Z O N E E P I S O D E N O R T H W E S T ( F E C ) 234 13 23 37 5361 67 82 109 100 127 152 174 8 889 7 665 5 334 3 3411 47 70 85 73 82 1:00 7:00 13:0019:00 1:00 7:00 13:0019:00 1:00 7:00 13:0019:00 OCTOBER 3RD TO 5TH 2015

Current projects and initiatives Air quality monitoring - Increase coverage (spatial and type of pollutants) - QA/QC harmonization - Comunication (web page + app) High pollution Episodes contingency plan Revision of MCMA existing plan Design of Toluca and Hidalgo plans heallth impacts assessment Source: www.aire.df.gob.mx 152 174 161 125 127 35 23 17 20 27 23 3 3 4 11 18 47 68 60 34 32 35 40 41 39 35 21 11 70 41 8 8 8 9 7 6 6 5 5 3 3 4 15 70 84 85 87 73 82 78 61 100 109 109 35 33 82 78 53 61 67 37 18 14 12 15 7 2 3 4 13 23 Air quality monitoring stations CONCENTRATION (PARTS PER BILLION) 6TH HIGH OZONE EPISODE NORTHWEST (FEC) 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 OCTOBER 3RD TO 5TH 2015

Current projects and initiatives Revision of MCMA existing plan Design of Toluca and Hidalgo plans heallth impacts assessment Mexico City Metropolitan Area Mexico City: 152 174 161 125 127 35 23 17 20 27 23 47 11 18 3 3 4 34 32 35 40 41 39 35 21 11 68 60 70 84 85 87 73 82 78 61 100 70 41 82 109 109 35 33 8 8 8 9 7 6 6 5 5 3 3 4 15 Air quality monitoring stations 78 18 municipalities: 12 million people 53 61 67 State of Mexico: 6TH HIGH OZONE EPISODE NORTHWEST (FEC) CONCENTRATION (PARTS PER BILLION) 16 counties: 8 million people Source: www.aire.df.gob.mx 37 - Increase coverage (spatial and type of pollutants) - QA/QC harmonization - Comunication (web page + app) High pollution Episodes contingency plan 18 14 12 15 7 2 3 4 13 23 Air quality monitoring 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 OCTOBER 3RD TO 5TH 2015

Maximum 1 hr ozone concentrations trends in Mexico City Metropolitan Area 276 265 185 155 Current high concentration threshold for contingency Fase 1(155ppb) Current national air quality standard NOM-020-2014 (90 ppb)

Trends in Mexico City MA air quality: criteria pollutans Annual maximum 1h O 3 Maximum 8 h CO Pb in TSP Fuente: http://www.aire.df.gob.mx/default.php?opc='aqbhnmokza=='

Trends in Mexico City MA air quality: criteria pollutans CO SO 2 PST Pb http://www.calidadaire.df.gob.mx/calidadaire/index.php?opcion=2&opcioninfoproductos=26

PM2.5 annual average trend in MCMA 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 35 28 23 26 26 26 25 25 26 28 27 27 Mexican Air Quality estándar es 12 µg/m 3 WHO target 10 µg/m 3 ZMVM NOM-025-SSA1-2014 Reference_ data from del SIMAT, SEDEMA-CdMx

Comparative annual average PM2.5 (µg/m 3 ) ZMVT 33 ZMVM 20 + Temuco 31 Santiago 29 San Francisco 9 Paris Monterrey 18 36 - Madrid 10 Los Angeles 11 Delhi 122 Beijing 85 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 µg/m3 Fuente: INECC 2014 for Mexican cities and WHO data base 2016

Emissions Inventory Vehicular Restriction program ( today I do not circulate Air Quality Programs Compulsory emission testing program Air monitoring System High pollution episodes (contingency program) Air quality policy in MCMA: tools

1999: Metropolitan Envirornmetal Comision (Mexico City and Federal Government) 2001: State of Mexico is integrated to Metropolitan Enviornmetal Commission MCMA 2003 and MILAGRO 2006 Research

0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 Concentración (ppb) 0:00 Concentración (ppb) High pollution episodes contingency plan O3 10/06/2015 to 12/06/2015 200 150 100 50 0 Índice de Calidad del Estación Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera (CCA) 171 IMECA e Índice Actualizado Buena Regular Mala Muy mala Extremadamente mala 200 150 100 50 0 Estación Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera (CCA) Acciones para combate y prevención de incendios forestales Acciones para suspender o controar obras y actividades que obstruyan o Acciones realizadas para prevenir o controlar quemas a cielo abierto, en Acciones realizadas para verificar si las estaciones de servicio cuentan Suspensión de actividades de impresión sin equipos de control Suspensión de actividades de limpieza y desengrase en talleres e industrias Suspensión de actividades de pintado en vía pública Reforzamiento del programa de vehículos contaminantes Operativos para agilizar tráfico Acciones para notificación a la población Acciones para verificación de aplicación del PHNC Acciones en relación a Salud Aviso a Delegaciones o Municipios Aviso a industrias Municipios donde hubo aviso a escuelas Aviso a dependencias del gobierno federal Aviso a dependencias del Gobierno de entidades Notificaciones telefónicas Avisos a medios de comunicación Entrevistas a medios de comunicación Aviso a miembros del Órgano de Gobierno 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Acciones reportadas en la Megalópolis

Vehicular emission testing program Escenario Actual HC (ppm) CO (%vol) Nox (ppm) O2 (%vol) LAMBDA Doble Cero 100 0.6 1000 0.6 1.03 Cero 100 0.6 1000 0.6 1.05 Uno 100 1 1500 3 1.05 Dos 350 2.5 2500 3 1.1 Types of certificates granted based on emissions levels

Congestion at MCMA https://www.tomtom.com/en_gb/trafficindex/

Current projects and initiatives Air quality monitoring - Increase coverage (spatial and type of pollutants) - QA/QC harmonization - Comunication (web page + app) High pollution Episodes contingency plan Revision of MCMA existing plan Design of Toluca and Hidalgo plans heallth impacts assessment Reference: CAME 2016. Source: www.aire.df.gob.mx 152 174 161 125 127 35 23 17 20 27 23 3 3 4 11 18 47 68 60 34 32 35 40 41 39 35 21 11 70 41 8 8 8 9 7 6 6 5 5 3 3 4 15 70 84 85 87 73 82 78 61 100 109 109 35 33 82 78 53 61 67 37 18 14 12 15 7 2 3 4 13 23 Air quality monitoring stations 6TH HIGH OZONE EPISODE NORTHWEST (FEC) CONCENTRATION (PARTS PER BILLION) Central Mexico Megalopolis: 6 states 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 1:00 7:00 13:00 19:00 OCTOBER 3RD TO 5TH 2015

Central Mexico Megalopolis Reference: CAME, 2016

Central Mexico Megalopolis overview Megalopolis territory: 27,785 km2 Population: 29.4 millions (24% of Mexico) GDP (6 states): 4 trillion pesos (33% of the National) M Air quality High cost of air pollution nationally (533 billion pesos) (3.4% of GDP in 2012) Urban development Urban-rural areas coexist Density varies Consumes 20% of the energy used in Mexico Waste 31,000 metric tons of SW per day (36% of the national) Treatment cap. varies Forests 5,668 hectares of forests are consumed by fires every year At regional level, lack of capacity for atmospheric monitoring. AQ standards still very often exceeded Ozone in Mexico City Metropolitan Area PM2.5 most of the cities Limitations for air-quality policy implementation. Mobility and public transport networks 50% of the national road networks Lack of integrated public transport systems Inefficient and dirty fleet Vehicle fleet 10.4 million vehicles (35% of the national fleet) Current mobility model costs about Water One of the regions with highest hydric stress in Mexico 1.5 billion m 3 consumed annually (28% of national total) 10 out of 27 aquifers overexploited Surface water with high levels of contamination Biodiversity 149,000 hectares of protected land (10% of the territory of the Megalopolis) Provide important ecosystem services, including water recharge Risk to extreme events / Vulnerable to CC 63% of the land surface of the Megalopolis is prone to flooding +18% is in high-risk areas In general, environmental policy coordination was very limited

Megalopolis Environmental Commission (CAMe) CAMe is constituted through a Coordination Agreement, with the purpose of carrying out the planning and execution of actions for environmental protection and for the preservation and restauration of the ecological balance in the region The Agreement was officially published on October 3 rd 2013 Members The Head of SEMARNAT The Head of the Mexico City Government The Governor of the State of Mexico The Governor of Hidalgo The Governor of Morelos The Governor of Puebla The Governor of Tlaxcala

What about the air pollution crisis this year?

days Días Number of days when O 3 > 155 ppb 90 80 77 79 70 60 50 40 30 20 10-50 34 27 18 15 15 12 12 7 8 4 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Año Number of days when O 3 > 95 ppb 300 250 200 279 278 272 267 261 250 202 235 184 217 202 220 150 100 76 50-2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

µg/m3 PM2.5 Annual Average in Mexican Metropolitan Areas 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ZMVM AMM ZMVT NOM-025-SSA1-2014 Source: Data from Informe Nacional de Calidad del Aire INECC 2014

Integrated measures to improve air quality Group of integrated actions to reduce emisions with specific implementing time goals Strenghening technical and communication institution capacities Integrated measures to improve air quality in Mexico City Metropoiltan Area Strengthening monitoring and forecast air pollution capabilities Review and develop a new program for high levels episodes aimed to protect health

Measures to be implemented Public transportation: Integrated and high quality Reduce vehicle use and promote clean technologies (and fuels) Drastic reducitons of heavy duty diesel trucks Emission control: Industrial proceses, fuel distribution, agricultural and trash burning, forest fires Urban expansion and its effects on mobility

Emmissions Inventory Vehicular Restriction program ( today I do not circulate uality Programs Compulsory emission testing program for all members of the Megalopolis onitoring System High pollution episodes (contingency program) Air quality policy in the Megalopolis : tools

Concluding remarks Air quality improvements in MCMA but need to do more One atmosphere message seems to be on its way First three years of a new environmental governance platform for Central Mexico Megalopolis has already many lessons to learn from Institutional Framework needs to be strengthen Challenges due to the complexity and interaction of environmental, economic and political issues Include all actors in the process Great oportunity for integrating policies climate change and air quality liveability

https://airquality.gsfc.nasa.gov/world/north-america/mexico-city Tendencia de niveles de NO2 en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México de 20014 a 2014 Mexico City Trend 2005-2014 Mexico Metro OMI data between 2005-2014 Mexico city Line Plot 2005-2014 Monthly OMI Nitrogen Dioxide data (top panel) and de-seasonalized data (bottom panel) from 2005 to 2014 for Mexico City.