Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12, Section 1: Northern Europe
Important Vocabulary Immigrant: one that moves from one country to another. Refugee: people who flee to another country for safety. Middle Ages: period between ancient and modern times 500 to 1500 AD. Feudalism: a system in which monarchs or lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty. Reformation: a religious movement in the 1500s that lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church and introduced Protestantism to Europe.
Vocabulary (Cont d) Enlightenment: a movement to value reason and question tradition. Logic > Religion Industrial Revolution: transformed manufacturing by replacing human labor with machines. Industrial Capitalism: an economic system in which owners used profits to expand their business. Communism: a belief calling for economic equality and ownership of resources by the workers.
Vocabulary (Cont d) Cold War: a power struggle between the Soviet-controlled communist world and the American-led non-communist world. European Union: a union which s goal is to allow goods, services, and workers to move freely among its member nations. Welfare State: a country that offers complete social welfare programs to its citizens. Romanticism: a focus on emotions and the struggles of individuals.
Map of Northern Europe
The People Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes have their own countries and languages, but share a Germanic heritage. The United Kingdom consists of: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The British Isles were inhabited by Celtic peoples 2,500 to 3,000 years ago. Later followed by the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and the Normans. As of 2012, 61.8 million people live in the United Kingdom.
Early Northern Europe The Romans added Britain to its empire in 43 AD. Rome abandoned Britain in the 400s. Germanic Angles and Saxons invaded. The Normans (French) conquered Britain in 1066.
The Modern Era Feudalism established. German monk Martin Luther posted his 95 theses in 1517, erupting Protestant Reformation. Enlightenment led to Glorious Revolution in England in 1688, power to Parliament.
th th The 19 and 20 Century The Industrial Revolution transformed labor. Industrial capitalism created. Rise of Communism. The World Wars left Europe in ruins. 1945-1991: The Cold War.
Culture English, Swedish, Finnish, and Norwegian. The region is predominately Protestant. Highly educated area, literacy rate is near 100%. English writings have shaped the world (William Shakespeare). Danish artistic tradition: Hans Christian Anderson s fairy tales. Soccer, cricket, and hockey are popular sports.
Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12, Section 2: Western Europe
Important Vocabulary Guest Worker: foreigners who work on a temporary basis in a country other than ones in which they are citizens. Crusades: a series of religious wars (1,000s AD) to win Palestine (Israel) from Muslim control. Reparations: payments for war damages. Ex: Germany after World War I. Holocaust: the mass-murder of over 6 million Jews. Realism: accurately depicting the details of everyday life. Impressionist: one who makes impressions of the natural world.
Map of Western Europe
The People Germany s population is 82 million. Most populous in Europe. Migration has been to urban areas. Many guest workers in Germany and Belgium since World War II. Paris: France s capital and Western Europe s cultural and economic center. Brussels: Belgium s capital and the European Union s administrative center. Amsterdam: Holland s capital and known for its arts, global trade, and tolerance.
Antiquity Basque, Celtic, and Frisian peoples were early inhabitants. Caesar conquered Gaul in 52 BC. Roman Empire fell in 476. The Franks then came and adopted Christianity.
The Middle Ages Frankish ruler Charlemagne (768-814) brought feudalism. The Holy Roman Empire (962-1806): power struggles and corruption. During the 1400s, the Renaissance spread Greco-Roman cultures.
The Modern Era The Reformation had some support. France emerged as a power from the Thirty Years War (1618-1648). The French Revolution in 1789. Enlightenment ideals. Prussia became powerful during the mid-1800s. German unification in 1871.
The World Wars Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to WWI in 1914. Allies victorious in 1918. Germany assigned blame. Nazi Germany invasion of Poland in 1939 started WWII. Nazis defeated in 1945.
Cold War & European Union Germany divided after WWII. Berlin Wall fell in 1989. Germany unified in 1990. Co-operation of Western European nations led to the European Union in the 1990s.
Culture Western Europeans have pioneered the arts, education, and music. The main languages in this region are French, German, and Dutch. The majority are Roman Catholic. The literary rate in the region is 98-100%. Compulsory education. Government-funded welfare and healthcare systems. Living standards are high. Declining birthrates and an aging population. Popular activities: soccer, tennis, traveling, walking, and hiking.
Influential Sports Figures Real Madrid - Cristiano Ronaldo Belgium s Eden Hazard
Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12, Section 3: Southern Europe
Important Vocabulary City-State: separate communities linked by language and culture. Ex: Ancient Greece Athens and Sparta. Renaissance: a period of Europe s artistic and intellectual achievement. Began in 1300s Italy.
Map of Southern Europe
The People Greeks trace their roots to Minoans and Mycenaeans. Athens: Greek capital and center of ancient civilization. Italians are descendants from ancient Etruscans, the Romans, and other groups. Italy s population is 60.3 million people. Rome: Italian capital and popular tourism and commercial center. Milan: Italy s leading financial and commercial center. Venice: known for its beautiful canals. Vatican City is located in Rome. Home of the Roman Catholic Church.
The People (Cont d) Spain s descendants are ancient Iberians and Catalans. Madrid: Spanish capital and artistic and financial center. Portugal s capital is Lisbon. Millions of Southern Europeans immigrated to the Americas. Many people are moving to urban areas.
Ancient Greece Height of Ancient Greek civilization: 400-300 BC. Athens introduced democracy. Sparta art of discipline and warfare.
Ancient Rome The Roman Republic (509-27 BC). The Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD). Adopted Christianity. Germanic forces sacked Rome. Eastern half survived as the Byzantine Empire until 1453. Its capital was
The Roman Empire
Post-Rome Renaissance began in Italy in 1300s, sparking artistic and intellectual achievements. Italian city-states were rich and vibrant: Venice, Florence, Pisa, Genoa, and Milan.
th th The 19 & Early 20 Century Italian unification in 1861. Greece gained its independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Both nations were damaged from the World Wars.
European Union Greece experienced military coups and a military dictatorship from 1967 to 1974. Italy and Greece are EU members. Both have democratically-elected gov ts.
Culture Ancient Greek and Roman architectural developments. The world s greatest arts from Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. The main languages are Italian, Spanish, Portuguese; Greek. The majority are Roman Catholic. Greeks are Eastern Orthodox.
Culture (Cont d) The literary rate is 95%. Government-funded welfare and healthcare systems. Effectiveness varies. Popular activities: soccer, basketball, bullfighting, and family celebrations.
Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12, Section 4: Eastern Europe
Important Vocabulary Balkanization: the division of a region into smaller regions that are often hostile with each other. Ethnic Cleansing: the expelling or killing of rival ethnic groups.
Map of Eastern Europe
The People Most Eastern Europeans are ethnically Slavic. Slavs are decedents from Indo-Europeans who migrated from Asia. East Slavs: Ukrainians, Russians, and Belarusians. West Slavs: Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks. South Slavs: Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and Macedonians. Former Yugoslavia: Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, and Kosovo.
The People (Cont d) Ukraine is the most populous country with 46 million people. Many have emigrated for economic and political reasons, escaping Soviet control during the Cold War. Industrialization in the 1900s urbanized the region. Great revival since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Hungarian capital of Budapest: thriving business and cultural area.
Early Civilizations Early Slavs lived amongst Celtic and Germanic peoples. Between 400-700, Slavs moved west and south. Slavic groups established states in Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia. East Slavs settled in Belarus and Ukraine.
Age of Empires The Byzantine Empire influenced the region. Eastern Orthodoxy spread. The Ottomans conquered Byzantium in 1453 and controlled the area until its dissolution in 1922.
The Iron Curtain Eastern Europe experienced power struggles and ethnic divisions. Yugoslavia formed in 1918. Eastern European nations fell under Soviet control. Cold War: Communist east vs. Democratic west.
Fall of Communism Revolts against Communism from the 1950s to 1980s. The Communist gov ts collapsed in 1989. Balkan Wars erupted in the 1990s, end of Yugoslavia. Democratic free elections, market economies, and EU membership.
Culture The common Slavic languages are Polish and Czech. Also Baltic languages. Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam are common religions. High literacy rates Challenges in transitioning to democracy and healthcare funding. Folk music is important to Slavic culture. High value for writing Franz Kafka. Small family units. Sports and physical education programs still exist from Soviet era.