EXHIBIT 8-18. MAXIMUM ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC REPORTED ON SELECTED INTERSTATE ROUTES (1990) Section Length (mi) Annual Average Daily Traffic (veh/day) Average Daily Traffic Per Lane (veh/day/ln) 14-Lane Routes I-405, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 2.530 328,500 23,464 I-95, New Jersey Turnpike, NE New Jersey 0.610 270,491 19,321 I-95, George Washington Bridge, New York 0.470 270,400 19,314 12-Lane Routes I-5, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 0.500 304,000 25,333 I-405, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 1.960 288,200 24,017 I-90, Chicago, Illinois1.030 275,883 22,990 I-5, Seattle-Everett, Washington 1.260 254,172 21,181 I-8, San Diego, 1.260 253,600 21,133 I-15, San Diego, 2.880 219,300 18,275 I-280, San Francisco-Oakland, 1.880 208,900 17,408 I-95, Northeastern New Jersey 1.890 208,768 17,379 10-Lane Routes I-10, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 3.450 330,600 33,060 I-405, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 3.500 314,000 31,400 I-5, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 2.100 263,600 26,360 I-80, San Francisco-Oakland, 4.700 242,000 24,200 I-210, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 5.140 231,200 23,120 I-95, Northeastern New Jersey 1.620 222,229 22,223 I-395, Washington, District of Columbia 0.480 220,455 22,046 I-610, Houston, Texas 1.355 216,390 21,639 H-1, Honolulu, Hawaii 1.690 209,158 20,916 8-Lane Routes I-5, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 2.690 280,700 35,088 I-94, Chicago, Illinois3.000 258,800 32,350 I-580, San Francisco-Oakland, 1.750 250,000 31,250 I-10, Los Angeles-Long Beach, 5.830 241,000 30,125 I-90, Chicago, Illinois1.800 224,600 28,075 I-285, Atlanta, Georgia 0.210 212,060 26,508 I-635, Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas 4.730 210,497 26,312 I-395, Northern Virginia 1.770 208,590 26,074 6-Lane Routes I-880, San Francisco-Oakland, 2.900 223,200 37,200 I-610, Houston, Texas 0.304 216,390 36,065 I-680, San Francisco-Oakland, 0.400 210,000 35,000 Source: Federal Highway Administration. Chapter 8 - Traffic Characteristics 8-18
EXHIBIT 8-19. REPORTED MAXIMUM HOURLY ONE-WAY VOLUMES ON SELECTED FREEWAYS Avg. Vol. Per Lane 4 Lane Freeways I-66, Fairfax, Virginia 5301 2650 U.S. 71, Kansas City, Missouri 5256 2628 I-59, Birmingham, Alabama 4802 2401 I-35W, Minneapolis, Minnesota 4690 2345 I-225, Denver, Colorado 4672 2336 I-287, Morris Co., New Jersey 4624 2312 I-295, Washington, D.C. 4480 2240 I-235, Des Moines, Iowa 4458 2229 I-71, Louisville, Kentucky 4446 2223 I-55, Jackson, Mississippi 4436 2218 I-35, Kansas City, Kansas 4398 2199 CA 4, Contra Costa County, 4342 2171 I-45, Houston, Texas 4240 2120 I-64, Charleston, West Virginia 4152 2077 U.S. 4/NH 16, Newington, New Hampshire 4083 2041 I-564, Norfolk, Virginia 3962 1982 Northern State Parkway, New York 3840 1920 I-93, Windham, New Hampshire 3804 1902 6 Lane Freeways I-495, Montgomery Co., Maryland 7495 2498 U.S. 6, Denver, Colorado 7378 2459 I-5, Portland, Oregon 7188 2396 I-35W, Minneapolis, Minnesota 6909 2303 CA 17, San Jose, 6786 2262 Texas 121, Bedford, Texas 6673 2224 I-35E, Dallas, Texas 6611 2203 Garden State Parkway, New Jersey 6608 2203 I-5 Seattle-Everett, Washington 6533 2177 I-15, Salt Lake City, Utah 6357 2119 I-24, Nashville, Tennessee 6280 2093 NJ 3, Secaucus, New Jersey 6251 2083 I-287, Somerset Co., New Jersey 6151 2050 I-290, Hillside, Illinois 6149 2047 I-90, Northwest Tollway, Illinois 6120 2040 I-80, Omaha, Nebraska 6113 2038 I-40, Nashville, Tennessee 6104 2035 Southern State Parkway, New York 5610 1870 8 Lane Freeways I-635, Dallas, Texas 9090 2272 Garden State Parkway, New Jersey 8911 2228 I-495, Montgomery Co., Maryland 8793 2198 I-25, Denver, Colorado 8702 2175 I-495, Fairfax, Virginia 8610 2152 I-405, Los Angeles, 8360 2090 I-5, Seattle, Washington 8295 2073 U.S. 50, Sacramento, 8284 2071 U.S. 59, Houston, Texas 8268 2067 I-35W, Minneapolis, Minnesota 8168 2042 I-80, W. Paterson, New Jersey 6851 1712 I-71, Columbus, Ohio 6682 1670 Tunnels I-279, Fort Pitt Tunnel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (4-lane) 4278 2139 I-376, Squirrel Hill Tunnel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (4-lane) 3922 1961 I-895, Harbor Tunnel, Baltimore, Maryland (4-lane) 3166 1584 SR 1A, Callahan Tunnel, Boston, Massachusetts (2-lane, half of 3059 1530 one-way pair) I-95, Fort McHenry Tunnel, Baltimore, Maryland (8-lane) 5840 1460 Source: HCQS Survey, Federal Highway Administration. 8-19 Chapter 8 - Traffic Characteristics
EXHIBIT 8-20. REPORTED MAXIMUM LANE VOLUMES ON SELECTED FREEWAYS Avg. Volume Per Lane Volume In Peak Lane 4-Lane Freeways I-70, Wheeling, West Virginia - 2552 I-55, Jackson, Mississippi 2218 2542 I-235, Des Moines, Iowa 2229 2466 6-Lane Freeways I-40, Nashville, Tennessee 2035 2664 I-5, Seattle, Washington 2177 2630 I-24, Nashville, Tennessee 2093 2500 8-Lane Freeways I-5, Seattle, Washington 2073 2596 I-70, Columbus, Ohio - 2298 I-71, Columbus, Ohio 1670 2088 Source: HCQS Survey and Federal Highway Administration. EXHIBIT 8-21. REPORTED MAXIMUM ONE-WAY VOLUMES FOR SELECTED MULTILANE HIGHWAYS Avg. Volume Per Lane 4-Lane Highways U.S. 101, Sonoma County, 4124 2062 Utah 201, Salt Lake City, Utah 3989 1995 SR 17, Bergen County, New Jersey 3776 1888 U.S. 301, Prince Georges County, 3304 1652 Maryland 6-Lane Highways U.S. 46, Passaic County, New Jersey 5596 1865 SR 3, Passaic County, New Jersey 5348 1783 U.S. 1, Essex County, Massachusetts 4776 1592 8-Lane Highways Almaden Expressway, San Jose, 5428 1357 Source: HCQS Survey, Federal Highway Administration. Rural Two-Way, Two-Lane Highways Two-lane, two-way rural highways in the United States and Canada rarely operate at volumes approaching capacity, and thus the observation of capacity operations for such highways in the field is difficult. A sampling of high-volume observations is given in Exhibit 8-22, but it is emphasized that none may be taken to represent capacity for the facilities shown. Observations on two-lane, two-way rural highways in Europe have been reported at far higher volumes. Volumes of more than 2,700 veh/h have been observed in Denmark, more than 2,800 in France, more than 3,000 in Japan, and more than 2,450 in Norway. Some of these volumes have contained significant numbers of trucks, some as high as 30 percent of the traffic stream (12). Chapter 8 - Traffic Characteristics 8-20
EXHIBIT 8-22. REPORTED MAXIMUM VOLUMES ON SELECTED TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS Peak Dir. Volume Off-Peak Dir. Volume HIghways Madera-Olsen Rd., Simi Valley, 3107 1651 1456 Madera-Olsen Rd., Simi Valley, 3027 1839 1188 Hwy. 1, Banff, Alberta, Canada 2450 - - Hwy. 35/115, Kirby, Ontario, Canada 2250 - - Wasatch Blvd., Salt Lake City, Utah 2198 1504 694 Hwy. 35, Kirby, Ontario, Canada 2050 - - U.S. 50, Lake Tahoe, 1796 1386 410 NJ 50, Cape May Co., New Jersey 1714 1445 269 Hwy. 1, Banff-Yoho, Alberta-British Columbia, Canada 1517 - - Hwy. 4, Contra Costa, 3350 1920 1430 Bridges/Tunnels U.S. 158, Nags Head, North Carolina 3195 - - Midtown Tunnel, Norfolk/Portsmouth, Virginia 2920 1827 1093 Sagamore Bridge, Hudson, New Hampshire 2701 - - TH 15, St. Cloud, Minnesota 2242 1146 1096 Underwood Bridge, Hampton, New Hampshire 1960 1041 919 Staley Viaduct, Decatur, Illinois1919 971 948 Source: HCQS Survey and Federal Highway Administration. Urban Streets Since flow on urban streets is uninterrupted only on segments between intersections, the interpretation of high-volume observations is not as straightforward as for uninterrupted-flow facilities. Signal timing plays a major role in the capacity of such facilities, limiting the portion of time that is available for movement along the urban street at critical intersections. The volumes reported in Exhibit 8-23 are shown with the green to cycle time ratios in effect for the subject segments. Flow rates in vehicles per hour are estimated by taking the reported volumes and dividing by the reported green to cycle ratio. The prevailing conditions on urban streets may vary greatly, and such factors as curb parking, transit buses, lane widths, upstream intersections, and other factors may substantially affect operations and observed volumes. Note that the comparison of maximum flow rates in vehicles per hour per lane varies widely. These observations did not include such factors as left- and right-turn lanes, which may enhance the capacity of the intersection approach, nor were other prevailing conditions cited. Capacity of the urban street is generally limited by the capacity of signalized intersections, with segment characteristics seldom playing a major role in the determination of capacity. SPEED Trends Nationwide speed trends though 1994 are shown in Exhibit 8-24 for Interstate rural highways. In 1973 1974, in response to a severe fuel shortage, the 55-mi/h national speed limit was introduced, and a sharp decline in speeds was observed. Exhibit 8-25 confirms the increasing speed trends on highways in the United States. All of the highways referenced in Exhibit 8-25 had a 55-mi/h speed limit when the data were reported. 8-21 Chapter 8 - Traffic Characteristics
EXHIBIT 8-23. REPORTED MAXIMUM DIRECTIONAL VOLUMES ON SELECTED URBAN STREETS g/c Ratio Avg. Volume Per Lane Total Flow Rate Avg. Flow Rate Per Lane 4-Lane Urban Streets Ill. 83, DuPage Co., Illinois3819 1910 0.80 4774 2387 So. Virginia St. (US 395), Reno, Nevada 2831 1415 0.62 4566 2282 Tara Blvd., Clayton, Georgia 2137 1068 0.47 4547 2272 Dougall Ave. SB, Windsor, Ontario, 2240 1120 0.60 3733 1867 Canada Antoine, Houston, Texas 2310 1155 0.65 3553 1777 Woodway WB, Houston, Texas 2156 1078 0.76 2836 1418 5-Lane Urban Streets North Shepard NB, PM, Houston, Texas 2100 1050 0.60 3500 1750 6-Lane Urban Streets Col. 2, Denver, Colorado 3435 1145 0.50 6870 2290 US 74/NC 27, Charlotte, North Carolina 4882 1627 0.80 6102 2034 Almaden Expressway, San Jose, 3960 1320 0.66 6000 2000 Ygnacio Valley Road, Walnut Creek, 3790 1263 0.65 5831 1943 Southwest Trafficway, Kansas City, 3492 1164 0.60 5820 1940 Missouri U.S. 19, Clearwater, Florida 4305 1435 0.75 5740 1913 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, Missouri 3477 1159 0.61 5700 1900 Seward Highway, Anchorage, Alaska 3177 1059 0.70 4538 1513 8-Lane Urban Streets Telegraph Rd., Detroit, Michigan 4400 1100 0.60 7333 1833 FM 1093, Houston, Texas 4500 a 1125 0.70 6429 1607 FM 1093, Houston, Texas 4268 a 1067 0.70 6097 1524 Note: a. 9-ft-wide lanes. Source: HCQS Survey, Federal Highway Administration, Case Studies in Access Management, Draft Final Report, 1992. EXHIBIT 8-24. SPEED TRENDS ON RURAL INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS 70 Average Spot Speeds on Rural Interstate Highways Average Speed Speed (mi/h) 60 50 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 Travel Year Note: The data from 1965 to 1979 represent free-moving traffic on level, uncongested sections of the rural Interstate system. Beginning with 1980, the data represent all vehicle travel on the rural Interstate system. Source: 1994 revision of Chapters 1 and 2 of the Highway Capacity Manual. Chapter 8 - Traffic Characteristics 8-22