www.pwc.pt HELM PwC Economy of the Sea Barometer (World) In-depth HELM December 2015 Edition nº1
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I really don't know why it is that all of us are so committed to the sea, except I think it's because in addition to the fact that the sea changes, and the light changes, and ships change, it's because we all came from the sea. And it is an interesting biological fact that all of us have in our veins the exact same percentage of salt in our blood that exists in the ocean, and, therefore, we have salt in our blood, in our sweat, in our tears. We are tied to the ocean. And when we go back to the sea - whether it is to sail or to watch it - we are going back from whence we came. [Remarks at the Dinner for the America's Cup Crews, September 14, 1962] John F. Kennedy 3
This communication is of informative nature and intended for general purposes only. It does not address any particular person or entity nor does it relate to any specific situation or circumstance. PwC will not accept any responsibility arising from reliance on information hereby transmitted, which is not intended to be a substitute for specific professional business advice. 4
Index Introduction 7 Executive summary International context Maritime transport, ports and logistics Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment Offshore energy 11 19 25 29 49 65 Naval security power, piracy and maritime disasters (oil spills) Fishing and aquaculture 73 81 Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture 97 Economy of the sea map List of Tables, Figures and Acronyms 117 119 5
: Edition nº1 - December 2015 is a PwC social responsibility and thought leadership initiative that includes three documents: - : Summary - : In-depth -EconomyoftheSeaMap The economy of the sea is an integrated approach to sea activities with the aim to promote growth and development in a sustainable way. Please see PwC social responsibility and thought leadership projects about the economy of the sea in http://www.pwc.pt/en/issues/economy-of-the-sea.html 6
Introduction 7
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Introduction The sea is a valuable global asset that needs to be preserved and valorised. Only with greater knowledge and an integrated view of this extensive resource are we able to ensure development in line with the principles of environmental, economic and social sustainability of marine resources. PwC s social responsibility project,, systematises, in a summarised form, quantitative information on various industries of the sea, enabling the identification of trends of ocean-related industries, and rankings, overlapped on a world map, to help identify the intensity of ocean use in every region of the world. The results of this exercise are clear. In the period 2005 to 2015, in which there was a profound financial and economic crisis on a global scale, during which time Asia - and in particular the China - took the lead in fisheries, aquaculture, cargo handling at ports and shipbuilding. The world's top 10 container ports are in Asia and seven of these are in China. In 2012, Chinese fisheries and aquaculture represented, respectively, 17% and 62% of total world output of these sectors. Only in the production of offshore energy, the ownership and operation of merchant ships, tourism (cruise) and sports does America and Europe remain ahead of Asia. Africa and South America are regions that will yet reveal important future economy of the sea opportunities. Australia and New Zealand, in particular, are references for the economy of the sea in Oceania and in the World. This period was also one of increased environmental stress (particularly oil spills) and sea piracy (more than 3,670 people were subjected to maritime piracy attacks, more than 3,300 were taken hostage and 27 were killed - Somalia, Nigeria and Indonesia are countries with the greatest incidence of attacks). As for the defence industry the United States of America, China and Russia are the three main naval powers. The five principal oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean, together with the other seas of the world, are valuable assets that should be enjoyed by mankind sustainably. Several industries operate in or on this huge natural resource, producing wealth and generating jobs. In order to exploit all this wealth sustainably, it is essential to understand it better, becoming familiar with each of the industries, how they interact with each other, their evolution and how intensively they use the sea around the world. The is a contribution of reference about the economy of the sea in the world. It may be also seen as a voyage around the world in which the key countries for each sea industry are identified, this is why this publication has been entitled. José Bernardo Territory Senior Partner (Portugal) Miguel Marques Economy of the Sea Partner Henrik Steinbrecher Global Middle Market Leader Ricardo Frederico Correia Economy of the Sea Senior Manager 9
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Executive summary 11
Executive summary The in-depth has two parts: 1. A summary of quantitative information on various subsectors that make up the economy of the sea in the world, including trend analysis and a number of rankings of countries by industry; 2. An economy of the sea map made by overlapping different rankings of countries by industry on a map of the world; The economy of the sea is a significant part of the world economy and, as such, is affected by the general evolution of macroeconomics. Taking into account growth rates of the various countries, it may be said that recent years have not been easy. In particular, the year 2009 was a particularly negative year in which the growth rate of global gross national product was negative (-2.1%), and the major contributors to this poor result were the developed economies (their gross domestic product fell in the order of -3.7%). In 2009, the low growth rate of gross domestic product in developing countries (+ 2.6%) was not enough to offset the negative growth in developed countries. The high growth rates of GDP recorded in 2006 (4.1%) have not yet been restored; the growth rate in 2013 was a mere 2.3%. 12
Executive summary Maritime transport, ports and logistics Recent years have been years of slowdown in global economic growth, which have negatively impacted the growth rate of the volume of exports and imports. As most of the load volume is transported by sea, the maritime transport sector has been considerably affected. Although oil and gas, as well as bulk, are the load types most transported by sea, containerized cargo has been growing. Between 2006 and 2013 there was a change in the relative importance of maritime trade in developed economies compared to developing economies. In 2006, developed economies accounted for approximately 53% of the tonnage of cargo transported by sea, a figure which fell to 39% in 2013. However, the share of developing economies in 2006 was 46% and increased to 60 % in 2013. This was primarily because Europe dropped from 54% in 2006 to 40% in 2013, while Asia rose from a 37% in 2006 to 49% in 2013. Between 1980 and 2014, bulk shipping and container shipping have gained weight compared to oil tankers and general load. Greece, Japan, China and Germany have the greatest concentration of ship ownership. Switzerland, Denmark, France, China and Germany are the countries where the headquarters of the leading transportation companies are primarily located. Panama, Liberia, The Marshall Islands, China and Singapore are the countries with largest ship registers. The world's ten largest container ports are Asian, and seven of these are Chinese. The world s five largest operators of ports have their headquarters in Singapore, the Netherlands, Unitied Arab Emirates or China. 13
Executive summary Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment The order backlog in global shipyards grew between 2002 and 2008; thereafter, orders decreased until 2012. However, for the following three years (2012, 2013 and 2014), this trend has been reversed. At the end of 2014, more than half of ship orders were for solid bulk transport ships (52.2%), immediately followed by orders for tankers for the transport of crude oil (17.7%). In 2014, China had the highest volume of orders for ships (37.6%), followed by South Korea (28.9%) and Japan (16.1%). In fourth place appears the European Union 28+Norway (6.7%). In 2014, Asia (China, South Korea and Japan), completed more than 80% of the production of ships in that year (32.7%, 31.8% and 18.6% respectively). Ship production capacity drastically reduced in Europe 28 + Norway, but increased exponentially in China. China, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan were the locations where there was the most dismantling of bulk volume ships. Offshore energy In 2004, after the Middle East and North America and, Europe was the third largest oil and natural gas producing region of the world. By 2014, Europe had been relegated to 4th place; the Middle East continued to lead production, followed by South then North America. In 2014, more than half of the world's proven gas reserves belonged to Iran and the Russian Federation. Norway, Qatar and Saudi Arabia were the three main producers of offshore oil & gas, in the period 2010 to 2014. Since late 2014, the price of a barrel of Brent oil has been below 100 USD; in mid 2015, the price was slightly above 50 USD. The oil price decline has put pressure on the profitability of offshore operations, which are more expensive than onshore operations. Offshore wind power capacity in the world is led by four European countries (UK, Denmark, Germany and Belgium), representing 85.9% of total installed capacity in the world. In fifth place, China represents 7.5% of capacity. 14
Executive summary Naval security power, piracy and maritime disasters (oil spills) In 2015, the country with the largest naval fleet (aircraft carriers, frigates, destroyers, corvettes and submarines) is the US with 164, closely followed by China with 163. Russia is the third with 146 large naval craft. Somalia, Nigeria and Indonesia are countries with the greatest incidence of maritime piracy attacks in the period 2010-2014. Between 2010 and 2014, about 3,670 people were subjected to maritime piracy attacks, more than 3,300 were taken hostage and 27 were killed. Accidents involving oil spills have been occurring over time, all over the world. Fishing and aquaculture Between 2002 and 2012, as the world population has grown, there has been an increase in the consumption of fish and other food products per capita. In 2002, per capita consumption was 16 kg, rising to a per capita consumption of 19.2 kg in 2012. This increase in per capita consumption was met by increased production in aquaculture. In 2002, production in onshore and offshore aquaculture reached about 24 and 16.4 million tons, respectively, rising to 41.9 and 24.7 million tons in 2012. Fish catches at sea continue to represent the largest contribution to the supply of fish, but have not grown in recent years. The top ten countries in terms of fishing, led by China with 17.4% of the catch, represent about 60% of the total of global fishing. The Pacific Ocean is where most of the fishing takes place, accounting for about 59% of the total. The fifteen species most fished represent about 1/3 of all fish caught. In 2012, 88% of world aquaculture was in Asia, and was responsible for the significant growth of aquaculture globally. Onshore aquaculture is the main contributor to the growth of aquaculture and China represents 61.7% of global aquaculture production. From 1974 to 2011, there was increasing pressure on fish stocks, significantly increasing the number of species that are in danger of overfishing. Africa and Latin America are the regions of the world with the lowest per capita consumption of fish and other sea products. 15
Executive summary Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture The revenue associated with cruise ships has been increasing. North America and Europe are the most important markets for cruise ships. The Caribbean still holds the largest market share in the business of cruise ships, closely followed by the Mediterranean and the rest of Europe. Between 2013 and 2014, the Caribbean and Europe (excluding the Mediterranean) enjoyed an increase in their overall market share in this business, while the Mediterranean region saw a reduction in its market share from 21.7% to 18,.9%. The number of people participating in cruises has increased. The largest cruise consumers are North Americans, immediately followed by the British and the Irish. The USA, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, France and the UK are countries of reference in terms of the recreational boating and marinas business. In the last three Olympic Games, Europe was the continent with more medals in canoeing, with Germany as the country that led with 20 medals. In sailing, while European countries, led by the UK, continue well classified, winning 16 medals at the last three Olympic Games, Australia appears in second place in the ranking with 10 medals. In rowing, the United Kingdom leads with 20 medals, soon followed by Australia (12) and New Zealand (9). In surfing, Australia has led consistently in recent years. 16
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HELM PwC Economy of the Sea Barometer (World) 19
HELM PwC Economy of the Sea Barometer (World) More than 2/3 of the surface area of our planet is sea. The five principal oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean, and the other of seas of the world, are valuable assets that should be enjoyed by mankind sustainably. Several industries operate in or on this huge natural resource, producing wealth and generating jobs. In order to enhance all this wealth in a sustainable way, it is essential to understand it better, becoming familiar with each of the industries, and how they interact with each other, their evolution and how intensively they use the sea around the world. The concept of Economy of the Sea is related to the valorisation of the ocean in environmental, social and economic terms, with the aim to achieve a holistic view of all human action on sea. It includes industries like maritime transport, ports and logistics, shipbuilding, ship maintenance and repair, offshore energy, security and defence, fisheries and aquaculture, entertainment, sport, tourism and leisure. Learning more about the oceans, also means learning more about maritime industries, in particular, it is crucial to quantify their economic development in each region. There has been some quantitative information by industry, but there are few studies that quantify the economic development of all the industries related with the sea. With, we intend to build a tool that allows us to clarify the current situation in respect of the sea as a resource in the world, as well as its development prospects in the future. The HELM is meant to be a monitoring tool that allows its users to draw useful information, easily and quickly. The HELM is a long-term project, which will act as a compilation of data for monitoring, over time, the evolution of the economy of the sea in the world and simultaneously enable us to analyse trends and the choices that are made by the various economic agents. Several efforts have been made by various entities in order to quantitatively evaluate the importance of the economy of the sea. Progress has been made; however, the weight of economic activities related to the sea in total world economy remains difficult to measure and evaluate. The indicators do not allow us to measure with complete accuracy or continuously, the actual impact of these activities in the global economy. 20
HELM PwC Economy of the Sea Barometer (World) The has two parts: 1. A summary of quantitative information on various subsectors that make up the economy of the sea in the world, including trend analysis and a number of rankings of countries by industry; 2. An economy of the sea map made by overlapping different rankings of countries by industry on a map of the world. Sea industries considered Relevant sub-sectors within the sea economy of the world considered in summary quantitative information: - Maritime transport, ports and logistics; - Shipbuilding, ship repair and maintenance; - Offshore energy; - Security and defence; - Fishing and aquaculture; - Entertainment, sport, tourism and leisure. There is another set of sub-sectors, such as offshore mineral resources and blue biotechnology that, although reveal a huge potential, will still take some time to gain importance in the global economy. Rankings Taking into account the existing quantitative information and respective representation that the variable has on the industry analysis, the following variables were selected for the preparation of rankings considered in the Economy of the Sea Map: - Ownership of the world fleet (top countries) - Top container terminals - Shipbuilding completions (top countries) - Offshore oil & gas production (top countries) - Offshore wind capacity (top countries) - Aircraft Carriers + Frigates + Destroyers + Corvettes + Submarines (top countries) - Pirate attacks locations - Marine capture fisheries (top countries) - Aquaculture (top countries) - Cruises (top markets) - Olympic medals in sailing(top countries) - Commercial shipping trading track with the highest traffic 21
HELM PwC Economy of the Sea Barometer (World) Update of the quantitative information (*) As mentioned above, quantification and measurement of the economy of the sea remains difficult. However, as time goes by, new sources of information appear and new reliable indicators may be used. In this context, every year we do a careful review of all the variables that compose the quantitative summary information and update it with relevant information, which has since become available. Similarly, every year, reconfirm that the comparative data of information sources quantitative information summary remain stable. In case of restatement, by the issuer, we proceed to the respective update summary quantitative information. Whenever new information is included in the quantitative information summary or where the variables considered in the economy of the sea map have been changed, the respective variables will be marked with an asterisk. 22
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International context 25
International context Exclusive Economic Zones Countries with the largest exclusive economic zones have a bigger potential to have benefits from the oceans. Below is presented the ranking of the 25 countries with the largest exclusive economic zones. Table 1: Top 25 Exclusive Economic Zones (in millions of square kilometers), 2015 EEZ 2015 (Millions of Km2) USA 12.2 Federated States of Micronesia 3.0 France 10.1 Denmark 2.6 Australia 9.1 Norway 2.4 Russia 7.6 Papua New Guinea 2.4 United Kingdom 6.8 India 2.3 Indonesia 6.0 Marshall Islands 2.0 Canada 5.7 Philippines 1.8 New Zealand 4.1 Portugal 1.7 Japan 4.0 Solomon Islands 1.6 Brazil 3.7 South Africa 1.5 Chile 3.7 Mauritius 1.3 Kiribati 3.5 Seychelles 1.3 Mexico 3.3 Source: Marineregions.org 26
International context World Economic Growth The economy of the sea is a significant part of the world economy and, as such, is affected by the general evolution of macroeconomics. Taking into account growth rates of the various countries, it may be said that recent years have not been easy. In particular, the year 2009 was a particularly negative year in which the growth rate of global gross national product was negative (-2.1%), and the major contributors to this poor result were the developed economies (their gross domestic product fell in the order of -3.7%). In 2009, the low growth rate of gross domestic product in developing countries (+ 2.6%) was not enough to offset the negative growth in developed countries. The high growth rates of GDP recorded in 2006 (4.1%) have not yet been restored; the growth rate in 2013 was a mere 2.3%. Table 2: World GDP growth, 2006-2014 (Annual percentage change) Region/country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 World 4.1% 4.0% 1.5% -2.1% 4.1% 2.8% 2.3% 2.3% 2.7% Developed countries 2.8% 2.5% 0.0% -3.7% 2.6% 1.4% 1.1% 1.3% 1.8% of which: Japan 1.7% 2.2% -1.0% -5.5% 4.7% -0.6% 1.4% 1.6% 1.4% United States 2.7% 1.8% -0.3% -2.8% 2.5% 1.6% 2.3% 2.2% 2.1% European Union (EU-28) 3.4% 3.2% 0.3% -4.6% 2.1% 1.7% -0.3% 0.1% 1.6% South-East Europe and CIS 8.5% 8.7% 5.3% -6.6% 4.8% 4.7% 3.3% 2.0% 1.3% b South-East Europe 4.6% 5.9% 5.0% -2.1% 1.7% 1.9% -0.8% 2.0% 2.0% CIS, incl. Georgia 8.7% 8.9% 5.3% -6.8% 4.9% 4.8% 3.5% 2.0% 1.2% of which: Russian Federation 8.2% 8.5% 5.2% -7.8% 4.5% 4.3% 3.4% 1.3% 0.5% Developing countries 7.7% 8.0% 5.4% 2.6% 7.8% 6.0% 4.7% 4.6% 4.7% Africa 5.8% 6.1% 5.5% 2.5% 4.9% 0.9% 5.3% 3.5% 3.9% Latin America and the Caribbean 5.5% 5.5% 3.7% -1.6% 5.7% 4.3% 3.0% 2.6% 1.9% Asia 8.7% 9.1% 6.0% 4.0% 8.9% 7.2% 5.2% 5.3% 5.6% of which: China 12.7% 14.2% 9.6% 9.2% 10.4% 9.3% 7.7% 7.7% 7.5% India 9.4% 10.1% 6.2% 5.0% 11.0% 7.9% 4.9% 4.7% 5.6% Oceania 2.8% 3.4% 2.7% 2.4% 3.7% 4.9% 4.3% 2.9% 3.2% Note: Calculations for country aggregates are based on GDP at constant 2005 dollars. a) Forecasts. b) Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Source: UNCTAD Trade and Development Report 2014 a 27
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Maritime transport, ports and logistics 29
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Recent years have seen a slowdown in global economic growth, which resulted in a fall in the growth rate of export volume and import volumes. As shown in the table below, the growth rate of export volume in the world in 2010 was 13.9%, falling to 2.2% in 2013. The same goes in the growth rate of the import volume in the world: in 2010, it was 13.8%; by 2013, it was 2.1%. This decline in the growth rate of exports and imports affected all developed countries and all developing countries. Table 3: Growth in the volume of merchandise trade, 2010 2013 (Annual percentage change) Exports Imports Countries/regions 2010 2011 2012 2013 2010 2011 2012 2013 13.9% 5.5% 2.3% 2.2% World 13.8% 5.4% 2.1% 2.1% a 12.9% 4.9% 0.5% 1.3% Developed economies 10.8% 3.4% -0.4% -0.4% of which: 11.6% 5.5% -0.1% 1.4% European Union (EU-28) 9.4% 2.8% -2.5% -1.2% 27.5% -0.6% -1.0% -1.8% Japan 10.1% 4.2% 3.8% 0.5% 15.4% 7.2% 4.0% 2.6% United States 14.8% 3.8% 2.8% 0.9% 16.0% 6.7% 4.6% 5.1% Developing economies 18.5% 7.7% 5.3% 5.5% of which: 10.3% -6.8% 7.8% -1.8% Africa 6.5% 3.9% 11.8% 5.6% 8.1% 5.1% 3.1% 1.5% Developing America 22.3% 11.3% 3.1% 2.4% 18.2% 8.5% 4.5% 4.3% Asia 19.3% 7.3% 5.1% 6.1% of which: 29.5% 13.4% 7.4% 4.8% China 25.0% 10.7% 6.1% 8.8% 14.0% 15.0% -1.8% 7.6% India 13.8% 9.7% 5.5% 0.1% 4.2% 9.1% 9.8% 2.2% Western Asia 8.6% 8.2% 8.7% 8.6% 11.4% 4.1% 1.3% 1.0% Transition economies 17.6% 16.8% 5.0% 2.7% Note: Data on trade volumes are derived from international merchandise trade values deflated by UNCTAD unit value indices. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 30
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Most of the load volume is transported by sea and, consequently, the maritime transport sector was impacted by slowing growth of exports and imports globally. Although oil and gas, as well as bulk, are the load types most transported by sea, containerized cargo has been growing. Table 4: International seaborne trade, selected years (Millions of tons loaded) Year Container Other dry cargo Five major bulks Oil and gas 1980 102 1,123 608 1,871 1985 152 819 900 1,459 1990 234 1,031 988 1,755 1995 371 1,125 1,105 2,050 2000 598 1,928 1,295 2,163 2005 969 2,009 1,709 2,422a 2006 1,076 2,112 1,814 2,698 2007 1,193 2,141 1,953 2,747 2008 1,249 2,173 2,065 2,742 2009 1,127 2,004 2,085 2,642 2010 1,280 2,022 2,335 2,772 2011 1,393 2,112 2,486 2,794 2012 1,445 2,169 2,742 2,841 2013 1,524 2,260 2,920 2,844 Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 Figure 1: International seaborne trade, selected years (Millions of tons loaded) 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 Oil and gas Five major bulks Other dry cargo Container 2000 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 31
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Between 2006 and 2013 there was a change in the relative importance of maritime trade in developed economies compared to developing economies. In 2006, developed economies accounted for approximately 53% of the tonnage of cargo transported by sea, a figure which fell to 39% in 2013. However, the share of developing economies in 2006 was 46% and increased to 60 % in 2013. This was primarily because Europe dropped from 54% in 2006 to 40% in 2013, while Asia rose from a 37% in 2006 to 49% in 2013 Table 5: World seaborne trade in 2006 2013, by type of cargo, country group and region (Millions of tons) Goods unloaded (Millions of tons) Region/country Year Total Crude Petroleum products and gas Dry cargo Share of the total World Developed economies Transition economies Developing economies Africa America Asia Europe Oceania 2006 7,879 1,932 894 5,053 100% 2013 9,505 1,889 1,091 6,525 100% 2006 4,165 1,282 536 2,347 53% 2013 3,668 1,016 559 2,093 39% 2006 71 6 3 62 1% 2013 149 0 7 142 1% 2006 3,643 644 355 2,644 46% 2013 5,688 873 525 4,290 60% 2006 350 41 39 269 4% 2013 423 35 56 333 5% 2006 374 50 60 264 5% 2013 555 70 86 399 6% 2006 2,907 553 249 2,105 37% 2013 4,697 767 380 3,550 49% 2006 4,235 1,288 539 2,409 54% 2013 3,817 1,016 565 2,235 40% 2006 13 0 7 6 0% 2013 13 1 4 8 0% a Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 32
Maritime transport, ports and logistics The largest consumers of oil and natural gas worldwide are East Asia and North America. Table 6: Major producers and consumers of oil and natural gas, 2013 (Percentage world market share) World oil production World oil consumption Western Asia 33% Asia Pacific 33% Transition economies 17% North America 23% North America 16% Europe 15% Developing America 12% Developing America 10% Africa 10% Western Asia 10% Asia Pacific 9% Transition economies 5% Europe 3% Africa 4% a World natural gas production World natural gas consumption North America 25% North America 25% Transition economies 23% Asia Pacific 19% Western Asia 17% Transition economies 16% Asia Pacific 14% Europe 14% Europe 8% Western Asia 14% Developing America 7% Developing America 8% Africa 6% Africa 4% Note: Oil includes crude oil, shale oil, oil sands and natural gas liquids. The term excludes liquid fuels from other sources such as biomass and coal derivatives. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 33
Maritime transport, ports and logistics At a global level, shipping containers have increased a lot; however, with the 2009 global crisis and a decrease of world gross domestic product, there was a negative growth of containerization in that year. Figure 2: Global containerized trade, 1996 2014 (Millions of TEUs and percentage annual change) 180 - Million TEUs (left) Percentage annual change (right) -20 160-140 - -15 120 - -10 100-80 - -5 60 - -0 40-20 - --5 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014-10 Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 34
Maritime transport, ports and logistics In terms of container transport, the transatlantic route in 2014 represented about 6.5% of total TEU s transported, while the transpacific route accounted for about 22.7%. Table 7: Distribution of global containerized trade by route, 2011 2014 (Millions of TEUs) Year Intraregional & South-South North-South Trans-Pacific (Millions of TEUs) Far East- Europe Secondary East-West Transatlantic 2011 56.2 25.8 20.8 20.4 18.8 6.0 2012 60.1 26.0 20.8 20.1 19.5 6.1 2013 63.7 27.2 21.7 21.0 20.1 6.2 2014 68.0 28.7 22.7 22.1 21.3 6.5 Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 Figure 3: Distribution of global containerized trade by route, 2011 2014 (Millions of TEUs) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Intraregional & South-South North-South Trans-Pacific Far East-Europe Secondary East-West Transatlantic 10 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 35
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Asia, and particularly China, is the main importer of steel, iron, coal and grain, while the American Continent and Australia are the main exporters of these strategic products. Table 8: Some major dry bulks and steel: Main producers, users, exporters and importers, 2013 (Percentage world market share) Steel producers % Steel users % China 49% China 47% Japan 7% European Union 10% United States 5% North America 9% India 5% Transition economies 4% Russian Federation 4% Developing America 3% Republic of Korea 4% Western Asia 3% Germany 3% Africa 2% Turkey 2% Other 22% Brazil 2% Ukraine 2% Other 17% Iron ore exporters % Iron ore importers % Australia 49% China 67% Brazil 27% Japan 11% South Africa 5% European Union 9% Canada 3% Republic of Korea 5% Sweden 3% Other 8% Other 13% Coal exporters % Coal importers % Indonesia 34% China 19% Australia 32% Japan 17% United States 9% European Union 16% Colombia 7% India 16% Russian Federation 7% Republic of Korea 11% South Africa 6% China, Taiwan Province of 5% Canada 3% Malaysia 2% Other 2% Thailand 2% Other 12% Grain exporters % Grain importers % United States 19% Asia 31% Argentina 12% Developing America 21% European Union 11% Africa 20% Australia 10% Western Asia 18% Ukraine 9% Europe 7% Canada 8% Transition economies 3% Others 31% Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 36
Maritime transport, ports and logistics From 1980 to 2014 bulk ship and containers have gained relative weight compared to oil and general load tankers. Table 9: World fleet by principal vessel types, 1980 2014 (Beginning-of-year figures, percentage share of dwt) Year Other Container General cargo Dry bulk Oil tanker 1980 4.5% 1.6% 17.0% 27.2% 49.7% 1990 7.5% 3.9% 15.6% 35.6% 37.4% 2000 9.4% 8.0% 12.7% 34.6% 35.4% 2010 7.2% 13.3% 8.5% 35.8% 35.3% 2014 11.2% 12.8% 4.6% 42.9% 28.5% Note: All propelled seagoing merchant vessels of 100 GT and above, excluding inland waterway vessels, fishing vessels, military vessels, yachts, and offshore fixed and mobile platforms and barges (with the exception of FPSOs and drill ships). Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 Figure 4: World fleet by principal vessel types, 1980 2014 (Beginning-of-year figures, percentage share of dwt) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Oil tanker Dry bulk General cargo Container Other 20% 10% 0% 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014 37
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Greece, Japan, China and Germany are the countries with the highest concentration of ship ownership. Table 10: Ownership of the world fleet, as of 1 January 2014 (dwt and nº of ships) Dead-weight tonnage (thousand dwt) Beneficial Owner Location aª Number of ships Greece 258,484 3,826 Japan 228,553 4,022 China 200,179 5,405 Germany 127,238 3,699 Republic of Korea 78,240 1,568 Singapore 74,064 2,120 United States 57,356 1,927 United Kingdom 52,821 1,233 Taiwan 47,481 862 Norway 42,972 1,864 Denmark 40,504 955 Bermuda 36,793 250 Turkey 29,266 1,547 Hong Kong SAR (China) 26,603 610 Italy 24,610 851 India 21,657 753 Brazil 19,510 346 United Arab Emirates 19,033 716 Russian Federation 18,883 1,734 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 18,257 229 Note: Vessels of 1,000 GT and above. a Beneficial ownership location indicates the country/economy in which the company that has the main commercial responsibility for the vessel is located. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 38
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Switzerland, Denmark, France, China and Germany are the countries where the headquarters of the leading transportation companies are primarily located. Table 11: The 20 leading liner companies (headquarters country), 1 January 2014 (Number of ships and total shipboard capacity deployed, in TEUs, ranked by TEU) Ranking Headquarters Vessels TEU 1 Switzerland 461 2,609,181 2 Denmark 456 2,505,935 3 France 348 1,508,007 4 Taiwan 229 1,102,245 5 China 163 879,696 6 Germany 159 762,613 7 China 134 750,644 8 Republic of Korea 115 671,210 9 Singapore 121 629,479 10 United Arab Emirates 73 610,294 11 Japan 119 607,562 12 Taiwan 107 561,172 13 Germany 112 539,793 14 China 98 510,115 15 Japan 104 488,848 16 Republic of Korea 64 392,874 17 Japan 72 368,746 18 Singapore 137 365,693 19 Chile 58 320,273 20 Israel 71 305,192 Note: Includes all container-carrying ships known to be operated by liner shipping companies. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 39
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Panama, Liberia, The Marshall Islands, China and Singapore are the countries with largest ship registers. Table 12: The 20 flags of registration with the largest registered fleets, as of 1 January 2014 (dwt) Flag of registration Number of ships Dead-weight tonnage (thousand dwt) Per cent of world total (dwt) Panama 7,068 355,700 21.2% Liberia 3,126 205,206 12.2% Marshall Islands 2,207 152,339 9.1% China, Hong Kong SAR 2,065 138,134 8.2% Singapore 2,318 103,467 6.2% Greece 883 77,078 4.6% Bahamas 1,327 74,874 4.5% China 2,802 73,522 4.4% Malta 1,698 72,935 4.4% Cyprus 937 32,594 1.9% Isle of Man 409 23,711 1.4% Italy 719 20,022 1.2% United Kingdom 658 18,805 1.1% a Norway (NIS) 531 18,221 1.1% Japan 766 17,915 1.1% Republic of Korea 777 16,881 1.0% Germany 381 16,380 1.0% India 702 15,245 0.9% a Denmark (DIS) 381 14,371 0.9% Indonesia 1,609 13,846 0.8% Rest of the World 16,237 215,607 12.9% Total World 47,601 1,676,853 100% Note: Propelled seagoing merchant vessels of 1,000 GT and above; ranked by dead-weight tonnage. For a complete list of all countries for ships of 100 GT and above see http://stats.unctad.org/fleet. NIS: Norwegian International Ship Register; DIS: Danish International Ship Register. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 40
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Most ship owners register their ships in different location from the country where they are located, looking for better conditions. Figure 5: Top 20 ship owning nations, beneficial ownership, 1 January 2014 (1,000 dwt, by country/economy of ownership) 300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 0 Greece Japan China Germany Republic of Korea Singapore United States United Kingdom Taiwan Norway Denmark Bermuda Turkey China, Hong Kong SAR Italy India Brazil United Arab Emirates Russian Federation Islamic Republic of Iran Foreign flag Note: Propelled seagoing merchant vessels of 1,000 GT and above. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 National flag 41
Maritime transport, ports and logistics Most ships are registered in developing countries. Table 13: Distribution of dwt capacity of vessel types, by country group of registration, January 2014 (Beginning-of-year figures, per cent of dwt) Total fleet Oil tankers Bulk carriers General cargo Container ships Others World total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Developed countries 23.28% 26.38% 18.52% 28.91% 27.55% 25.96% Countries with economies in transition 0.72% 0.76% 0.27% 5.18% 0.04% 1.17% Developing countries 75.76% 72.80% 81.16% 65.10% 72.40% 71.40% of which: Africa 13.69% 17.53% 10.14% 5.66% 23.07% 9.93% America 28.57% 21.17% 34.80% 24.86% 22.73% 32.52% Asia 24.57% 21.69% 27.69% 32.14% 22.36% 19.53% Oceania 8.92% 12.41% 8.53% 2.44% 4.24% 9.42% Unknown and other 0.24% 0.06% 0.05% 0.81% 0.01% 1.47% Note: Propelled seagoing merchant vessels of 100 GT and above. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 42
Maritime transport, ports and logistics The years 2009, 2011 and 2013 were years of decline in freight prices. Table 14: Container freight markets and rates Freight markets 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Trans-Pacific a ($ per FEU) Shanghai - United States West Coast 1,372 2,308 1,667 2,287 2,033 Percentage change 68% -28% 37% -11% Shanghai - United States East Coast 2,367 3,499 3,008 3,416 3,290 Percentage change 48% -14% 14% -4% Far East-Europe ($ per TEU) Shanghai - Northern Europe 1,395 1,789 881 1,353 1,084 Percentage change 28% -51% 54% -20% Shanghai-Mediterranean 1,397 1,739 973 1,336 1,151 Percentage change 24% -44% 37% -14% North-South ($ per TEU) Shanghai-South America (Santos) 2,429 2,236 1,483 1,771 1,380 Percentage change -8% -34% 19% -22% Shanghai-Australia/New Zealand (Melbourne) 1,500 1,189 772 925 818 Percentage change -21% -35% 20% -12% Shanghai-West Africa (Lagos) 2,247 2,305 1,908 2,092 1,927 Percentage change 3% -17% 10% -8% Shanghai-South Africa (Durban) 1,495 1,481 991 1,047 805 Percentage change -1% -33% 6% -23% Intra-Asian ($ per TEU) Shanghai-South-East Asia (Singapore) 318 210 256 231 Percentage change -34% 22% -10% Shanghai-East Japan 316 337 345 346 Percentage change 7% 2% 0% Shanghai-Republic of Korea 193 198 183 197 Percentage change 3% -8% 8% Shanghai-Hong Kong (China) 116 155 131 85 Percentage change 34% -15% -35% Shanghai-Persian Gulf (Dubai) 639 922 838 981 771 Percentage change 44% -9% 17% -21% Note: Data based on yearly averages. a FEU: 40-foot equivalent unit. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 43
Maritime transport, ports and logistics In the period 2000-2014, the supply of transport in containers always grew; however, in 2009, the demand decreased. The growth in demand after 2009, on average, is lower than the growth in demand before 2009. Table 15: Growth of demand and supply in container shipping, 2000 2014 (Annual growth rates) Year Demand Supply 2000 10.7% 7.8% 2001 2.4% 8.5% 2002 10.5% 8.0% 2003 11.6% 8.0% 2004 13.4% 8.0% 2005 10.6% 10.5% 2006 11.2% 13.6% 2007 11.4% 11.8% 2008 4.2% 10.8% 2009-9.0% 4.9% 2010 12.8% 8.3% 2011 7.2% 6.8% 2012 3.2% 4.9% 2013 4.7% 4.7% 2014 5.8% 3.7% Note: Supply data refer to the total capacity of the container-carrying fleet, including multi-purpose and other vessels with some degree of container carrying capacity. Demand growth is based on million TEU lifts. The data for 2014 are projected figures. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 Figure 6: Growth of demand and supply in container shipping, 2000 2014 (Annual growth rates) 15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Demand Supply -5,00% -10,00% -15,00% 44
Maritime transport, ports and logistics The Baltic Dry Index is a reference index in the analysis of the price of maritime transport. Figure 7: Baltic Exchange Dry Index, 2012 2015 (19 August 2015) (Index base year 1985 = 1,000 points) 2500 Baltic Exchange Dry Index 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2012-05-01 2012-06-01 2012-07-01 2012-08-01 2012-09-01 2012-10-01 2012-11-01 2012-12-01 2013-01-01 2013-02-01 2013-03-01 2013-04-01 2013-05-01 2013-06-01 2013-07-01 2013-08-01 2013-09-01 2013-10-01 2013-11-01 2013-12-01 2014-01-01 2014-02-01 2014-03-01 2014-04-01 2014-05-01 2014-06-01 2014-07-01 2014-08-01 2014-09-01 2014-10-01 2014-11-01 2014-12-01 2015-01-01 2015-02-01 2015-03-01 2015-04-01 2015-05-01 2015-06-01 2015-07-01 2015-08-01 Note: The BDI is a composite of 3 sub-indices, each covering a different carrier size: Capesize, Panamax, and Supramax. Capesize carriers are the largest ships with a capacity greater than 150,000 DWT. Panamax refers to the maximum size allowed for ships travelling through the Panama Canal, typically 65,000-80,000 DWT. The Supramax Index covers carriers with a capacity of 50,000-60,000 DWT. Source: www.quandl.com/data/lloyds/bdi-baltic-dry-index 45
Maritime transport, ports and logistics The world's ten largest container ports are Asian, seven are Chinese. Table 16: Top 20 container terminals and their throughput for 2011, 2012 and 2013 (Million TEUs and percentage change) Port Name Country 2011 2012 Preliminary figures for 2013 Percentage change 2012-2013 Percentage share in the world Million TEUs Shanghai China 31.7 32.5 36.6 12.57% 5.6% Singapore Singapore 29.9 31.6 32.6 3.00% 5.0% Shenzhen China 22.6 22.9 23.3 1.48% 3.6% Hong Kong (China) Hong Kong, China 24.4 23.1 22.4-3.31% 3.4% Busan Republic of Korea 16.2 17.0 17.7 3.75% 2.7% Ningbo China 14.7 15.7 17.4 10.73% 2.7% Qingdao China 13.0 14.5 15.5 7.01% 2.4% Guangzhou China 14.4 14.7 15.3 3.83% 2.3% Dubai United Arab Emirates 13.0 13.3 13.6 2.8% 2.1% Tianjin China 11.5 12.3 13.0 5.69% 2.0% Rotterdam Netherlands 11.9 11.9 11.6-2.06% 1.8% Port Klang Malaysia 9.6 10.0 10.4 3.48% 1.6% Dalian China 6.4 8.1 10.0 24.19% 1.5% Kaohsiung Taiwan 9.6 9.8 9.9 1.6% 1.5% Hamburg Germany 9.0 8.9 9.3 4.45% 1.4% Long Beach United States 6.1 6.0 8.7 44.4% 1.3% Antwerp Belgium 8.7 8.6 8.6-0.66% 1.3% Xiamen China 6.5 7.2 8.0 11.2% 1.2% Los Angeles United States 7.9 8.1 7.9-2.58% 1.2% Tanjung Pelepas Malaysia 7.5 7.7 7.6-0.94% 1.2% Total top 20 274.5 284.0 299.4 5.4% 46.0% Note: In this list Singapore does not include the port of Jurong. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 46
Maritime transport, ports and logistics The five largest ports operators in the world have their headquarters in Singapore, the Netherlands, United Arab Emirates or China. Table 17: Top 10 global terminal operators (headquarters country), 2012 (Million TEUs and market share) Headquarters Million TEUs %share 1 Singapore 50.9 8.2% 2 Hong Kong, China 44.8 7.2% 3 Netherlands 33.7 5.4% 4 United Arab Emirates 33.4 5.4% 5 China 17 2.7% 6 Luxemburg 13.5 2.2% 7 China 8.6 1.4% 8 Republic of Korea 7.8 1.3% 9 Taiwan 7.5 1.2% 10 Germany 6.5 1% Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 47
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Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment The order backlog in global shipyards grew between 2002 and 2008; thereafter, orders decreased until 2012. However, for the following three years (2012, 2013 and 2014), this trend has been reversed. Table 18: Summary of activity in World Shipyards (Thousands of CGT) Year Order book New orders Completions 2002 48,946 20,471 21,396 2003 70,807 41,705 22,824 2004 92,800 45,128 25,461 2005 107,200 39,588 29,353 2006 138,000 57,315 34,123 2007 183,740 85,277 34,640 2008 194,166 42,953 41,873 2009 156,200 16,554 44,401 2010 128,013 38,581 51,573 2011 111,442 30,823 51,126 2012 92,300 24,713 47,967 2013 102,900 53,839 38,068 2014 108,146 45,592 36,450 Note: CGT - Compensated Gross Tonnage- International unit of measure that facilitates the comparison of different shipyards production regardless of the types of vessel produced. The CGT of a ship is calculated using a table of conversion factors published by OECD. The conversion factors vary with ship type. GT Gross Tonnage; unit of 100 cubic feet or 2.831 cubic meters, used in arriving at the calculation of gross tonnage. Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 Figure 8: Summary of activity in World Shipyards (Thousands of CGT) 200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 Order book New orders Completions 60000 40000 20000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 50
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment The evolution of activity in Chinese shipyards has followed the trend in the shipyards globally, although the growth recorded between 2002 and 2008 was more significant than that in the rest of the world. Table 19: Summary of activity in Chinese shipyards (Thousands of CGT) Year Order book New orders Completions 2002 5,943 2,669 1,561 2003 9,327 5,235 2,604 2004 12,589 5,691 2,929 2005 15,629 6,067 4,343 2006 25,701 13,366 5,148 2007 50,221 28,925 6,638 2008 62,011 13,864 9,053 2009 54,359 7,113 12,520 2010 48,923 16,102 18,801 2011 40,878 8,339 19,739 2012 32,209 8,555 19,701 2013 36,649 21,402 13,377 2014 40,641 16,900 11,907 Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 Figure 9: Summary of activity in Chinese shipyards (Thousands of CGT) 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 Order book New orders Completions 20000 10000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 51
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment Although in general, the activity of South Korean shipyards is below the activity of Chinese shipyards, at the end of 2014, the number of finished ships was very similar. Table 20: Summary of activity in South Korean shipyards (Thousands of CGT) Year Order book New orders Completions 2002 15,215 5,663 6,650 2003 26,368 18,671 7,167 2004 33,365 15,806 8,348 2005 37,243 13,960 10,136 2006 46,544 21,884 11,868 2007 63,389 32,969 11,135 2008 64,357 14,780 14,535 2009 47,576 3,383 14,463 2010 39,145 11,915 14,906 2011 35,529 13,615 15,954 2012 28,517 7,111 13,393 2013 31,169 17,437 12,027 2014 31,244 12,588 11,606 Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 Figure 10: Summary of activity in South Korean shipyards (Thousands of CGT) 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 Order book New orders Completions 20000 10000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 52
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment Japanese shipyards have also seen a recovery in the last three years, both in terms of order book and in terms of new orders, although the number of finished ships has fallen over the same period. Table 21: Summary of activity of Japanese shipyards (Thousands of CGT) Year Order book New orders Completions 2002 13,052 7,965 6,570 2003 19,076 11,779 6,887 2004 25,113 13,675 7,996 2005 26,894 8,620 8,479 2006 29,372 11,193 9,551 2007 30,714 10,125 8,851 2008 30,649 7,820 9,741 2009 24,460 3,877 9,628 2010 19,836 5,374 9,821 2011 16,132 4,118 9,162 2012 12,534 4,396 8,415 2013 13,615 7,550 7,092 2014 17,442 10,256 6,768 Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 Figure 11: Summary of activity of Japanese shipyards (Thousands of CGT) 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 Order book New orders Completions 10000 5000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 53
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment European yards also have experienced a recovery as from 2012, with new orders at the same level as 2007, before the global economic crisis. Table 22: Summary of activity of EU28+ Norway shipyards (Thousands of CGT) Year Order book New orders Completions 2002 9,666 2,341 4,896 2003 9,610 3,951 4,498 2004 12,406 6,798 4,194 2005 15,738 7,226 3,766 2006 17,430 5,597 4,762 2007 17,376 5,257 4,637 2008 14,209 2,229 4,962 2009 9,647 571 3,966 2010 6,495 2,487 4,020 2011 5,836 1,830 2,474 2012 5,058 1,859 2,232 2013 5,705 2,515 1,975 2014 7,247 3,394 2,179 Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 Figure 12: Summary of activity of EU28+ Norway shipyards (Thousands of CGT) 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 Order book New orders Completions 6000 4000 2000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 54
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment At the end of 2014, more than half of the order ships refer to solid bulk load ship (52.2%), immediately followed by orders for tankers for the transport of crude oil (17.7%). Table 23: Orderbook by Ship Types - 31.12.2014 Types NO. 1.000 GT 1.000 CGT 1.000 DWT % DWT Crude Oil Tanker 272 25,819 8,724 48,582 17.7% Oil Products Tanker 177 2,494 1,670 4,011 1.5% Chemical Tanker 491 10,307 7,023 16,657 6.1% Other Liquids 4 3 8 2 0.0% Tankers 944 38,623 17,425 69,252 25.2% Bulk Dry 1,687 78,857 33,304 143,618 52.2% Bulk Dry / Oil 4 168 97 322 0.1% Self-Discharging Bulk Dry 2 107 44 188 0.1% Other Bulk Dry 20 219 135 296 0.1% Bulk Carriers 1,713 79,351 33,580 144,424 52.5% General Cargo 331 3,253 2,849 4,683 1.7% Container 423 32,920 15,803 34,891 12.7% Refrigerated Cargo 5 72 89 61 0.0% Ro-Ro Cargo 115 4,804 2,669 1,750 0.6% Other Dry Cargo 23 796 486 959 0.3% Dry Cargoes 897 41,845 21,896 42,344 15.4% LNG Tanker 150 15,636 12,219 11,756 4.3% LPG Tanker 228 6,222 4,450 6,862 2.5% Gastankers 378 21,858 16,669 18,618 6.8% Passenger/Ro-Ro Cargo 76 591 781 125 0.0% Passenger (Cruise) 40 3,973 4,062 311 0.1% Other Passenger Vessels/Ferries 53 75 139 19 0.0% Ferries / Passenger Ships 169 4,639 4,982 455 0.2% Fish Catching 96 162 418 0 0.0% Other Fishing 15 23 58 0 0.0% Offshore Supply 768 2,107 4,538 0 0.0% Other Offshore 318 7,614 6,024 0 0.0% Research 46 213 336 0 0.0% Towing / Pushing 543 227 984 0 0.0% Dredging 29 200 295 0 0.0% Other Activities 232 529 938 0 0.0% Other Non Cargo Vessels 2,047 11,075 13,591 0 0.0% Total 6,148 197,389 108,146 275,093 100.0% Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 55
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment In 2014, China had the highest volume of orders for ships (37.6%), followed by South Korea (28.9%) and Japan (16.1%). Fourth, is the European Union 28+ Norway with 6.7%. Table 24: Orderbook by Country - 31.12.2014 Country NO. 1.000 GT % 1.000 CGT % Croatia 30 588 0.3% 412 0.4% Germany 28 1,491 0.8% 1,444 1.3% Italy 26 1,460 0.7% 1,633 1.5% Netherlands 73 277 0.1% 412 0.4% Poland 66 182 0.1% 330 0.3% Romania 82 2,214 1.1% 1,215 1.1% Spain 48 203 0.1% 336 0.3% Other EU-28 41 1,116 0.6% 1,152 1.1% EU-28 394 7,531 3.8% 6,934 6.4% Norway 42 195 0.1% 313 0.3% Russia 48 287 0.1% 338 0.3% Turkey 124 400 0.2% 667 0.6% Other 11 33 0.0% 59 0.1% Other European 225 915 0.5% 1377 1.3% Japan 941 32,875 16.7% 17,442 16.1% South Korea 865 61,080 30.9% 31,244 28.9% China 2,454 80,452 40.8% 40,641 37.6% Brazil 163 3,984 2.0% 2,647 2.4% India 123 222 0.1% 485 0.4% Indonesia 109 197 0.1% 367 0.3% Malaysia 169 179 0.1% 439 0.4% Philippines 83 4,611 2.3% 2,156 2.0% Singapore 50 177 0.1% 252 0.2% Taiwan 40 1,659 0.8% 903 0.8% USA 124 1,285 0.7% 1,156 1.1% Vietnam 181 1,535 0.8% 1,227 1.1% Others 227 686 0.3% 876 0.8% Rest of World 1,269 14,535 7.4% 10,508 9.7% World Total 6,148 197,389 100.0% 108,146 100.0% Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 56
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment At the end of 2014, more than half of the new order ships refer to solid bulk load ships (54.1%), immediately followed by new orders tanks for the transport of crude oil (19.5%). Table 25: New Orders by Ship types 2014 Types NO. 1.000 GT 1.000 CGT 1.000 DWT % DWT Crude Oil Tanker 131 12,395 4,198 23,416 19.5% Oil Products Tanker 64 1,032 654 1,678 1.4% Chemical Tanker 186 3,164 2,497 4,976 4.1% Tankers 381 16,591 7,349 30,070 25.1% Bulk Dry 737 35,336 14,765 64,494 53.7% Bulk Dry / Oil 4 168 97 322 0.3% Other Bulk Dry 17 61 68 89 0.1% Bulk Carriers 758 35,565 14,930 64,905 54.1% General Cargo 164 1,431 1,233 2,094 1.7% Container 158 12,035 5,724 12,600 10.5% Refrigerated Cargo 5 72 89 61 0.1% Ro-Ro Cargo 48 1,352 799 432 0.4% Other Dry Cargo 15 539 323 596 0.5% Dry Cargoes 390 15,429 8,168 15,783 13.2% LNG Tanker 74 7,624 5,961 5,681 4.7% LPG Tanker 102 3,017 2,106 3,343 2.8% Gastankers 176 10,641 8,067 9,024 7.5% Passenger/Ro-Ro Cargo 41 323 418 63 0.1% Passenger (Cruise) 15 1,806 1,802 147 0.1% Other Passenger Vessels/Ferries 27 18 47 4 0.0% Ferries / Passenger Ships 83 2,147 2,267 214 0.2% Fish Catching 91 111 311 0 0.0% Other Fishing 7 9 24 0 0.0% Offshore Supply 340 943 1,987 0 0.0% Other Offshore 118 1,363 1,410 0 0.0% Research 16 65 107 0 0.0% Towing / Pushing 294 139 561 0 0.0% Dredging 11 49 88 0 0.0% Other Activities 79 179 323 0 0.0% Other Non Cargo Vessels 956 2,858 4,811 0 0.0% Total 2,744 83,230 45,592 119,998 100.0% Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 57
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment Table 26: New Orders by Country 2014 Country NO. 1.000 GT % 1.000 CGT % Croatia 15 395 0.5% 245 0.5% Germany 13 581 0.7% 559 1.2% Italy 8 629 0.8% 668 1.5% Netherlands 37 79 0.1% 143 0.3% Poland 28 87 0.1% 162 0.4% Romania 32 824 1.0% 456 1.0% Spain 25 92 0.1% 160 0.4% Other EU-28 26 751 0.9% 780 1.7% EU-28 184 3,438 4.1% 3,173 7.0% Norway 33 133 0.2% 221 0.5% Russia 3 22 0.0% 35 0.1% Turkey 66 170 0.2% 301 0.7% Other European 102 325 0.4% 557 1.2% Japan 600 19,397 23.3% 10,256 22.5% South Korea 338 24,697 29.7% 12,588 27.6% China 1,130 32,475 39.0% 16,900 37.1% Brazil 12 45 0.1% 89 0.2% India 5 4 0.0% 11 0.0% Indonesia 60 62 0.1% 135 0.3% Malaysia 49 20 0.0% 79 0.2% Philippines 38 1,933 2.3% 787 1.7% Singapore 33 89 0.1% 134 0.3% Taiwan 31 293 0.4% 227 0.5% USA 27 200 0.2% 185 0.4% Vietnam 55 146 0.2% 239 0.5% Others 80 107 0.1% 232 0.5% Rest of World 390 2,899 3.5% 2,118 4.6% World Total 2,744 83,231 100.0% 45,592 100.0% Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 58
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment At the end of 2014, 52.7% of completed ships worldwide were related to transport dry bulk ships, 20% of completed ships refer to container carriers, and 12.1% for transport tanks of crude oil. Table 27: Completions by Ship types 2014 Types NO. 1.000 GT 1.000 CGT 1.000 DWT % DWT Crude Oil Tanker 50 5,611 1,750 10,664 12.1% Oil Products Tanker 114 548 534 842 1.0% Chemical Tanker 162 3,282 2,079 5,373 6.1% Other Liquids 6 38 32 50 0.1% Tankers 332 9,479 4,395 16,929 19.2% Bulk Dry 576 25,592 10,992 46,515 52.7% Bulk Dry / Oil 2 8 11 10 0.0% Self-Discharging Bulk Dry 2 64 32 72 0.1% Other Bulk Dry 35 536 296 708 0.8% Bulk Carriers 615 26,200 11,331 47,305 53.6% General Cargo 179 1,358 1,238 1,964 2.2% Container 206 16,414 7,887 17,679 20.0% Refrigerated Cargo 4 12 25 16 0.0% Ro-Ro Cargo 86 1,810 1,117 710 0.8% Other Dry Cargo 8 160 116 152 0.2% Dry Cargoes 483 19,754 10,383 20,521 23.2% LNG Tanker 30 3,258 2,548 2,583 2.9% LPG Tanker 53 752 664 855 1.0% Gastankers 83 4,010 3,212 3,438 3.9% Passenger/Ro-Ro Cargo 56 223 344 50 0.1% Passenger (Cruise) 7 695 695 55 0.1% Other Passenger Vessels/Ferries 43 16 55 8 0.0% Ferries / Passenger Ships 106 934 1,094 113 0.1% Fish Catching 157 160 473 0 0.0% Other Fishing 18 27 71 0 0.0% Offshore Supply 385 855 1,913 0 0.0% Other Offshore 116 2,328 2,050 0 0.0% Research 24 100 158 0 0.0% Towing / Pushing 492 163 790 0 0.0% Dredging 12 50 92 0 0.0% Other Activities 127 547 490 0 0.0% Other Non Cargo Vessels 1,331 4,230 6,037 0 0.0% Total 2,950 64,607 36,450 88,308 100.0% Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 59
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment In 2014, Asia (China, South Korea and Japan), completed more than 80% of the production of ships in that year (32.7%, 31.8% and 18.6% respectively). In the European Union 28 + Norway finished only 6% of all finished ships worldwide. Table 28: Completions by Countries 2014 Country NO. 1.000 GT % 1.000 CGT % Croatia 7 41 0.1% 57 0.2% Germany 15 519 0.8% 489 1.3% Italy 10 312 0.5% 320 0.9% Netherlands 29 108 0.2% 160 0.4% Poland 45 136 0.2% 226 0.6% Romania 44 326 0.5% 322 0.9% Spain 32 69 0.1% 159 0.4% Other EU-28 26 130 0.2% 189 0.5% EU-28 208 1,641 2.5% 1,922 5.3% Norway 21 67 0.1% 114 0.3% Russia 15 53 0.1% 75 0.2% Turkey 92 175 0.3% 319 0.9% Other 10 23 0.0% 45 0.1% Other European 138 318 0.5% 553 1.5% Japan 522 13,421 20.8% 6,768 18.6% South Korea 343 22,580 34.9% 11,606 31.8% China 911 22,715 35.2% 11,907 32.7% Brazil 26 212 0.3% 167 0.5% India 41 96 0.1% 145 0.4% Indonesia 219 197 0.3% 469 1.3% Malaysia 119 76 0.1% 236 0.6% Philippines 45 1,878 2.9% 989 2.7% Singapore 50 97 0.2% 184 0.5% Taiwan 47 600 0.9% 396 1.1% USA 85 293 0.5% 443 1.2% Vietnam 92 375 0.6% 383 1.1% Others 104 108 0.2% 281 0.8% Rest of World 828 3,932 6.1% 3,693 10.1% World Total 2,950 64,607 100.0% 36,450 100.0% Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 60
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment The ship production capacity has drastically reduced in Europe 28 + Norway, but has increased exponentially in China. In Asia, countries like Japan and South Korea that have seen an increase of ship production capacity between 2002 and 2008; since 2008, there has been a decline in the same production capacity. Figure 13: Completions in global shipyards (in CGT) EU 28 + Norway Japan South Korea China Others 2002 2008 2014 Source: Sea Europe, Shipbuilding Market Monitoring 2014 61
Shipbuilding, maintenance and equipment China, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan were the locations where there was the most dismantling of bulk volume ships. India was the country that dismantled most container ships. Pakistan was the country that dismantled most tankers. Table 29: Tonnage reported sold for demolition, major vessel types and countries where demolished, 2013 (Thousands of GT) China India Bangladesh Pakistan Others Indian subcontinent Turkey Others World total Oil tankers 748 791 994 2,680 278 57 296 5,844 Bulk carriers 3,524 2,934 4,222 1,335 132 241 277 12,665 General cargo 332 930 202 99 12 332 306 2,211 Containerships 795 3,195 888 22 119 77 128 5,223 Gas carriers 249 63 6 29 35 382 Chemical tankers 13 75 23 40 13 53 218 Offshore 13 127 115 943 39 3 190 1,429 Ferries and passenger ships 109 171 42 322 Other 450 186 63 49 10 758 Total 6,124 8,409 6,506 5,118 586 973 1,336 29,052 Note: Propelled seagoing merchant vessels of 100 GT and above. Source: UNCTAD - Review of Maritime Transport 2014 62
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Offshore energy 65
Offshore energy In 2004, after the Middle East and North America and, Europe was the third largest oil and natural gas producing region of the world. By 2014, Europe had been relegated to 4th place; the Middle East continued to lead production, followed by South then North America. Table 30: Total onshore and offshore proved reserves of Oil by country At end 2004 Thousand million barrels At end 2013 Thousand million barrels At end 2014 Thousand million barrels Share of the world total US 29.3 48.5 48.5 2.9% Canada 179.6 172.9 172.9 10.2% Mexico 14.8 11.1 11.1 0.7% Total North America 223.7 232.5 232.5 13.7% Brazil 11.2 15.6 16.2 1.0% Ecuador 5.1 8.2 8.0 0.5% Venezuela 79.7 298.3 298.3 17.5% Other S. & Cent. America 7.4 7.6 7.6 0.4% Total S. & Cent. America 103.4 329.8 330.2 19.4% Azerbaijan 7.0 7.0 7.0 0.4% Kazakhstan 9.0 30.0 30.0 1.8% Norway 9.7 7.0 6.5 0.4% Russian Federation 105.5 105.0 103.2 6.1% United Kingdom 4.0 3.0 3.0 0.2% Other Europe & Eurasia 5.6 5.1 5.0 0.3% Total Europe & Eurasia 140.8 157.2 154.8 9.1% Iran 132.7 157.8 157.8 9.3% Iraq 115.0 150.0 150.0 8.8% Kuwait 101.5 101.5 101.5 6.0% Oman 5.6 5.0 5.2 0.3% Qatar 26.9 25.1 25.7 1.5% Saudi Arabia 264.3 265.9 267.0 15.7% United Arab Emirates 97.8 97.8 97.8 5.8% Yemen 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.2% Other Middle East 3.3 2.8 2.7 0.2% Total Middle East 750.1 808.7 810.7 47.7% Algeria 11.8 12.2 12.2 0.7% Angola 9.0 12.7 12.7 0.7% Egypt 3.6 3.9 3.6 0.2% Libya 39.1 48.4 48.4 2.8% Nigeria 35.9 37.1 37.1 2.2% South Sudan 0 3.5 3.5 0.2% Other Africa 8.3 12.4 11.8 0.7% Total Africa 107.6 130.1 129.2 7.6% Australia 3.9 4.0 4.0 0.2% China 15.5 18.5 18.5 1.1% India 5.6 5.7 5.7 0.3% Indonesia 4.3 3.7 3.7 0.2% Malaysia 5.2 3.8 3.8 0.2% Vietnam 3.1 4.4 4.4 0.3% Other Asia Pacific 3.1 2.7 2.7 0.2% Total Asia Pacific 40.6 42.7 42.7 2.5% Total World 1,366.2 1,701.0 1,700.1 100.0% Source: BP Statistical Review 2015 66
Offshore energy In 2014, more than half of the world's proven gas reserves belonged to Iran and the Russian Federation. Table 31: Total proved reserves of natural gas by country At end 2004 Trillion cubic metres At end 2013 Trillion cubic metres At end 2014 Trillion cubic metres US 5.5 9.6 9.8 Other North America 2 2.3 2.3 Total North America 7.5 12.0 12.1 Venezuela 4.3 5.6 5.6 Other S. & Cent. America 2.6 2.1 2.1 Total S. & Cent. America 7.0 7.7 7.7 Russian Federation 31.1 32.3 32.6 Turkmenistan 2.3 17.5 17.5 Other Europe & Eurasia 9.3 7.7 7.7 Total Europe & Eurasia 42.7 57.5 58.0 Iran 27.5 34.0 34.0 Iraq 3.2 3.6 3.6 Qatar 25.4 24.7 24.5 Saudi Arabia 6.8 8.2 8.2 United Arab Emirates 6.1 6.1 6.1 Other Middle East 3.3 3.5 3.5 Total Middle East 72.2 80.0 79.8 Algeria 4.5 4.5 4.5 Nigeria 5.2 5.1 5.1 Other Africa 4.5 4.5 4.5 Total Africa 14.2 14.2 14.2 Australia 2.3 3.7 3.7 China 1.5 3.5 3.5 Other Asia Pacific 9.2 8.2 8.2 Total Asia Pacific 13.0 15.2 15.3 Total World 156.5 186.5 187.1 Source: BP Statistical Review 2015 67
Offshore energy Since late 2014, the price of a barrel of Brent oil has been below 100 USD; in mid 2015, the price was slightly above 50 USD. The oil price decline has put pressure on the profitability of offshore operations, which are more expensive than onshore operations. Table 32: Evolution of the Brent s price in the last 5 years Figure 14: Evolution of the Brent s price in the last 5 years USD 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Date Price in USD Date Price in USD Date Price in USD Date Price in USD 07-2015 52.21 04-2014 108.07 01-2013 115.55 10-2011 109.56 06-2015 63.59 03-2014 107.76 12-2012 111.11 09-2011 102.76 05-2015 65.56 02-2014 109.07 11-2012 111.23 08-2011 114.85 04-2015 66.78 01-2014 106.4 10-2012 108.7 07-2011 116.74 03-2015 55.11 12-2013 110.8 09-2012 112.39 06-2011 112.48 02-2015 62.58 11-2013 109.69 08-2012 114.57 05-2011 116.73 01-2015 52.99 10-2013 108.84 07-2012 104.92 04-2011 125.89 12-2014 57.33 09-2013 108.37 06-2012 97.8 03-2011 117.36 11-2014 70.15 08-2013 114.01 05-2012 101.87 02-2011 111.8 10-2014 85.86 07-2013 107.7 04-2012 119.47 01-2011 101.01 09-2014 94.67 06-2013 102.16 03-2012 122.88 12-2010 94.75 08-2014 103.19 05-2013 100.39 02-2012 122.66 11-2010 85.92 07-2014 106.02 04-2013 102.37 01-2012 110.98 10-2010 83.15 06-2014 112.36 03-2013 110,02 12-2011 107.38 09-2010 82.31 05-2014 109.41 02-2013 111.38 11-2011 110.52 08-2010 74.64 Source: Bloomberg Note: The price corresponds to the last working day of the month. 0 01-08-2010 01-10-2010 01-12-2010 01-02-2011 01-04-2011 01-06-2011 01-08-2011 01-10-2011 01-12-2011 01-02-2012 01-04-2012 01-06-2012 01-08-2012 01-10-2012 01-12-2012 01-02-2013 01-04-2013 01-06-2013 01-08-2013 01-10-2013 01-12-2013 01-02-2014 01-04-2014 01-06-2014 01-08-2014 01-10-2014 01-12-2014 01-02-2015 01-04-2015 01-06-2015 68
Offshore energy From 2010 to 2014 the top 3 countries in offshore oil and gas production were Norway, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Table 33: Offshore Oil & Gas Production (Million kbbl/d) Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Norway 3,971.7 3,780.1 3,883.4 3,708.9 3,769.1 19,113.2 Qatar 3,357.0 3,866.8 3,962.0 3,949.3 3,915.7 19,050.8 Saudi Arabia 3,206.8 3,230.3 3,275.0 3,587.0 3,695.8 16,995.0 Mexico 2,528.2 2,484.7 2,480.7 2,484.3 2,454.1 12,432.1 Iran 2,325.1 2,447.6 2,455.4 2,516.4 2,683.0 12,427.6 United States 2,849.9 2,350.7 2,142.6 2,086.0 2,073.8 11,502.9 Brazil 2,057.8 2,100.7 2,125.0 2,139.5 2,326.5 10,749.5 Nigeria 2,063.8 2,037.8 2,069.7 1,896.7 1,973.9 10,041.8 Angola 1,904.2 1,795.9 1,916.8 1,858.2 1,836.1 9,311.2 United Kingdom 2,294.3 1,895.8 1,626.1 1,478.4 1,476.5 8,771.2 UAE 1,556.9 1,662.5 1,731.7 1,725.4 1,795.1 8,471.6 Malaysia 1,622.2 1,487.5 1,448.1 1,458.6 1,442.6 7,459.0 Azerbaijan 1,309.1 1,245.0 1,215.0 1,183.1 1,130.8 6,083.0 Australia 1,209.7 1,104.3 1,137.3 1,138.6 1,210.3 5,800.2 Indonesia 1,222.9 1,129.3 1,082.7 1,051.1 1,060.0 5,546.0 China 1,028.1 980.8 940.9 966.4 1,024.2 4,940.4 India 1,135.4 1,031.2 955.0 807.2 838.0 4,766.8 Egypt 1,023.6 1,020.0 1,010.1 918.4 762.3 4,734.4 Venezuela 924.0 847.3 816.9 772.6 725.3 4,086.0 Trinidad and Tobago 753.8 711.0 714.3 751.4 735.4 3,666.0 Thailand 647.8 629.5 746.8 718.7 712.9 3,455.6 Russia 540.9 578.6 588.8 598.0 626.6 2,932.9 Vietnam 471.2 459.6 525.6 516.5 506.7 2,479.6 Equatorial Guinea 467.0 443.8 480.3 459.2 443.8 2,294.1 Netherlands 402.5 360.8 337.9 330.0 296.3 1,727.5 Other Countries 3,905.7 3,803.3 3,816.1 3,831.6 3,689.5 19,046.3 Total 44,779.6 43,484.9 43,484.0 42,931.6 43,204.4 217,884.4 Source: FLAD and Rystad Energy Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 69
Offshore energy Offshore wind power capacity in the world is led by four European countries (UK, Denmark, Germany and Belgium), representing 85.9% of total installed capacity in the world. Fifth, China represents 7.5% of capacity. Table 34: Global cumulative offshore wind capacity in 2014 Total 2011 Total 2012 Total 2013 Total 2014 (MW) Share of the total UK 2,094 2,948 3,681 4,494 51.3% Denmark 874 921 1,271 1,271 14.5% Germany 200 280 520 1,049 12.0% Belgium 195 380 572 713 8.1% PR China 263 390 429 658 7.5% Netherlands 247 247 247 247 2.8% Sweden 164 164 212 212 2.4% Japan 25 25 50 50 0.6% Finland 26 26 26 26 0.3% Ireland 25 25 25 25 0.3% Korea 2 5 5 5 0.1% Spain - - 5 5 0.1% Norway 2 2 2 2 0.0% Portugal 2 2 2 2 0.0% USA - - 0 0 0.0% Total 4,119 5,415 7,047 8,759 100.0% Source: Global Wind Report Market update 2014 Figure 15: Global cumulative offshore wind capacity in 2014 MW 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Cumulative Capacity 2013 Cumulative Capacity 2014 Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. Figure 16: Annual cumulative capacity (2011-2014) 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 MW 0 4,119 5,415 7,047 8,759 2011 2012 2013 2014 70
Offshore energy Figure 17: Distribution of tidal companies in the world (2014) Non-EU 49% EU 51% Source: 2014 JRC Ocean Energy Status Report 71
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Naval security power, piracy and maritime disasters (oil spills) 73
Naval security power, piracy and maritime disasters (oil spills) In 2015, the country with the largest navy fleet (aircraft carriers, frigates, destroyers, corvettes and submarines) is the US with 164, closely followed by China with 163. Russia is the third with 146 large naval craft. Table 35: Total Naval Ship Power by Countries, 2015 (Sum of the number Aircraft Carriers, Frigates, Destroyers, Corvettes and Submarines) Top 25 Year 2015 Total (Aircraft Carriers + Frigates + Destroyers + Corvettes + Submarines) 1 USA 164 2 China 163 3 Russia 146 4 North Korea 76 5 India 66 6 Japan 61 7 Republic of Korea 55 8 Iran 41 9 Turkey 37 10 France 35 11 Indonesia 34 12 Italy 31 13 UK 30 14 Taiwan 30 15 Greece 25 16 Brazil 21 17 Germany 20 18 Australia 19 19 Egypt 19 20 Vietnam 19 21 Peru 19 22 Thailand 18 23 Pakistan 18 24 Singapore 18 25 Canada 17 Source: Global Firepower September 2015 Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 74
Naval security power, piracy and maritime disasters (oil spills) Somalia, Nigeria and Indonesia are countries with greatest incidence of attacks in the period 2010-2014. Table 36: Locations of actual and attempted attacks (2010-2014) Locations 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Indonesia 40 46 81 106 100 373 South East Asia Malaysia 18 16 12 9 24 79 Singapore Straits 3 11 6 9 8 37 Other Asia 9 7 5 4 9 34 South China Sea 31 13 2 4 1 51 Far East Vietnam 12 8 4 9 7 40 Other Far East 1 2 1 0 0 4 Indian Sub Continent Bangladesh 23 10 11 12 21 77 India 5 6 8 14 13 46 Brazil 9 3 1 1 1 15 Colombia 3 4 5 7 2 21 Ecuador 3 6 4 3 0 16 South America Guyana 2 1 0 2 1 6 Haiti 5 2 2 0 0 9 Peru 10 2 3 4 0 19 Venezuela 7 4 0 0 1 12 Other South America 1 3 2 1 0 7 Benin 0 20 2 0 0 22 Egypt 2 3 7 7 0 19 Guinea 6 5 3 1 0 15 Gulf of Aden a 53 37 13 6 4 113 Ivory Coast 4 1 5 4 3 17 Africa Nigeria 19 10 27 31 18 105 Red Sea a 25 39 13 2 4 83 Somalia a 139 160 49 7 3 358 Togo 0 6 15 7 2 30 The Congo 1 3 4 3 7 18 Other Africa 10 9 12 11 14 56 Rest of the World 4 2 0 0 2 8 Total 445 439 297 264 245 1,690 Source: ICC International Maritime Bureau - Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships All Incidents with a above are attributed to Somali pirates Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 75
Naval security power, piracy and maritime disasters (oil spills) Between 2010 and 2014, there was a downward trend of pirate attacks at sea. Of the 1690 attacks recorded between 2010 and 2014, only 317 did not have more serious consequences. In 931 cases, the pirates managed to board ships. In 159 of the attacks, there were abductions of people. Table 37: Comparisons of the type of attacks (2010 2014) Category 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Attempted 89 105 67 28 28 317 Boarded 196 176 174 202 183 931 Fired upon 107 113 28 22 13 283 Hijack 53 45 28 12 21 159 Total 445 439 297 264 245 1,690 Source: ICC International Maritime Bureau - Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Between 2010 and 2013, there was a reduction in the level of violence of attacks on ships' crews and, between 2013 and 2014, the level of violence increased again. Between 2010 and 2014, about 3,670 people were subjected to maritime piracy attacks, more than 3,300 were taken hostage and 27 were killed. Table 38: Types of violence to crew (2010 2014) Types of Violence 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Assaulted 6 6 4 0 1 17 Hostage 1,174 802 585 304 442 3,307 Injured 37 42 28 21 13 141 Kidnap/Ransom 27 10 26 36 9 108 Killed 8 8 6 1 4 27 Missing 0 0 0 1 1 2 Threatened 18 27 13 10 9 77 Total 1,270 895 662 373 479 3,679 Source: ICC International Maritime Bureau - Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships 76
Naval security power, piracy and maritime disasters (oil spills) In 2014, the types of ships that were the target of pirate attacks were transport ships of chemicals and bulk products. Table 39: Types of vessels attacked (2010-2014) Type 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Bulk Carrier 80 100 66 53 55 354 Container 74 62 39 30 20 225 General Cargo 63 35 15 17 14 144 Tanker Chem / Product 96 100 76 82 86 440 Tanker Crude Oil 43 61 32 39 24 199 Trawler/Fishing 19 11 5 2 3 40 Tug 20 32 23 18 7 100 Other 50 38 41 23 36 188 Total at year end 445 439 297 264 245 1,690 Source: ICC International Maritime Bureau - Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Of the 245 ships attacked in 2014, 44 were sailing under the flag of Panama, 36 of The Marshall Islands and 32 of Singapore. Table 40: Nationalities of ships attacked (2010-2014) Flag State 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Antigua Barbuda 24 16 5 7 5 57 Bahamas 10 11 16 7 4 48 Hong Kong (SAR) 18 21 17 20 16 92 Liberia 57 57 45 43 20 222 Malaysia 14 14 12 10 9 59 Malta 19 25 8 8 6 66 Marshall Islands 36 45 21 31 36 169 Panama 82 71 49 32 44 278 Singapore 40 32 43 39 32 186 Other 145 147 81 67 73 513 Total year end 445 439 297 264 245 1,690 Source: ICC International Maritime Bureau - Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships 77
Naval security power, piracy and maritime disasters (oil spills) Accidents involving oil spills have been occurring over time, all over the world. Table 41: Location of major shipping oil spills (Since 1967) Top 20 Shipname Year Location Spill size (thousand tonnes) 1 Atlantic Empress 1979 Off Tobago, West Indies 287 2 ABT Summer 1991 700 nautical miles off Angola 260 3 Castillo de Bellver 1983 Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa 252 4 Amoco Cadiz 1978 Off Brittany, France 223 5 Haven 1991 Genoa, Italy 144 6 Odyssey 1988 700 nautical miles off Nova Scotia, Canada 132 7 Torrey Canyon 1967 Scilly Isles, UK 119 8 Sea Star 1972 Gulf of Oman 115 9 Irenes Serenidade 1980 Navarino Bay, Greece 100 10 Urquiola 1976 La Coruna, Spain 100 11 Hawaiian Patriot 1977 300 nautical miles off Honolulu 95 12 Independenta 1979 Bosphorus, Turkey 94 13 Jakob Maersk 1975 Oporto, Portugal 88 14 Braer 1993 Shetland Islands, UK 85 15 Aegean Sea 1992 La Coruna, Spain 74 16 Sea Empress 1996 Milford Haven, UK 72 17 Khark 5 1989 120 nautical miles off Atlantic coast of Morocco 70 18 Nova 1985 Off Kharg Island, Gulf of Iran 70 19 Katina P 1992 Off Maputo, Mozambique 67 20 Prestige 2002 Off Galicia, Spain 63 Source: ITOPF Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2014 Table 42: Other relevant offshore spills Description Year Location 1 Deepwater Horizon 2010 Mexican Gulf 2 Ixtoc 1 Oil Well 1979 Bay of Campeche, Mexico 3 Nowruz Oil Field 1983 Persian Gulf Source: The Telegraph 78
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Fishing and aquaculture 81
Fishing and aquaculture Between 2002 and 2012, as the world population has grown, there has been an increase in the consumption of fish and other food products per capita. In 2002, per capita consumption was 16 kg, rising to a per capita consumption of 19.2 kg in 2012. This increase in per capita consumption was met by increased production in aquaculture. In 2002, production in onshore and offshore aquaculture reached about 24 and 16.4 million tons, respectively, rising to 41.9 and 24.7 million tons in 2012. Fish catches at sea continue to represent the largest contribution to the supply of fish, but have not grown in recent years. Table 43: World fisheries and aquaculture production and utilization Production 1 Note:Data in this section for 2012 are provisional estimates. Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (Million tonnes) Inland Capture 8.7 9.0 8.9 9.7 10.1 10.1 10.3 10.5 11.3 11.1 11.6 Aquaculture 24.0 25.5 27.8 29.6 31.6 29.9 32.4 34.3 36.8 38.7 41.9 Total inland 32.7 34.4 36.7 39.3 41.7 40.0 42.7 44.8 48.1 49.8 53.5 Marine Capture 84.5 81.5 85.7 84.5 81.9 80.7 79.9 79.6 77.8 82.6 79.7 Aquaculture 16.4 17.2 18.1 18.9 20.1 20.0 20.5 21.4 22.3 23.3 24.7 Total marine 100.9 98.7 103.8 103.4 102.0 100.7 100.4 101.0 100.1 105.9 104.4 Total capture 93.2 90.5 94.6 94.2 92.0 90.8 90.1 90.1 89.1 93.7 91.3 1 Total aquaculture 1 40.4 42.7 45.9 48.5 51.7 49.9 52.9 55.7 59.0 62.0 66.6 TOTAL WORLD FISHERIES 133.6 133.2 140.5 142.7 143.6 140.7 143.1 145.8 148.1 155.7 158.0 1 UTILIZATION 1 Human consumption 100.7 103.4 104.5 107.1 110.4 117.3 120.9 123.7 128.2 131.2 136.2 Non-food uses 32.9 29.8 36.0 35.6 33.3 23.4 22.2 22.1 19.9 24.5 21.7 Population (billions) 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 Per capita food fish supply (kg) 16.0 16.3 16.2 16.4 16.7 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.5 18.7 19.2 Figure 18: Total Capture, Total Aquaculture and Total World fisheries in million tonnes 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total Capture Total Aquaculture Total World Fisheries 82
Fishing and aquaculture The top ten countries in terms of fishing, led by China with 17.4% of the catch, represent about 60% of the total global fishing. Table 44: Marine capture fisheries: major producer countries Weight Variation 2012 Ranking Country 2003 2011 2012 2012 2003/2012 (Million tonnes) (Percentage) (Percentage) 1 China 12.2 13.5 13.9 17.4% 13.6% 2 Indonesia 4.3 5.3 5.4 6.8% 27.0% 3 USA 4.9 5.1 5.1 6.4% 4.0% 4 Peru 6.1 8.2 4.8 6.0% -20.6% 5 Russian Federation 3.1 4.0 4.1 5.1% 31.6% 6 Japan 4.6 3.7 3.6 4.5% -21.9% 7 India 3.0 3.3 3.4 4.3% 15.1% 8 Chile 3.6 3.1 2.6 3.2% -28.8% 9 Vietnam 1.6 2.3 2.4 3.0% 46.8% 10 Myanmar 1.1 2.2 2.3 2.9% 121.4% 11 Norway 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.7% -15.6% 12 Philippines 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.7% 4.6% 13 Republic of Korea 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.1% 0.7% 14 Thailand 2.7 1.6 1.6 2.0% -39.2% 15 Malaysia 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8% 14.7% 16 Mexico 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.8% 16.7% 17 Iceland 2.0 1.1 1.4 1.8% -27.0% 18 Morocco 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5% 26.3% Total 18 major countries 58.8 63.5 60.7 76.2% 3.3% Rest of the world 20.9 19.1 19 23.8% -9.2% World total 79.7 82.6 79.7 100.0% 0.0% Share 18 major countries (percentage) 73.8 76.8 76.2 Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 Million tonnes 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Figure 19: Marine capture fisheries: major producer countries Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 2003 2012 83
Fishing and aquaculture The Pacific Ocean is where most of the fishing takes place, representing about 59% of the total. Table 45: Marine capture: major fishing areas Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 Weight 2012 Variation 2003/2012 Fishing area name (area code) 2003 2011 2012 (Million Tonnes) (Percentage) (Percentage) Atlantic, Northwest (21) 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.5% -13.8% Atlantic, Northeast (27) 10.3 8.0 8.1 10.2% -21.1% Atlantic, Western Central (31) 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.8% -17.4% Atlantic, Eastern Central (34) 3.6 4.3 4.0 5.1% 14.3% Mediterranean and Black Sea (37) 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6% -13.3% Atlantic, Southwest (41) 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.4% -5.5% Atlantic, Southeast (47) 1.7 1.3 1.6 2.0% -10.0% Indian Ocean, Western (51) 4.4 4.2 4.5 5.7% 1.9% Indian Ocean, Eastern (57) 5.3 7.1 7.4 9.3% 38.7% Pacific, Northwest (61) 19.9 21.4 21.5 26.9% 8.0% Pacific, Northeast (67) 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.7% 0.0% Pacific, Western Central (71) 10.8 11.6 12.1 15.2% 11.5% Pacific, Eastern Central (77) 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.4% 9.7% Pacific, Southwest (81) 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8% -17.7% Pacific, Southeast (87) 10.6 12.3 8.3 10.4% -21.4% Arctic and Antarctic areas (18,48,58,88) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2% 25.4% World total 79.7 82.6 79.7 100.0% 0.0% Figure 20: Marine capture: major fishing areas Arctic and Antarctic areas (18,48,58,88) Pacific, Southeast (87) Pacific, Southwest (81) Pacific, Eastern Central (77) Pacific, Western Central (71) Pacific, Northeast (67) Pacific, Northwest (61) Indian Ocean, Eastern (57) Indian Ocean, Western (51) Atlantic, Southeast (47) Atlantic, Southwest (41) Mediterranean and Black Sea (37) Atlantic, Eastern Central (34) Atlantic, Western Central (31) Atlantic, Northeast (27) Atlantic, Northwest (21) 2012 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 84
Fishing and aquaculture The fifteen species most fished represent about 1/3 of all fish caught. Table 46: Marine capture: major species and genera 2012 Ranking Scientific name 1 Engraulis ringens 2 Theragra chalcogramma FAO English name Anchoveta (= Peruvian anchovy) Alaska pollock (= walleye pollock) Note: nei = not elsewhere included. 1 - Catches for single species have been added to those reported for the genus. Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 1 Figure 21: Marine capture: major species and genera 2003 2011 2012 (Million Tonnes) Weight 2012 Variation 2003/2012 (Percentage) (Percentage) 6.2 8.3 4.7 5.9% -24.4% 2.9 3.2 3.3 4.1% 13.3% 3 Katsuwonus Pelamis Skipjack tuna 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.5% 28.0% 4 Sardinella spp. 1 Sardinellas nei 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.9% 14.2% 5 Clupea harengus Atlantic herring 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.3% -5.6% 6 Scomber Japonicus Chub mackerel 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.0% -13.4% 7 Decapterus spp. 1 Scads nei 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.8% 0.2% 8 Thunnus Albacares Yellowfin tuna 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.7% -9.8% 9 Engraulis Japonicus Japanese anchovy 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.6% -31.8% 10 Trichiurus Lepturus Largehead hairtail 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.5% -1.1% 11 Gadus morhua Atlantic cod 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.4% 31.3% 12 Sardina Pilchardus European pilchard (= sardine) 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.3% -3.1% 13 Mallotus villosus Capelin 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.3% -12.0% 14 Dosidicus gigas Jumbo flying squid 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.2% 136.4% 15 Scomberomorus spp. 1 Seerfishes nei 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1% 30.3% Total 15 major species and genera 27.4 29.9 26.8 33.6% -1.8% Rest of the world 52.3 52.7 52.9 66.4% 1.0% World total 79.7 82.6 79.7 100% 0.0% Share 15 major species and genera (percentage) 34.4 36.1 33.6 Million tonnes 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2003 2012 85
Fishing and aquaculture Worldwide, the inland freshwater fish catch is also led by China. Table 47: Inland waters capture: major producer countries 2012 Ranking 2003 2011 2012 Weight 2012 Variation 2003/2012 Country (Million Tonnes) (Percentage) (Percentage) 1 China 2.1 2.2 2.3 19.8% 7.6% 2 India 0.8 1.1 1.5 12.6% 92.8% 3 Myanmar 0.3 1.2 1.2 10.7% 329.6% 4 Bangladesh 0.7 1.1 1.0 8.2% 34.9% 5 Cambodia 0.3 0.4 0.4 3.9% 45.4% 6 Uganda 0.2 0.4 0.4 3.5% 68.6% 7 Indonesia 0.3 0.4 0.4 3.4% 27.5% 8 United Republic of Tanzania 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.7% 4.3% 9 Nigeria 0.2 0.3 0.3 2.7% 78.3% 10 Brazil 0.2 0.2 0.3 2.3% 16.9% 11 Russian Federation 0.2 0.2 0.3 2.3% 37.7% 12 Egypt 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.1% -23.5% 13 Thailand 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.9% 12.1% 14 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.8% -7.1% 15 Vietnam 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.7% -2.6% Total 15 major countries 6.6 8.8 9.2 79.5% 40.2% Rest of the world 2 2.3 2.4 20.5% 18.3% World total 8.6 11.1 11.6 100% 35.1% Share 15 major countries (percentage) 76.6 78.7 79.5 Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 Figure 22: Inland waters capture: major producer countries in 2012 (in percentage of the total) China India Myanmar Bangladesh Cambodia Uganda Indonesia United Republic of Tanzania Nigeria Brazil Russian Federation Egypt Thailand Democratic Republic of Congo Vietnam Rest of the world 86
Fishing and aquaculture In 2012, 88% of world aquaculture was in Asia, and was responsible for the significant growth of aquaculture globally. Table 48: Aquaculture production by region: quantity of world total production Weight Selected groups and 2000 2010 2012 2012 countries Variation 2000/2012 (Million Tonnes) (Percentage) (Percentage) Africa 0.40 1.29 1.49 2.2% 272% North Africa 0.34 0.93 1.03 1.5% 200% Sub-Saharan Africa 0.06 0.36 0.45 0.7% 716% Americas 1.42 2.58 3.19 4.8% 124% Caribbean 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.0% -28% Latin America 0.80 1.89 2.57 3.9% 221% North America 0.58 0.66 0.59 0.9% 2% Asia 28.42 52.44 58.89 88.4% 107% China 21.52 36.73 41.11 61.7% 91% Central and Western Asia 0.12 0.26 0.31 0.5% 153% Southern and Eastern Asia (excluding China) 6.78 15.44 17.48 26.2% 158% Europe 2.05 2.55 2.88 4.3% 40% European Union (28) 1.40 1.28 1.26 1.9% -10% Other European countries 0.65 1.27 1.62 2.4% 149% Oceania 0.13 0.19 0.18 0.3% 52% World 32.42 59.04 66.63 100% 106% Notes: Data exclude aquatic plants and non-food products. Data for 2012 for some countries are provisional and subject to revisions. For the purpose of this table, Cyprus, classified as part of Asia by FAO, is included under Europe as one of the 28 members of European Union (Member Organization). Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 Figure 23: Aquaculture production by region: quantity of world total production (in million tonnes), 2000 and 2012 Figure 24: Aquaculture production by region: quantity of world total production (weight in percentage), 2012 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2012 Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania 87
Fishing and aquaculture Onshore aquaculture is the main contributor to the growth of aquaculture and China represents 61.7% of global aquaculture production. Table 49: Farmed food fish production by top 15 producers and main groups of farmed species in 2012 Producer Finfish Inland aquaculture Mariculture a Other speciesª National total Share in world total (Million Tonnes) (Million Tonnes) (Percentage) China 23.34 1.03 16.74 41.11 61.7% India 3.81 0.08 0.32 4.21 6.3% Vietnam 2.09 0.05 0.95 3.09 4.6% Indonesia 2.10 0.58 0.39 3.07 4.6% Bangladesh 1.53 0.06 0.14 1.73 2.6% Norway 0.00 1.32 0.00 1.32 2.0% Thailand 0.38 0.02 0.83 1.23 1.9% Chile 0.06 0.76 0.25 1.07 1.6% Egypt 1.02 0.00 1.02 1.5% Myanmar 0.82 0.00 0.06 0.89 1.3% Philippines 0.31 0.36 0.12 0.79 1.2% Brazil 0.61 0.10 0.71 1.1% Japan 0.03 0.25 0.35 0.63 1.0% Republic of Korea 0.01 0.08 0.39 0.48 0.7% USA 0.19 0.02 0.21 0.42 0.6% Top 15 subtotal 36.30 4.62 20.84 61.76 92.7% Rest of the world 2.30 0.93 1.64 4.87 7.3% World 38.60 5.55 22.48 66.63 100% Note: The symbol means the production data are not available or the production volume is regarded as negligibly low. a Other species includes crustaceans, molluscs and other species. Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 Figure 25: Farmed food fish production share of the top 15 producers in 2012 (in percentage of the total) China India Vietnam Indonesia Bangladesh Norway Thailand Chile Egypt Myanmar Philippines Brazil Japan Republic of Korea USA Rest of the world Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 88
Fishing and aquaculture Asia is responsible for the production of more than 90% of aquaculture algae. Table 50: Aquaculture production of farmed aquatic plants in the world and selected major producers 2000 2010 2012 Weight Variation 2012 2000/2012 (Million Tonnes) (Percentage) (Percentage) China 6.94 11.09 12.83 54.0% 84.9% Indonesia 0.21 3.92 6.51 27.4% 3074.5% Philippines 0.71 1.80 1.75 7.4% 147.7% Republic of Korea 0.37 0.90 1.02 4.3% 173.0% Japan 0.53 0.43 0.44 1.9% -16.7% Malaysia 0.02 0.21 0.33 1.4% 1955.8% Zanzibar (Tanzania) 0.05 0.13 0.15 0.6% 202.3% Solomon Islands 0.01 0.01 0.0% Subtotal 8.82 18.48 23.06 97.0% 161.4% Rest of the world 0.49 0.53 0.72 3.0% 48.1% World 9.31 19.01 23.78 100.0% 155.5% Notes: The Democratic People s Republic of Korea and Vietnam are among the major producers of farmed seaweeds. They are not listed separately in this table due to the unavailability of reliable statistics data. Instead, they are included in Rest of world.... = data not available. Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 Figure 26: Aquaculture production of farmed aquatic plants in the world per country (in million tonnes), 2000 and 2012 Figure 27: Aquaculture production of farmed aquatic plants in the world and selected major producers (Weight in percentage), 2012 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2012 China Indonesia Philippines Republic of Korea Japan Malaysia Zanzibar (Tanzania) Solomon Islands 89
Fishing and aquaculture In 2012, Asian fishermen and aquaculture producers represented 84% of employment in this sector. In addition to the growth registered in Asia (23.7%) between 2000 and 2012, there was growth in Africa (41%), in Latin America (26.9%) and a decrease in Europe (-16.9%). Table 51: World fishers and fish farmers by region 2000 2010 2012 Weight 2012 Variation 2000/2012 (Thousands) (Percentage) (Percentage) Africa 4,175 5,027 5,885 10.1% 41.0% Asia 39,646 49,345 49,040 84.2% 23.7% Europe 779 662 647 1.1% -16.9% Latin America and the Caribbean 1,774 2,185 2,251 3.9% 26.9% North America 346 324 323 0.6% -6.6% Oceania 126 124 127 0.2% 0.8% World 46,845 57,667 58,272 100% 24.4% Of which, fish farmers Africa 91 231 298 1.6% 227.5% Asia 12,211 17,915 18,175 96.4% 48.8% Europe 103 102 103 0.5% 0.0% Latin America and the Caribbean 214 248 269 1.4% 25.7% North America 6 9 9 0.0% 50.0% Oceania 5 5 6 0.0% 20.0% World 12,632 18,512 18,861 100% 49.3% Notes: Some statistics provided to FAO by national offices, in particular those for 2011 2012, are provisional and may be amended in future editions, and in other FAO publications. Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 Figure 28: World fishers and fish farmers by region Africa Asia Europe Latin America and the Caribbean North America Oceania 90
Fishing and aquaculture In 2012, 72% of motorised fishing ships were in Asia. Figure 29: Distribution of motorized fishing vessels by region in 2012 Asia 72% Latin America and the Caribbean 9% Africa 6% Europe 4% North America 4% Near East 4% Pacific and Oceania 1% Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 91
Fishing and aquaculture From 1974 to 2011, there has been a significant increase in the pressure on fish stocks, causing overfishing - or at the limit of what is acceptable - of a number of species. Figure 30: Global trends in the state of world marine fish stocks, 1974 2011 Percentage of stocks assessed 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 74 78 82 86 90 94 98 02 06 11 At biologically unsustainable levels Within biologically sustainable levels Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 92
Fishing and aquaculture China is currently the greatest exporter of food products from the sea, while Japan is the most importer country. Table 52: Top ten exporters and importers of fish and fishery products 2002 2012 Annual Growth (US$ millions) (%) Exporters China 4,485 18,228 15.1% Norway 3,569 8,912 9.6% Thailand 3,698 8,079 8.1% Vietnam 2,037 6,278 11.9% USA 3,260 5,753 5.8% Chile 1,867 4,386 8.9% Canada 3,044 4,213 3.3% Denmark 2,872 4,139 3.7% Spain 1,889 3,927 7.6% Netherlands 1,803 3,874 7.9% Top ten subtotal 28,525 67,788 9.0% Rest of the World total 29,776 61,319 7.5% World total 58,301 129,107 8.3% Importers Japan 13,646 17,991 2.8% USA 10,634 17,561 5.1% China 2,198 7,441 13.0% Spain 3,853 6,428 5.3% France 3,207 6,064 6.6% Italy 2,906 5,562 6.7% Germany 2,420 5,305 8.2% United Kingdom 2,328 4,244 6.2% Republic of Korea 1,874 3,739 7.2% China, Hong Kong SAR 1,766 3,664 7.6% Top ten subtotal 44,830 77,998 5.7% Rest of the world total 17,323 51,390 11.5% World total 62,153 129,388 7.6% Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 93
Fishing and aquaculture Africa and Latin America are the regions of the world with the lowest per capita consumption of fish and other sea products. Table 53: Per capita food fish supply by continent and economic grouping in 2010 Per capita sea food supply (kg/year) World 18.9 World (excluding China) 15.4 Africa 9.7 North America 21.8 Latin America and the Caribbean 9.7 Asia 21.6 Europe 22.0 Oceania 25.4 Industrialized countries 27.4 Other developed countries 13.5 Least-developed countries 11.5 Other developing countries 18.9 LIFDCs - Low-income food-deficit countries. 10.9 Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 94
Fishing and aquaculture Since 1970, aquaculture has increased its relative importance in the supply of food from the sea, reaching a similar weight to the fisheries in 2011. Figure 31: Relative contribution of aquaculture and capture fisheries to food fish consumption Percentage of fishery food supply (kg/capita) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 Aquaculture Capture Source: FAO - The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture in 2014 95
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Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture Gross revenue associated with the cruise ship activity has been increasing. Figure 32: Revenue of the cruise industry worldwide from 2008 to 2014 (in billion U.S. dollars) 40 35 34.54 36.27 37.10 Revenue in billion U.S. dollars 30 25 20 15 10 27.56 24.93 26.85 29.40 5 0 2008 2009 2010ª 2011ª 2012ª 2013ª 2014 Source: Cruise industry - Statista Dossier a Forecast 98
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture North America and Europe are the most important markets for cruise ships. Figure 33: Market size of the global cruise industry in 2014, by region (in billion U.S. dollars) Market size in billion U.S. dollars 0 5 10 15 20 25 North America 21.21 Europe 11.59 Asia 1.80 South America 1.27 Australia and New Zealand 1.13 Middle East and Africa 0.07 Source: Cruise industry - Statista Dossier 99
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture The Caribbean still holds the largest market share in the business of cruise ships, closely followed by the Mediterranean and the rest of Europe Between 2013 and 2014, the Caribbean and Europe (excluding the Mediterranean) enjoyed an increase in their overall market share in this business, while the Mediterranean region saw a reduction in its market share from 21.7% to 18. 9%. Figure 34: Global cruise industry deployment market share in 2013 and 2014, by region 2013 2014 40% 35% 34.4% 37.3% 30% Market share 25% 20% 15% 10.9% 11.1% 21.7% 18.9% 15.8% 14.5% 10% 5% 4.8% 4.5% 3.9% 3.3% 4.4% 3.4% 5.9% 5.0% 0% Alaska Caribbean South America Europe Mediterranean Asia Australasia Other markets (without Mediterranean) Source: Cruise industry - Statista Dossier Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 100
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture The number of people participating in cruise travel has increased. Figure 35: Number of cruise passengers worldwide from 2005 to 2013 (in millions) 25 20.49 20.90 21.31 Number of passengers in millions 20 15 10 5 14.32 15.11 15.87 16.29 17.59 19.07 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: Cruise industry - Statista Dossier 101
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture The largest cruise consumers are North Americans, immediately followed by the British and the Irish. Figure 36: Leading passenger source countries in the global cruise industry in 2013 Global passenger share 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% United States 51.7% UK & Ireland Germany 8.1% 7.7% Italy Australia Canada Brazil Spain France Scandinavia & Finland 4.0% 3.6% 3.4% 3.4% 2.8% 2.4% 1.6% Source: Cruise industry - Statista Dossier 102
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture The cruise industry has been increasing its overall capacity. Figure 37: Passenger capacity of the global cruise industry from 2007 to 2014 (in thousands) 600 Passenger capacity in thousands 500 400 300 200 359 377 397 423 443 455 470 482 100 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Cruise industry - Statista Dossier 103
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture By the end of 2014, in terms of business volume, the three biggest companies involved in cruise line activity have their headquarters in Miami (USA). The fourth largest company is headquartered in the UK. Figure 38: Leading cruise line companies headquarters location worldwide in 2014, by revenue (in billion U.S. dollars) Revenue in billion U.S. dollars 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Miami, USA 15.88 Miami, USA 8.07 Miami, USA 3.13 a Geneva, CH a Miami, USA a Luton, UK a Kowloon, HK a / b Tromsø, Norway a Los Angeles, USA a Monaco 1.65 0.94 0.71 0.71 0.61 0.61 0.53 a Via Cruise Market Watch b Figure was converted from Norwegian krone to U.S. dollars (exchange rate of 1 krone = 0.17 U.S. dollars was used). Source: Cruise industry - Statista Dossier 104
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture In 2013, in a comparison of the "accommodation" on cruises, the ranking of the world's largest companies are headquartered in the US, UK, Italy and the Netherlands. Figure 39: Leading cruise lines headquarters location worldwide in 2013, by number of lower berths Lower berths 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Miami, USA Miami, USA 61,941 59,882 Los Angeles, USA Genoa, IT 37,374 40,070 Miami, USA Geneva, CH 30,500 30,100 Miami, USA Seattle, USA 25,034 23,541 Miami, USA Southampton, UK 8,505 6,672 Source: Cruise industry - Statista Dossier 105
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture The USA, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, France and the UK are the countries of reference in terms of the recreational boating and marinas business. According to ten 2014 edition of Pleasure Boat International Resource Guide Published by the National USA Marine Manufacturers Association, the USA exports of recreational marine craft and accessories totaled USD 2.3 billion in 2012. The United States is also a net exporter in this industry, exporting USD 446 million more than it imported. The U.S. recreational marine market makes up approximately 75 percent of the entire world market for these products. Table 54: US Exports Top 20 Markets by FAS Value Recreational Marine Craft, Parts, and Accessories, as defined by the Harmonized Tariff System. Top 20 Markets by FAS Value (Annual + Year-To-Date Data from January October, USD Thousands) Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 YTD 2013 YTD Change YTD 2012 13 Canada 477,544 601,814 637,418 690,246 588,933 617,224 4.80% Australia 116,350 240,985 249,639 196,722 155,412 157,462 1.30% Mexico 76,527 97,573 84,595 113,357 92,289 80,400-12.90% Belgium 81,806 104,003 92,086 106,472 93,319 97,328 4.30% Brazil 37,789 66,131 72,240 84,255 65,144 58,004-11.00% Japan 25,826 25,055 35,088 61,033 49,111 36,531-25.60% Italy 85,007 92,861 70,197 53,814 50,244 51,065 1.60% Germany 46,248 54,879 51,137 49,880 43,518 37,546-13.70% UAE 47,409 38,627 29,916 45,905 33,145 29,826-10.00% Venezuela 30,261 32,992 34,544 41,126 32,344 22,839-29.40% Costa Rica 26,820 31,653 33,560 40,027 10,323 8,998-12.80% China 13,029 24,104 36,860 37,369 34,796 37,290 7.20% Argentina 10,789 28,867 24,504 36,275 23,346 22,788-2.40% New Zealand 15,463 19,132 24,288 35,849 17,022 22,281 30.90% Netherlands 46,917 49,105 57,220 35,664 31,003 27,434-11.50% Sint Maarten N. 0 0 13,626 33,099 27,821 17,114-38.50% Russia 14,033 12,862 17,974 30,673 29,770 24,337-18.20% Spain 27,260 34,587 41,467 29,616 25,722 40,794 58.60% UK 56,101 44,969 38,645 29,589 25,696 19,604-23.70% France 30,606 34,192 29,383 26,671 23,972 23,317-2.70% Subtotal 1,265,785 1,634,388 1,674,388 1,777,643 1,452,929 1,432,182-1.40% All Other 507,807 559,427 518,637 492,761 386,067 370,623-4.00% World Total 1,773,592 2,193,815 2,193,024 2,270,404 1,838,996 1,802,805-2.00% Source: Pleasure boat International Resource Guide, A Reference for U.S. Exporters, 2014 Edition 106
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture USA marina industry According to the National Maritime Manufacturers Association (NMMA), there are more than 10,000 marinas in the United States of America. In the state of Florida alone there are more than 2,200 marinas, which is a number that is higher than the number of marinas in several other well-known recreational boat countries. Nationwide, the number of berths available in the marina industry is estimated to be over 1.1 million. The marina industry is a sound contributor to the US employment statistics, it is believed that for each 100 berths there are 3 jobs created, which results in a total of 32,000 full-time workers in the whole country. (In marinamanagement December 2001) 107
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture The Yacht Harbour Association is a leading association in the UK and abroad in the marinas business, this association has an accreditation process. Table 55: Top countries with five and four gold anchor marinas (2015) Country Number of five gold anchor marinas Country Number of four gold anchor marinas United Kingdoma 47 Turkey 12 Portugal 6 Netherlands 5 United Arab Emirates 4 Belgium 3 Italy 2 Ireland 2 Croatia 2 Singapore 1 Spain 1 France 1 Malta 1 Montenegro 1 Greece 1 Qatar 1 Thailand 1 China 1 Hong Kong 1 Mexico 1 Cyprus 1 US Virgin Islands 1 Malaysia 1 West Indies 1 United Kingdom 26 France 3 Belgium 2 Italy 2 Ireland 2 Netherlands 1 Source: Yacht Harbour Association, September 2015 a Includes Jersey and Turks and Caicos Islands. 108
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture In the ranking of 5 best aquariums in the world, three aquariums are located in the United States, one in Portugal and one in Spain. Table 56: Top 25 Best Aquarium of the World Aquarium Location Ranking 2015 Oceanário de Lisboa Lisbon - Portugal 1º Georgia Aquarium Atlanta USA 2º Monterey Bay Aquarium California USA 3º Oceanografic Valencia Spain 4º Ripley's Aquarium of the Smokies Gatlinburg USA 5º Ripley's Aquarium of Canada Toronto Canada 6º Aquaworld Aquarium & Reptile Rescue Centre Hersonissos Greece 7º Tennessee Aquarium Chattanooga USA 8º Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium Motobu-cho Japan 9º Vancouver Aquarium Vancouver Canada 10º Mundomar Benidorm Spain 11º S.E.A. Aquarium Sentosa Island Singapore 12º Genoa Aquarium Genoa Italy 13º Parque Explora Medellin Colombia 14º Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium Sarasota USA 15º Two Oceans Aquarium Cape Town Central - South Africa 16º Aquario Vasco da Gama Lisbon Portugal 17º Shedd Aquarium Chicago USA 18º National Aquarium, Baltimore Baltimore USA 19º Dallas World Aquarium Dallas USA 20º Aquarium La Rochelle La Rochelle France 21º Voronezh Oceanarium Voronezh Russia 22º Cretaquarium Thalassocosmos Heraklion Greece 23º Dubai Aquarium & Underwater Zoo Dubai - United Arab Emirates 24º Marine Habitat at Atlantis Paradise Island - Bahamas 25º Source: TripAdvisor, September 2015 109
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture Europe remains the continent with more medals in canoeing, Germany being the country that leads with 20 medals. Table 57: Top 15 countries with gold, silver and bronze medals in canoeing (sum of last three Olympic Games) Country Germany Hungary Great Britain Slovakia Australia Russia Spain Canada Belarus France Ukraine Italy Norway Czech Republic Poland Medals Athens Beijing London 2004 2008 2012 Gold 4 3 3 Silver 4 2 2 Bronze 1 3 3 Gold 3 2 3 Silver 1 1 2 Bronze 2 1 1 Gold 0 1 2 Silver 1 1 1 Bronze 2 1 1 Gold 2 3 0 Silver 1 1 0 Bronze 1 0 2 Gold 0 1 1 Silver 2 1 1 Bronze 0 3 0 Gold 0 1 1 Silver 1 1 0 Bronze 2 1 2 Gold 1 1 0 Silver 1 2 2 Bronze 0 0 1 Gold 1 0 0 Silver 0 1 1 Bronze 2 1 2 Gold 0 2 0 Silver 0 0 2 Bronze 1 1 1 Gold 2 0 2 Silver 0 1 0 Bronze 1 1 0 Gold 0 1 1 Silver 0 0 2 Bronze 1 1 0 Gold 0 0 1 Silver 2 1 0 Bronze 0 1 0 Gold 1 0 1 Silver 0 1 0 Bronze 1 0 0 Gold 0 0 0 Silver 0 1 1 Bronze 1 0 1 Gold 0 0 0 Silver 0 1 0 Bronze 1 0 1 Total 25 16 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 Note: These results include slalom canoeing and sprint canoeing Source: Graphic of self-elaboration based on the portals data of the Olympic Games. 110
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture In sailing, while European countries, led by the UK, continue well classified, winning 16 medals at the last three Olympic Games, Australia appears in second place in the ranking with 10 medals. Table 58: Top 15 countries with gold, silver and bronze medals in sailing (sum of last three Olympic Games) Country Great Britain Australia Spain France Netherlands Brazil Denmark USA China Sweden Greece Argentina Poland New Zealand Italy Source: Graphic of self-elaboration based on the portals data of the Olympic Games. Medals Athens Beijing London 2004 2008 2012 Gold 2 4 1 Silver 1 1 4 Bronze 2 1 0 Gold 0 2 3 Silver 0 1 1 Bronze 0 0 0 Gold 1 1 2 Silver 2 1 0 Bronze 0 0 0 Gold 1 0 0 Silver 0 1 0 Bronze 1 2 1 Gold 0 0 1 Silver 0 2 1 Bronze 0 0 1 Gold 2 0 0 Silver 0 1 0 Bronze 0 1 1 Gold 0 1 0 Silver 0 0 1 Bronze 2 0 1 Gold 1 1 0 Silver 1 1 0 Bronze 0 0 0 Gold 0 1 1 Silver 1 0 0 Bronze 0 1 0 Gold 0 0 1 Silver 0 0 0 Bronze 1 1 1 Gold 1 0 0 Silver 1 0 0 Bronze 0 1 0 Gold 0 0 0 Silver 0 0 0 Bronze 1 1 1 Gold 0 0 0 Silver 0 0 0 Bronze 1 0 2 Gold 0 1 1 Silver 0 0 1 Bronze 0 0 0 Gold 0 0 0 Silver 0 1 0 Bronze 1 1 0 Total 16 7 7 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 Ranking included in the economy of the sea map. 111
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture In rowing, the UK leads with 20 medals, followed by Australia (12) and New Zealand (9) Table 59: Top 15 countries with gold, silver and bronze medals in rowing (sum of last three Olympic Games) Country Great Britain Australia New Zealand Germany USA Canada Netherlands Denmark France Romania Italy Czech Republic Poland Belarus China Medals Athens 2004 Beijing 2008 London 2012 Gold 1 2 4 Silver 2 2 2 Bronze 1 2 3 Gold 1 2 0 Silver 1 1 3 Bronze 2 0 2 Gold 1 1 3 Silver 0 0 0 Bronze 0 2 2 Gold 2 0 2 Silver 2 1 1 Bronze 0 1 0 Gold 1 1 1 Silver 1 1 0 Bronze 0 1 2 Gold 0 1 0 Silver 1 1 2 Bronze 0 2 0 Gold 0 1 0 Silver 1 1 0 Bronze 2 0 1 Gold 1 1 1 Silver 0 0 1 Bronze 0 1 1 Gold 1 0 0 Silver 1 0 1 Bronze 0 2 0 Gold 3 1 0 Silver 0 0 0 Bronze 0 1 0 Gold 0 0 0 Silver 0 1 1 Bronze 3 0 0 Gold 0 0 1 Silver 1 1 1 Bronze 0 0 0 Gold 1 1 0 Silver 0 1 0 Bronze 0 0 1 Gold 0 0 0 Silver 1 0 0 Bronze 1 2 0 Gold 0 1 0 Silver 0 1 1 Bronze 0 0 0 Total 19 12 9 9 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 Source: Graphic of self-elaboration based on the portals data of the Olympic Games 112
Entertainment, sports, tourism and culture In surfing, Australia has been consistently leading in recent years. Table 60: Top countries with first, second and third places in surf (sum of last three World Surf League championships) Country Positions 2012 2013 2014 Total Australia USA Brazil First 2 1 1 Second 1 1 2 Third 1 2 0 First 0 1 0 Second 1 1 0 Third 1 0 2 First 0 0 1 Second 0 0 0 Third 0 0 0 11 6 1 Note: includes men and women leagues Source: World Surf League 113
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Economy of the sea map 115
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List of Tables, Figures and Acronyms 119