Unburials, Generals and Phantom Militarism Engaging with the Spanish Civil War Legacy by Francisco Ferrándiz Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ouabbtfydu Figure S1: Video clip from Basilio Martin Patino s Canciones para después de una Guerra (1976) showing Francoist postwar exhumations in Soto de Aldovea in 1939, as well as tributes to those Fallen for God and Spain. The images and narrative exemplify the official propaganda newsreels (NODO) shown before movies in Spanish cinemas during the dictatorship.
Figure S2: Priority pantheon devoted to those Fallen for God and Spain, containing several hundred corpses exhumed in the early postwar years. The pantheon is still located at the main entrance to the Cemetery of the City of Guadalajara. (Photograph by the author). Figure S3: The monumental Roman-style Arch of Victory or Arch of Triumph, finalized in 1956, still in place at one of the main points of entry into Madrid. Its location in the vicinity of the Universidad Complutense relates to the intense fight that took place around the university campus during the long siege of Madrid by the rebels from November 1936 to March 1939. (Photograph by Óscar Rodríguez, ARMH).
See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twzz8c7qznq Figure S4: Clip of Francisco Franco s highly militarized state burial in the Valley of the Fallen on November 23rd, 1975, presided over by the former King of Spain Juan Carlos I during his second day in office.
Figure S5: The mass grave in Espinosa de los Monteros (Burgos), containing the bodies of nine Republican civilians, was exhumed in April 2012 by the Aranzadi Science Society. It miraculously survived the urban expansion of the municipality as it had been respected during the building of both a public sidewalk and a private cottage. This is an exceptional case, as many other mass graves were destroyed in similar circumstances. (Photographs by Óscar Rodríguez, ARMH-Aranzadi).
Figure S6: Detail of an early exhumation in Herrera del Duque (Badajoz) in June 1978. (Photograph courtesy of Miguel Ángel Muga, FEFM). See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcc0_8i0cys Figure S7: Footage of the February 23 rd 1981 takeover of the Spanish Parliament by the Civil Guard in the historical military coup attempted by Franco nostalgics.
See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2zv2t1bfeo Figure S8: Footage of the famous Priaranza del Bierzo exhumation in the year 2000, promoted by Emilio Silva and credited with opening the contemporary cycle of mass grave unburials in Spain. Figure S9: Activists from different memorial associations in an ad hoc press conference before providing miscellaneous information on Francoist repression to Judge Baltasar Garzón in Madrid in September 2008. (Photograph by the author).
Figure S10: Above, official data provided by the Spanish Government on the funding allocated to historical memory related activities in the 2006-2010 period, approximately 20 million. The 29% assigned to mass grave exhumations are shown in light blue. After the electoral victory of the right-wing PP in December 2011, no more money was assigned, and the balance of activities for 2011 and 2012 is still pending. Below, the interactive map of mass graves released by the government in 2011. Although notoriously incomplete and outdated, it provides an overview of the presence of such graves throughout the country. For more information on the Spanish Government s historical memory Web page, see: http://www.memoriahistorica.gob.es/es-es/paginas/index.aspx.
Figure S11: Forensically-processed exhumed bodies have become a central element in Spanish Civil War memorial iconographies and rituals. In the top image Joseíllo, a goat herder, receives a box with the remains of his brother Francisco executed by Francoist troops in 1941 with the forensic report on top. Below, other relatives consult the forensic report in the cemetery. Both images refer to the reburial of seven peasant farmers exhumed in Fontanosas (Ciudad Real) in 2006. (Photographs by the author).
Figure S12: Commemorative panel in the memorial built in mass grave number 1 at La Pedraja (Burgos), where 104 bodies were exhumed in August 2010, and where forensic imagery and graphics dominate the dignification of the site. (Photograph by the author).
See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o20to1iwmfw Figure S13: This video shows (a) the exhumation of José Antonio Primo de Rivera from the Monastery of El Escorial to be paraded and reburied in El Valle de los Caídos on March 31st 1959 (above), and (b) the official inauguration of El Valle by Francisco Franco on April 1st 1959, the twentieth anniversary of the military victory. In the image below, see a screen shot of Franco s inauguration speech.
See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kac7kgiz5ns Figure S14: First part of the daily mass in honor of the corpses buried in the Valley of the Fallen, and in particular for Francisco Franco and José Antonio Primo de Rivera, broadcast live by a notoriously conservative TV station, Intereconomía, on Sunday September 25th 2011. During that time, the Commission of Experts appointed by the Spanish Government to offer alternatives to democratize the Valley, in which the author of this text participated, was finalizing its report. The Commission was considered by the Benedictine monks and their supporters on the political right to be a dangerous threat to the status quo.
See video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syd8mvcyzjs Figure S15: Women s groups in mourning dress stage a public denunciation of Queipo del Llano s calls to violence and rape on Republican women, as part of the celebrations for International Women s Day for Peace and Disarmament on May 24th, 2013 in Seville. The performance included wailing along the streets of Seville (image above), singing, renaming streets after women murdered and abused during the repression of 1936, the reproduction of Queipo s notorious radio broadcasts, as well as a flamenco dance on top of a wooden replica of Queipo s tombstone right outside the Basilica de la Macarena, where his remains rest (image below). They carried a banner saying: Seville, 1936-2013: Women do not forget. This performance is part of a broader social movement challenging Queipo s honorable burial site and demanding his exhumation.