sources which show that its text was firmly anchored in a well established tradition of royal phraseology. [RHP] The issue of scarabs with a historical text commemorating an important event during the rule of a pharaoh was introduced in the New Kingdom and scarabs of this sort found their way to remote areas (e.g., Kanaan, cf. Giveon 1984, 973), a fact which may be relevant to their function. The Shabaqo scarab records the outcome of the conflict in the Delta which may have been the actual reason of his journey to the North in Year 2. The defeat of the Sand-dwellers may refer to the restoration of border security in the Sinai (Kitchen 1986, 340). The donation stelae from Years 2 (from Pharbaitos, erected by the local Chief of Ma Patjenfy), 3 (from Bubastis), and 6 (from Buto) are evidence of Shabaqo s successful control of the former domain of the kings of Sais Tefnakht and Bakenranef; and his victories are also commemorated in the dedicatory text on the Fourth Pylon of the great Amûn Temple in Karnak, in which he states that the victories were decreed for him by his father Amûn (Leclant 1951, 107, 110 ff., Pl. 4; Kitchen 1986, 340). (15) Shebitqo. Titles. Sources: 1. Karnak, Quay, Nile level record no. 33 from Year 3 (17), Beckerath 1966, 53 no. 33; 2. statue from Memphis, LR IV, 29 (III); 3. as 1; 4. donation stela from Year? (see (16)) New York Metropolitan Museum 65.45, D. Meeks in: State and Temple Economy, OLA 5-6, Louvain 1979, 616 note 44, 637. Titles/documents 1. a. Horus name Îd- w Îd- t K n t Ó -m-wst Whose-appearances-endure Mighty-Bull Who- Appears-in-Thebes b. Nebty name -ßfjt-m-t w-nb(w) S y-m t mry-t wy Whose-renown-is-great- Manifesting-Equity, in-all-lands Beloved-of-Two-lands c. Golden Horus name - pß wj-p t-9 Hrw- r-n tw Whose-strength-is-great Satisfied-with- Who-smites-the-Nine-Bows Victory 125
Fontes Historiae Nubiorum I d. Throne name Îd-k w-r Rê-is-One-enduring-of-Kas e. Son of Rê name with Epithet Mry- mn Beloved-of-Amûn 2. 3. 4. a. Îd- w Íbtk Whose-appearances-endure, Shebitqo b. Îd- w-nbtj c. d. Îd-k -R Rê-is-Oneenduringof-Kas e. with Epithet Mry-Pt Beloved-of-Ptah The multiplicity of Horus, Nebty, and Golden Horus names fits well into the style of Third Intermediate Period titularies; and the titles of Shebitqo reflect in general the archaizing trend of the post-new Kingdom period (cf. Bonhême 1987, 237-248). The Horus name Whose-appearances-endure was probably inspired by the Horus name of the Fifth Dynasty Memphite (see also the remark below on the epithet in 2 e) king Isesi. Yet the rest of his titles was inspired by more recent models and conveyed an imperialistic political program: the Horus name, Strong Bull, Appearing-in- Thebes, gives expression to the concept of rule over Egypt and repeats the traditional Horus name of the period from Tuthmosis I to Amenophis III (Bonhême 1987, 259 note 2) and the Horus names of the Twenty-Second Dynasty kings Osorkon II, Takeloth II, Shoshenq V (including the High Priest of Amûn of Thebes Harsiese I, Beckerath 1984, 103 XXIIA.5 H) and of the Twenty-Third Dynasty pharaoh Osorkon III. Significantly, it was the last named who, as the last of his line, assumed this title, indicating again that from the period of Takeloth III it was the Kushite sovereigns Piye and then Shabaqo and Shebitqo who were in reality Appearing, i.e., crowned, in Thebes (for the titles quoted see Beckerath 1984, 101 XXII.5 H 6; 102 XXII.6 H; XXII.9 H 2; 105 XXIII.4 H). The rest of the titularies was adopted 126
from the titles of Tuthmosis III (1 b attested: obelisk from Heliopolis now in London, Beckerath 1984, 84 XVIII.6 N 4; 1 b bis attested: obelisk in Constantinople, op.cit. N 3; 1 c and 1 c bis attested: Lateran obelisk, op.cit. G 5,6). As pointed out by Kitchen (1986, 345), the aggressive message of these titles was determined by the unavoidable conflict with Assyria. The epithet Beloved of Amûn was presumably modeled on Piye s epithet in the cartouche, while the other epithet Beloved of Ptah announces that Shebitqo was fully recognized in Memphis and also reflects the ideological ties of the dynasty with the ancient capital. (16) Shebitqo. Evidence for reign. Regnal years. Shebitqo was son of Shabaqo (see (13)). Of his wives only Arty, a daughter of Piye (statue Cairo JE 49157, Dunham-Macadam 1949, 142 no. 16), and Istemkheb (?, Leahy 1984, 43, cf. (13)) are attested. He succeeded his father on the throne, thus following the principle of the Egyptian-type patrilinearity. His highest attested regnal year is 3; and, on a speculative basis and with the use of Assyrian, Egyptian, and Kushite references (the latter in Kawa stelae IV and VI, see 21 and 24), Kitchen assigned to him the absolute dates 702-690 BC (1986, 126-129) while Depuydt (1993, 271), pointing out the misinterpretation of stela New York Metropolitan Museum 65.45, suggested the absolute dates 692-690 BC. As described in Taharqo s Kawa inscriptions (see 21, 22), early in his reign Shebitqo was confronted with an Assyrian threat and decided upon an aggressive policy: he summoned Taharqo with an army from Kush to Egypt and sent him to Palestine to fight the Assyrians. The campaign concluded, after the initial defeat of the Egypto-Kushite army and its local allies at Eltekeh and a series of maneuvers, with the retreat of both the Assyrians and the Egyptians (for the campaign see Kitchen 1986, 346; Kitchen 1983). Shebitqo was buried under pyramid Ku. 18 in the ancestral cemetery at el Kurru (Dunham 1950, 67-71). Year 3 Source: Karnak Nile level inscription no. 33 (17). Year? Source: donation stela New York, Metropolitan Museum 65.45, D. Meeks, in: Temple and State Economy, OLA 5-6, Louvain 1979, 616 note 44, 673. 127
Fontes Historiae Nubiorum I 17 Karnak, Nile level record, Year 3 of Shebitqo. Ca. 700 BC (?). Beckerath 1966, 53 no. 33; Beckerath 1993 7. Text and translation (1) t-sp 3t bd 1 ßmw (sw) 5 (1) Regnal year 3, first month of Summer, (day) 5 r m n under the Majesty of Ìr K -n t Ó -m-w st Horus: Mighty-bull, Who-appears-in-Dominion (Thebes) Nsw-b ty King-of-Upper-and-Lower-Egypt Nbty (2) Îd- Two-Ladies: (2) Whose-appearances-endure, Ìr-nb Îd-k w-r Golden-Horus: Rê-is-One-whose-kas-endure, S -R mr=f Í -b -t -k Son-of-Rê, whom he loves: Shabataka, mry mn nb nst T wy beloved of Amûn, lord of the thrones of Two-lands, (3) sk rf m=f m nsw m wt [n]t mn (3) Now (when) His Majesty appeared as king in the compound of Amûn rdt.n=f n=f he (Amûn) granted him [ ] (4)=f n T wy that he (4) appear to Two-lands m Ìr r nst R like Horus on the throne of Rê. [d ] n=f t=f mn wr His father, Amûn the Great, granted him (5) Ì p(y) [ ] wr [ - ] wr Ì p(y) (5) a very great Inundation, (blank) that the Inundation be great m h( w)=f in his time: 128
(6) (m ) 20 [ßsp] 2 (6) 20 (cubits) and 2 [spans]. [RHP] Records of the highest water level at the inundation are preserved at Semna and Kumma in Lower Nubia from the Thirteenth Dynasty onward; the preserved Nile level records at Karnak date from the period of the early Twenty-Second through the early Twenty-Sixth Dynasties. They usually record the Nile level in a brief formula (cf. Beckerath 1981). The Nile level records from Year 2 of Shabaqo (Beckerath 1966, 52 no. 30), from Year 3 of Shebitqo, and from Year 6 of Taharqo (op.cit., 53 nos 34, 35) differ, however, from the rest with their more complex contents. Instead of simply giving the level data of a certain regnal year, these inscriptions also make a statement concerning the legitimacy of the actual ruler. In 17, Shebitqo s enthronement in the great Amûn Temple in Thebes is presented in close and determining connection with the inundation. Piye s northward progress had started at the New Year; and its description in the Great Triumphal Stela (9, see comments) associated the notions of New Year, legitimacy, and inundation. The association of legitimacy with inundation is a recurrent feature, in an even more explicit form, of later Kushite royal texts (see Taharqo, Kawa V [22]; Taharqo stela from the Dahshur road [23]; in general for Taharqo s inscriptions from Year 6 see Vikentief 1930; for scarab Louvre N 632 of Taharqo beloved of Hapy, lord of products and provisions see Leclant-Yoyotte 1949, 37 ff.; for his Karnak inscription from Year 14-17 [?] see 26; the offering of sacred water to Amen-Rê by the king at the New Year, i.e., at Inundation, occurs in Taharqo s inscription on his Quay Ramp in front of the First Pylon of the great Amûn Temple in Karnak, see Traunecker 1972, 232 ff.; see further Anlamani, Kawa VIII [34]; the Harsiyotef stela [see FHN vol. 2]. For the roots of this concept see Grimal 1986, 264-270). According to 17, Shebitqo did not go to Egypt before his third regnal year, yet this does not necessarily mean that he would have been crowned as sole ruler in Thebes only after more than two years of coregency with Shabaqo (thus Spalinger 1973, 98; contra: see Leclant-Yoyotte 1952, 15-27; Kitchen 1986, 132-137; Beckerath 1993, 8). (18) Taharqo. Titles. Sources: 1. Gebel Barkal, Mut Temple B 300, LD V, 8; 2. ibid., LD V, 12b; 3. ZÄS 87 (1962), 3; 4. Gebel Barkal, Amûn Temple, altar from B 506, LD V, 13. 129