European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2011 Vienna Austria 03-08 April 2011 Session: Lakes and Inland Seas Tectonic Lakes-Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts Cvetanka Popovska University of Ss Cyril & Methodius Faculty of Civil Engineering Skopje, Republic of Macedonia www.gf.ukim.edu.mk
European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2011 Vienna Austria 03-08 April 2011 Ohrid Lake 3,5-5 million years 50,7 billion m3 693 m asl 3.921 km2 289 m 703 mm Prespa Lake 3,5-5 million years 4,8 billion m3 854 m asl 1.046 km2 52,4 m 693 mm Dojran Lake 3 million years 265 million m3 145 m asl 271,8 km2 10 m 630 mm
Ohrid Lake-Ohrid 150 130 110 90 Hmin Hav Hmax Hav LT Water level H (cm) 70 50 30 10-10 -30-50 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Time T (year) UNESCO Cultural and Natural Heritage Site in 1980 Resident time of about 75 years explains high endemism of lake s biology
Prespa Lake-Stenje 854.00 Hmin 852.00 Hav Hmax Hav LT Water level H (m a.s.l.) 850.00 848.00 846.00 Long term average water level 847,75 844.00 842.00 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Time T (year) Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums-RAPS (Garbrecht&Fernandez, 1994)
Dojran Lake-Nov Dojran 149.00 148.00 147.00 Hmin Hav LT Water level H (m a.s.l.) 146.00 145.00 144.00 143.00 Long term average water level 145,23 Hav Hmax 142.00 141.00 140.00 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Time T (year) 2012
Questions: Do we understand the hydrological cycle completely? Shall we reconsider hydro-logical cycle as hydro-ilogical cycle? The four Laws (Commoner B., 1970): Everything is connected to everything else Everything must go somewhere Nature knows best There is no such a thing as free lunch
Projects: Feasibility Study-Transboundary Prespa Park Project, 2005 (KfW) Development of Prespa Lake Watershed Management Plan, 2010 (UNDP&GEF) (on-going) Improvement of Management of Transboundary Water Resources in the Vardar River Basin, Package 5: Lake Dojran, 2007 (CARDS) Lake Ohrid Conservation Project, 2002 (GEF&World Bank)
Source: Popovska & Bonacci, 2007
Source: KfW Feasibility Study, 2005
Inflow-outflow (1967-2008) MCM Total inflow into the lake 10.942 Inflow from Micro Prespa Lake (spill and seepage) 1.728 Total water abstraction (irrigation and water supply) 380,2 Losses due to karstic outflow 11.300 Losses due to evaporation 803,2 Lake volume losses 1.528 Computational balance (inflows-outflows) -1.542 Source: Development of Prespa Park Management Plan, 2010 (UNDP&GEF)
Water quality High Good Moderate Poor Bad Source: Development of Prespa Park Management Plan, 2010 (UNDP&GEF)
Delineation is carried out following EU documents: Guidance document No.2 Identification of Water Bodies Guidance document No.4 Identification of Heavily Modified and Artificial Water Bodies
Kostu r n o O r m a n l i Dorlobos M e m e { l i Rabrovo Rudnik e stovo a ndol Bajrambos Xumabes Organxali Sevendekli Dedel i MACEDONIA F u r k a ^ a l a k l i S o b r i P rsten ^ a u { li C r n i ~ a ni op~eli Buluntuli Ko~uli Ba{ibos Durutli Kurtamzali Nikoli} Derven rema GREECE Novi Dojran Bogdanci Star Dojran Stari Dojran Sretenovo Stojakovo S e l e m l i Karstified basin composed of mineral-rich ancient alluvial and limestone sediments
Simulated and observed water levels (Rainfall-runoff model HYSIM) Source: Manley, Spirovska, Andovska, BALWOIS 2008 (Improvement of Management of Transboundary Water Resources, Package 5: Dojran Lake, 2007)
Maximum capacity 30 million m3/annually Source: NATO ARW: Popovska & Bonacci, Lednice, 2007
CONCLUSIONS/DISSCUSION Like it or not.. Climate, Water, Weather and Society are integrally linked Scientists separate them for research purposes Societies separate them for administrative purposes We forget that Water Cycle and Life Cycle are one (Jacques Cousteau)
Instead action by words we need action on the field Lakes watersheds needs rain-gauges at higher altitudes Snowfall and snow density data are missing Evapotranspiration and evaporation data are missing Hydrogeological investigations are not sufficient Water quality monitoring is not sufficient Integrated Management Plans should be developed Lakes watersheds needs restoration
Thank you