1 The First Part of the Mediterranean War June 1940 - June 1941 by John D. Gresham and Mike Markowitz edited by Larry Bond published by The Admiralty Trilogy Group Copyright 1995, 2014 by the Admiralty Trilogy Group, LLC and John D. Gresham and Mike Markowitz. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA. Made in the USA. No part of this game may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Command at Sea is a registered Trademark by Larry Bond, Christoper Carlson, and Edward Kettler for their WW II tactical naval wargame. The designers of Command at Sea and Supermarina are prepared to answer questions about play of the game system. They can be reached in care of the Admiralty Trilogy Group at adtrgroup@aol.com. Visit their website at www.admiraltytrilogy.com. This version of has been updated to include all corrections from errata through 14 August 2018, and adjustments made to be compatible with the Command at Sea 4th edition rules and the Fleet series of data annexes. Cover: Two Italian Cavour class battleships as seen from the quarterdeck of an Italian Spica class torpedo boat. (Luce Photo Agency from the collection of Larry Bond, colorized by Irootoko_jr).
2 Foreword The Romans called it Mare Nostrum, Our Sea. When the Kingdom of Italy emerged as a unified nation in 1870, it inherited this attitude, along with a great naval tradition forged by seafaring city states like Genoa and Venice. Two generations of brilliant, imaginative naval architects and engineers gave Italy some of the world s fastest and most handsome warships. When the Second World War began, a highly professional officer corps led a force of brave and resourceful sailors into battle against the Allies. The tragedy of the Royal Italian Navy was not only that it entered the war fighting for Benito Mussolini and the evil cause of Fascism, but that it was crippled by an inadequate industrial base, a desperate shortage of fuel and a chronic inability to coordinate its action with land-based air power. The popular perception of the Italian Navy (Regia Marina) and its central command (Supermarina) as a collection of incompetent and cowardly buffoons was largely a product of British wartime propaganda and Anglo-Saxon ethnic prejudice. On more than one occasion, a lone Italian 600-ton torpedo boat, escorting a convoy, encountered a force of British cruisers and destroyers, and without hesitation, closed to attack. For 40 months the Regia Marina pushed convoys through to North Africa despite the best efforts of the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force to stop them. An incredible 92% of the supplies and men got through. It should not be forgotten that after Italy left the Axis in September, 1943, most of the officers and men of the Regia Marina continued to fight on the Allied side, to liberate their own country from brutal German occupation. In the grand strategy of the war the Mediterranean was a side show, though for Winston Churchill and the British Empire it was an obsession. The lifeline of the Empire ran from Gibraltar through Suez and Churchill s fixation on an indirect approach through the soft underbelly of Europe meant that the Royal Navy had to contest the control of the Mediterranean, even when the Battle of the Atlantic had stretched it to the breaking point. The naval war in these narrow waters was shaped by the overlap of crossed supply lines the Axis line running north-south and the Allied line west-east. Fighting at close quarters, both sides were able to strike directly at enemy bases (Taranto, Malta, Alexandria). Geography also afforded great scope for mine warfare, torpedo boats and special operations. It was naval warfare of a grand sort, with every conceivable kind of action; classic fleet battles, antisubmarine warfare, air strikes against land and naval targets, shore bombardments, special operations by small craft and frogmen, and extensive minelaying (historically an important form of warfare in these constricted waters but one that we have not attempted to model at this tactical scale). The only exception is carrier versus carrier, since the Italian aircraft carriers Aquila and Sparviero (rebuilt passenger liner hulls) were never completed. The naval war in the Mediterranean ultimately determined the outcome of the war in North Africa. When Francisco Franco refused to cooperate with Axis plans to seize Gibraltar and when Hitler refused to provide the resources needed for Operazione C.3 (the Italian airborne and amphibious assault on Malta) the fate of Rommel s Panzer Armee was sealed. That meant that the Axis would never conquer the oil fields of the Middle East, and Germany would lose the war sooner, rather than later. If a few more Axis tankers and ammunition ships had reached North Africa and a few less Allied tankers and ammunition ships had reached Malta, the outcome of the first Battle of El Alamein (August, 1942) might have been different. covers the first year of the war in the Mediterranean. We have covered famous actions like Taranto, Matapan and the big convoy battles but we have also tried to include a representative selection of smaller fights that can be played to a conclusion in an hour or less. In I, our planned sequel, we plan to continue the story through the dramatic Malta convoy battles of 1942. Except for a few merchant vessels and tankers, few American ships took part in this early phase of the war. As a result, some of the most remarkable naval battles in history are almost unknown to historians and wargamers on this side of the Atlantic. If this volume of the Command at Sea game system honors the memory of brave sailors who served on both sides and helps to stimulate interest in a neglected period of naval history, our efforts will be well rewarded. John D. Gresham and Michael Markowitz
3 Table of Contents Page Foreword 2 Table of Contents 3 Scenario Notes and Locator Map 4 Guide to Pronunciation 5 Map of the Eastern Mediterranean 6 Map of the Western Mediterranean 7 Opening Moves First Blood, Bagnolini vs. Calypso 12 Jun 40 Solo Italian SS vs. British cruiser and DD screen 9 Action off Calabria (Battle of Punta Stilo) 9 Jul 40 General fleet action 10 Cape Spada 19 Jul 40 Cruiser, destroyer surface action 14 Ajax and Convoy MB6 12 Oct 40 Cruiser, destroyer surface action 17 Rainbow's End 15 Oct 40 Solo British sub vs. solo Italian sub 18 Taranto and After The Taranto Raid 11 Nov 40 Air attack on the Italian fleet in harbor 19 Otranto Straits 11-12 Nov 40 British CLs and DDs vs. escorted Italian convoy 25 The Fight off Cape Teulada (Battle of Cape Spartivento) 27 Nov 40 General daylight fleet action 28 The Inshore Squadron 17 Dec 40 Raid on a small harbor 31 Operation Excess 6-14 Jan 41 Campaign-level convoy actions 32 The Vega Incident 10 Jan 41 Cruiser, destroyer surface action 34 Attack on Illustrious 10 Jan 41 Land-based air strike on carrier task force 35 The Raid on Genova 9 Feb 41 Attack by British on Italian forces in port 37 Convoy to Tripoli 24-26 Feb 41 Solo British SS vs. strongly escorted convoy 42 Battle of Cape Matapan 25-29 Mar 41 General fleet action (mini-campaign) 43 Italian Special Operations - The 10th Light Flotilla in Action Diaster in the Gulf of Bomba 21 Aug 40 British Swordfish attack a MAS and an Italian SS 47 Suda Bay 26 May 41 Italian special forces attack on harbor (solitaire) 49 The Convoy War The Sinking of Bonaventure 31 Mar 41 Italian SS attacks British CL and DD 51 Kerkennah Bank (The Battle of the Buoys) 16 Apr 41 Convoy battle 53 The Conte Rosso Convoy 24 May 41 Convoy battle 55 The Crete Campaign Black Thursday: The Battle for Crete 19 May 41 Luftwaffe airstrikes on British warships 57 Night Action in the Kasos Straits 21 May 41 Night surface attack by Italian MAS boats 60 The Lupo Convoy 21 May 41 British DDs vs. transports and a lone Italian TB 62 The Sagittario Convoy 22 May 41 British squadron vs. a convoy and a lone Italian TB 63 Sidebars What Was Supermarina? 8 The Admiralty 8 Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Browne Cunningham 13 Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Louis Mountbatten 13 The British Edge: Aircraft Carriers, Radar, and ULTRA 27 Admiral of the Fleet Sir James Fownes Somerville 29 The Italian Admirals 63 Bibliography 65
4 Scenario Notes This supplement provides scenarios for the first part of the Mediterranean War, from the start of the fighting in June 1940 through the summer of 1941. This includes the initial sparring between the battle fleets, convoy battles, special operations, airstrikes, and submarine operations. We have tried to cover not only surface engagements but air and submarine actions as well. Space prevents us from including every encounter, but all the major ones during the period are covered. The scenarios are grouped into campaigns each representing a distinct phase of the war. This can be vital in understanding why a particular battle occurred. The individual engagements are all historical. For those who wish to explore alternative setups, variations are provided. Although there is a wealth of sources for WW II naval gaming, there is still a lot of information that we haven t found. Historical accounts of battles often omit details on the environment or the identity of minor units. Italian and British sources differ by one hour in the timing of events, and it is not always clear which time zone reference a particular source is using. In such cases we have made a best guess. There are a lot of people out there who have made all or part of WW II a lifetime passion. Many served in the war and remember these battles as much more than maps and lists of units. They will probably spot errors or gaps in the information on these pages. Please, contact us and share what you know, or at least point us to a reference that we may have missed. We always answer our mail. Engagement Locator 1. First Blood 9. The Battle of Cape Tulada 17. The Sinking of Bonaventure 2. The Battle off of Calabria 10. The Inshore Squadron at Bardia 18. Kerkennah Bank 3. The Battle of Cape Spada 11. The Vega Incident 19. The Conte Rosso Convoy 4. Ajax/Convoy MB.6 12. The Bombing of Illustrious 20. The Lupo Convoy 5. Rainbow's End 13. Convoy to Tripoli - Upholder vs Diaz 21. The Battle of Kasos Strait 6. The Bombardment of Genova 14. The Battle of Cape Matapan 22. The Sagittario Convoy 7. The Taranto Raid 15. Action in the Gulf of Bomba 8. Otranto Straits 16. Suda Bay Genoa Spezia 6 Gulf of Leghorn Genoa SARDINIA Cagliari 9 TUNISIA Ajaccio Tunis TRIPOLITANIA Tyrrhenian Sea The Narrows Bizerta Sfax 11 Venice 18 Naples Brindisi Salerno Taranto 8 SICILY 2 Catania Syracuse PANTELLERIA 19 12 4 MALTA 13 Rome Pola Palermo Tripoli Trieste Messina Adriatic Sea Split 7 5 Dubrovnik Kotor DALMATIA Ionian Sea CEPHALONIA ALBANIA Salonika ZANTE GREECE KITHERA 14 M editerranean Sea 17 1 Gulf of Sidra Banghazi Nauplia Kalamata 3 Derria 15 Dardanelles LEROS KOS 20 THE DODECANESE 22 Canea 16 CRETE 21 Gulf of Bomba Tobruk 10 Varna Istanbul Smyrna N Mersa Matruh
5 Guide to Pro-NUN-ci-a-shun It is painful for the designers of this game at conventions to hear wargamers who have attained their impressive girth from a steady diet of PEET-zah and la-zahn-yah mangle the beautiful names of Italian ships. Like most navies, Regia Marina tended to name ships after people or places. Unfortunately, some of these guys had really long names when their titles were spelled out consider the light cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca Degli Abruzzi ( Louis of Savoy, Duke of Abruzzi ) or Emanuele Filiberto Duca D Aosta ( Emanuel Filbert, Duke of Aosta ). Just use the last part of the name; Abruzzi, or Aosta. Italian pronunciation is really not difficult, compared with the tongue-twisting names of former-soviet destroyers (like sooh-brah-zeet-yell-nee, SSDER-zha-nee, or biz-oo-prech-nee). In the following list, the stressed or accented syllable is spelled in CAP-i-tal letters. Caio Duilio KAI-yoh DWEEL-yoh (BB) - Caius Duilius, Roman consul who defeated the Carthaginian fleet in the First Punic War (241 BC). Giulio Cesare JYOOL-yoh CHEH-zah-ray (BB) - Julius Caesar, Roman military leader, politician and writer (100-44 B.C.). Andrea Doria ahn-dray-ah DOOR-ee-yah (BB) - Genoese admiral (1456-1560) and dictator who established the independence of Genoa as a Republic (During the American War of Independence, the Continental Navy named a sloop Andrew Doria in his honor). Vittorio Veneto Vit-TOH-ree-yoh VEN-eh-toh (BB) - Venetian Victory name of a small town in northern Italy where the Allies finally broke through the Austrian Army s lines in 1918. Eugenio di Savoia yoo-gen-ee-yoh di sa-voy-ah (CL) - Prince Eugene of Savoy, (1663-1736) greatest generals of the early 18th century, fought for the Austrian Empire. The German heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen was named for the same man. Montecuccoli mon-tay-kook-koh-lee (CL) - Count Raimondo Montecuccoli, 17th century general in Imperial Austrian service, defeated the Turks and the French. Gorizia goh-ritz-ee-yah (CA) - Town in northern Italy regained from Austria after WWI (all the Italian heavy cruisers were named for such towns or provinces). Fiume fee-yoo-may (CA) - Seaport on the Adriatic Sea. Now called Rijeka, belongs to Croatia. Aosta Ah-OH-sta (CL) - Province in northern Italy Abruzzi Ah-BROOTZ-ee (CL) - Province in southern Italy (the heel of the boot.) Artigliere ar-til-yeh-ree (DD) - Gunner. Destroyers in this class (the Soldati ) were named after different kinds of soldiers. When you see the letters GL in Italian, the G is usually silent. Camicia Nera ka-mee-shya NEH-rah (DD) - Black Shirt Term for members of the Fascist militia. Maestrale ma-yeh-stra-leh (DD) - This class were all named for winds, in this case the mistral a cold winter wind that blows down from the central plateau of France and can reach speeds of 90 mph in the northwestern Med. Partenope par-teh-no-pay (DE) - Name of a constellation. Escorts were mostly given astronomical and mythological names. Cigno CHEEN-yoh (DE) - Swan the constellation Cygnus.
6