CLEANSHIP. Clean Baltic Sea Shipping. 3.1 Air pollution from ships in the partner ports

CLEANSHIP Clean Baltic Sea Shipping 3.1 Air pollution from ships in the partner ports Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: Klaipeda University Air pollution from ships research laboratory

DOCUMENT INFORMATION 3.1 Air pollution from ships in the partner ports Author(s): Issuing entity: Document Code: CLEANSHIP 3.1 PROF. HABIL. DR. VYTAUTAS SMAILYS, PAULIUS RAPALIS, RENATA STRAZDAUSKIENE, KRISTINA BEREISIENE KLAIPEDA UNIVERSITY AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS RESEARCH LABORATORY Pages 68 Figures 49 Tables 25 Annexes 0 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page ii

Disclaimer This publication is part of the Clean Baltic Sea Shipping project and it is subjected to the publicity rules of the Baltic Sea Programme 2007-2013. While the information contained in the documents is believed to be accurate, the author(s) or any other participant in the CLEANSHIP make no warranty of any kind with regard to this material including, but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Neither CLEANSHIP nor any of its members, their officers, employees or agents shall be responsible or liable in negligence or otherwise howsoever in respect of any inaccuracy or omission herein. Without derogating from the generality of the foregoing neither CLEANSHIP nor any of its partners, their officers, employees or agents shall be liable for any direct or indirect or consequential loss or damage caused by or arising from any information advice or inaccuracy or omission herein. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENT INFORMATION... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS... iv LIST OF TABLES... v LIST OF FIGURES... vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS /GLOSSARY... viii Executive summary... 1 Introduction... 3 1 METHODOLOGY OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS IN THE PORTS... 5 2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTNER PORTS... 12 2.1 PORT OF KLAIPEDA... 12 2.2 PORT OF TURKU... 16 2.3 PORT OF KALUNDBORG... 20 2.4 PORT OF OSLO... 24 2.5 PORT OF TALLINN... 28 2.6 PORT OF ROSTOCK... 32 2.7 PORT OF HELSINKI... 36 2.8 PORT OF TRELLEBORG... 40 2.9 PORT OF HAMBURG... 43 3 ANALYSIS OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTIONS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS IN PORTS... 47 4 Analysis of future emissions... 54 CONCLUSIONS... 57 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page iv

LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. EMISSION POLLUTANT COEFFICIENTS BY ENGINE, OPERATIONAL PHASE, ENGINE TYPE, G/KWH.... 6 TABLE 2. SPECIFIC POLLUTANT EMISSIONS COEFFICIENTS BY FUEL TYPE, KG/ T FUEL.... 7 TABLE 3. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPES VISITING PARTNER PORTS.... 9 TABLE 4. TYPES OF CARGO IN SPECIFIC PORTS.... 9 TABLE 5. DETAILS OF SHIPS VISITING THE SPECIFIC PORT IN 2005 YEAR.... 9 TABLE 6. DETAILS OF SHIPS VISITING THE SPECIFIC PORT IN 2010 YEAR.... 10 TABLE 7. ENGINE LOAD AND OPERATION TIME OF MAIN AND AUXILIARY ENGINES.... 11 TABLE 8. AUXILIARY/MAIN ENGINE POWER RATIO BY SHIP GROUPS.... 11 TABLE 9. NUMBER OF SHIPS VISITING PORT OF KLAIPEDA BY TYPE IN 2005 2010 YEARS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KLAIPEDA)... 13 TABLE 10. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF KLAIPEDA IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KLAIPEDA)... 14 TABLE 11. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF TURKU, IN 2005 2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU).... 17 TABLE 12. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF TURKU, IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU). 18 TABLE 13. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF KALUNDBORG, IN 2005 2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG)... 21 TABLE 14. CARGO HANDLED BY TYPE IN PORT OF KALUNDBORG, IN 2005 2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG)... 22 TABLE 15. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF OSLO, IN 2005 2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO). 25 TABLE 16. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF OSLO, IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO)... 26 TABLE 17. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORTS OF TALLINN, IN 2005 2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN)... 30 TABLE 18. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF TALLINN, IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN)... 31 TABLE 19. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF ROSTOCK, IN 2005 2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF ROSTOCK)... 33 TABLE 20. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF ROSTOCK, IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF ROSTOCK), MLN. TONNES... 34 TABLE 21. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF HELSINKI, IN 2005 2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HELSINKI)... 38 TABLE 22. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF HELSINKI, IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HELSINKI)... 39 TABLE 23. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF TRELLEBORG, IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TRELLEBORG)... 42 TABLE 24. NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN PORT OF HAMBURG, IN 2005 2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HAMBURG)... 44 TABLE 25. CARGO BY TYPE HANDLED IN PORT OF HAMBURG, IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HAMBURG)... 45 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page v

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. SCHEME OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS IN PARTNER PORTS.... 8 FIGURE 2. MAIN WINDOW OF IHS FAIR PLAY WORLDS SHIPPING ENCYCLOPAEDIA.... 10 FIGURE 3. PORT OF KLAIPEDA (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH )... 12 FIGURE 4. PORT OF KLAIPEDA (SOURCE (HTTP://WWW.VEIDAS.LT/))... 13 FIGURE 5. NUMBER OF SHIPS AND THEIR AVERAGE ENGINE POWER IN PORT OF KLAIPEDA, IN 2005-2010 (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KLAIPEDA AND IHS FAIRPLAY WORLD SHIPPING ENCYCLOPAEDIA)... 14 FIGURE 6. AMOUNTS OF CARGO AND SHIP TRAFFIC COMPARISON CHART (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KLAIPEDA). 15 FIGURE 7. PORT OF TURKU (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH )... 16 FIGURE 8. PORT OF TURKU (SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU WEBSITE ).... 17 FIGURE 9. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU).... 18 FIGURE 10. AMOUNTS OF CARGO AND SHIP TRAFFIC COMPARISON CHART (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU)... 19 FIGURE 11. PORT OF KALUNDBORG (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH ).... 20 FIGURE 12. PORT OF KALUNDBORG (SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG WEBSITE )... 21 FIGURE 13. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG )... 22 FIGURE 14. AMOUNTS OF CARGO IN PORT OF KALUNDBORG (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF KALUNDBORG)... 23 FIGURE 15. PORT OF OSLO (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH )... 24 FIGURE 16. PORT OF OSLO (SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO WEBSITE)... 25 FIGURE 17. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO)... 26 FIGURE 18. AMOUNTS OF CARGO IN PORT OF OSLO (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF OSLO)... 27 FIGURE 19. PORT OF TALLINN (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH )... 28 FIGURE 20. PORT OF TALLINN, PALJASSAARE (SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN WEBSITE )... 29 FIGURE 21. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN)... 30 FIGURE 22. AMOUNTS OF CARGO (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TALLINN)... 31 FIGURE 23. PORT OF ROSTOCK (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH )... 32 FIGURE 24. PORT OF ROSTOCK (SOURCE: PORT OF ROSTOCK WEBSITE)... 33 FIGURE 25. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TURKU AND IHS FAIRPLAY WORLD SHIPPING ENCYCLOPAEDIA)... 34 FIGURE 26. AMOUNTS OF CARGO IN PORT OF ROSTOCK (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF ROSTOCK)... 35 FIGURE 27. PORT OF HELSINKI (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH )... 36 FIGURE 28. PORT OF HELSINKI (SOURCE: PORT OF HELSINKI WEBSITE)... 37 FIGURE 29. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HELSINKI)... 38 FIGURE 30. PORT OF TRELLEBORG (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH )... 40 FIGURE 31. PORT OF TRELLEBORG (SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.GREENPORT.COM)... 41 FIGURE 32. AMOUNT OF CARGO, PASSENGERS IN PORT OF TRELLEBORG (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF TRELLEBORG)... 42 FIGURE 33. PORT OF HAMBURG (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH )... 43 FIGURE 34. PORT OF HAMBURG (SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.KALITRANSPORT.COM)... 44 FIGURE 35. NUMBER OF SHIPS (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HAMBURG)... 45 FIGURE 36. AMOUNTS OF CARGO IN PORT OF HAMBURG (DATA SOURCE: PORT OF HAMBURG)... 46 FIGURE 37. TOTAL NUMBER OF SHIPS IN 7 ANALYSED PORTS.... 48 FIGURE 38. TOTAL NUMBER OF SHIPS BY TYPE IN 7 ANALYSED PORTS.... 48 FIGURE 39. SHIPS GROSS TONNAGE COMPARISON IN 6 ANALYSED PORTS.... 49 FIGURE 40. AVERAGE AGE OF SHIPS IN 6 ANALYSED PORTS IN 2005 AND IN 2010.... 50 FIGURE 41. AVERAGE AGE OF SHIPS IN 6 ANALYSED PORTS IN, A) 2005 AND B) 2010).... 50 FIGURE 42. CARGO HANDLED IN ANALYZED PORTS.... 51 FIGURE 43. NUMBER OF PASSENGERS IN ANALYZED PORTS.... 51 FIGURE 44. TOTAL NO X EMISSION BY SHIP TYPE IN 9 ANALYSED PORTS.... 52 FIGURE 45. TOTAL EMISSION OF OTHER POLLUTANTS BY SHIP TYPE IN 9 ANALYSED PORTS.... 53 FIGURE 46. TOTAL POLLUTANT EMISSION FROM 9 PORTS BY SHIP TYPES IN A) 2005 AND B) 2010.... 53 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page vi

FIGURE 47. CO 2 EMISSION IN 9 ANALYSED PORTS BY SHIP TYPE.... 54 FIGURE 48. NO X AND SO X EMISSION FORECASTS FOR 6 PORTS... 55 FIGURE 49. CO, CO 2 AND TOTAL SOLID PARTICLES EMISSION FORECASTS FOR 6 PORTS... 56 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS /GLOSSARY NMVOC non-methane volatile organic compounds; MEET - Methodologies for Estimating Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport; E In port Total emission from the whole evaluation period, t E Hotelling Total emission from hotelling at berth, t E Manoeuvring Total emission from manoeuvring in port, t E Trip - Total emissions in the given operational phase, kg EF e.i.j.m - Emission factor of pollutant (i) by fuel type (m), engine category (e) and type (j), g/kwh ; LF e Main or auxiliary engine load factor, % P e Rated power of engine, kw T - Time of ships hotelling and manoeuvring, h e - Engine category (main, auxiliary); i - Pollutant (NOx, NMVOC and PM); m Fuel type (MDO, BFO); j Type of engine (gas or steam turbine; high, medium or slow speed diesel engine); E i Emissions of pollutant, kg FC m,j,e Amount of consumed fuel type (m) by engine category (e) and type (j), t EF i,m - Specific size of pollutant emission type (i), fuel type (m), kg/tfuel i Type of pollutant (CO, SO2 and CO2); MMSI Maritime Mobile Service Identity; DWT - Deadweight tonnage; MCR - Maximum Continuous Rating (ship engines); CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page viii

Executive summary Air pollution from ships in the seas, especially along busy ship-faring routes and in ports, is constantly increasing, which eventually causes more and more problems for the coastal states and port cities. Its levels have become noteworthy in partially enclosed seas with intense shipping, such as in the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the North Sea, where some seashore zones and larger ports experience effects of increased pollution levels in the atmosphere stemming from maritime transport. The greatest number of ships is concentrated in port cities, known to be zones of increased emission amounts, which in turn also influences air quality in towns located nearby. Within the CLEANSHIP project a Task 3,1 report made by Air pollution from ships research laboratory of Klaipeda university with the aims to calculate air pollution emissions from ships visiting and operating in partner ports for the years 2005 and 2010 was prepared including a forecast of air pollution emissions for 2015 and 2020. The results showed that the number of smaller ships that visit these ports is decreasing, and as more cargo is delivered by bigger ships the cargo handling operations in ports are getting more ecologically efficient. Greater part of air pollutant emissions in ports are emitted by Ro-Ro ships and tankers as a result of their operational cycles and traffic density. These ships make up a great part of ship traffic in many Baltic Sea ports. The air pollutant emissions forecasts showed a positive impact of MARPOL 73/78 regulation on port emissions, at least for SOx. Effects of these regulations and increasing environmental efficiency are slowing down the negative effect of the growing marine traffic flows on environment. Prepared publications: 8th Scientific Conference of Technology Scientific works western Lithuania" May 2012. Overview of air pollution from different types of vessels in the port of Klaipeda, and distribution of abatement options 7th National Marine Science and Technology Conference April 2013. "Marine and coastal research 2013 (organized by Association Baltic valley ) Comparative analysis of Baltic sea ports according to air pollution from passing ships Results presented in 5th National Marine Science and Technology Conference 2011. "Marine and coastal research 2011 Use of AIS data bases in Air pollution evaluation in Baltic ports 8th Scientific Conference of Technology Scientific works western Lithuania" May 2012. Overview of air pollution from different types of vessels in the port of Klaipeda, and distribution of abatement options CLEAN BALTIC SEA SHIPPING MIDTERM CONFERENCE in Riga on 19-20 September 2012 2nd international conference East Link2012 : the Way to Knowledge Economy 2012 October 1-2nd 2012 in Palanga, Lithuania. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 1

MarChain - Green Propulsion Workshop which was organized by Klaipeda Science and Technology Park in 12th of December 2012 in Klaipeda. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 2

Introduction Air pollution from ships in the seas, especially along busy ship-faring routes and in ports, is constantly increasing, which eventually causes more and more problems for the coastal states and port-cities. It s levels have become noteworthy in partially enclosed seas with intense shipping, such as in the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the North Sea, where some seashore zones and larger ports experience effects of increased pollution levels in the atmosphere stemming from sea transport [1-3]. The greatest number of ships is concentrated in port cities, known to be zones of increased emission amounts, which in turn also influences air quality in towns located nearby. Baltic Sea is one of the most intensive shipping areas in the world. Statistics show that every moment no less than 2000 ships operate in this sea. Sea ferries have a special position among these ships with their short, but specific working cycles in which the ratio of hotelling in port and navigation time is 0.15-0.5, and the general coefficient of active exploitation time is 0.85-0.95. Comparing with cargo ships of other types, sea ferries have greater specific capacity of power-plants and greater cruiser speed, which is why their specific emissions of greenhouse gas and air pollutants are also bigger. The project Clean Baltic Sea Shipping (CLEANSHIP) is funded by the Baltic Sea Region Programme 2007-2013 and aims to reduce ship borne air pollution in the Baltic Sea in general and in ports and port cities of the Baltic Sea Region in particular. The project has been enabled as a strategic project to contribute the implementation of the Action Plan of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, especially the Priority Area 4 to become a model region for clean shipping. CLEANSHIP will also put efforts to facilitate the implementation of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan. Air Pollution from Ships Research Laboratory of the Klaipeda University is one of 19 partners, forming the project s partnership. Additionally, the CLEANSHIP project is supported by 20 associated partners and 15 supporting organizations. HELCOM is the most important supporting organization that offered its cooperation in the Letter of Support and thus ensured a stronger base for the sustainability of the project. This technical study (Activity 3.1 in CLEANSHIP Air emissions by ships in the partner ports, lead activity partner Air Pollution from Ships Research Laboratory) aims to calculate air emissions from ships visiting partner ports and that operate inside the ports for the years 2005 and 2010 and provide a forecast for 2015 and 2020. The aim of this study is to address the following key tasks: To quantify ship emissions of NO x, SO x, CO, CO 2, PM and NMVOC in the partner ports. To determine these emissions for all vessels as well as separately for each vessel type. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 3

Estimation of future scenarios and effect of the MARPOL 73/78 Agreement upon emissions from ships. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 4

1 METHODOLOGY OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS IN THE PORTS Shipping is estimated to have emitted 1.046 million tonnes of CO 2 in 2007, which corresponds to 3.3% of the global emissions, of which international shipping is estimated to have emitted 870 million tonnes, or about 2.7% of the global emissions of CO 2 in 2007 [4]. To estimate emission quantities is a very difficult task because many factors influence the rate and the composition of exhausted gases. In the following study ship emissions, fuel consumption and energy production in partner ports were calculated, according to the newest methods. The methodology used in this study is based on the method prepared by the project of the European Union MEET (Methodologies for Estimating Air Pollutant Emissions from Transport) and lately developed EMEP/EEA Emission guide book 2009 (updated in 2011) [5-9], where the main data on fuel consumption and emission factors were obtained from a review of a vast amount of scientific literature [10-18] as well as via contacting institutions having competitive knowledge of air pollution (the USA Environmental Protection Association (EPA), IMO, CONCAWE, Loyd s Register, Det Norske Veritas and others, which work in the sphere of sea transportation such as Marintek and Mariterm).The summary of total data obtained allowed us to reliably relate fuel consumption by ships to emission of air pollutants from them. On the basis of this method two generally accepted methods for assessment of emission of air pollutants from ships were created: a simplified and a detailed method. The choice of method depends on the amount of available information describing operation of a ship and type of pollutant (ship operations are classified according to three main modes: navigation among ports, maneuvering in the port zone, and hotelling in the port). Air pollution emissions in partner ports were calculated in different operational phases as the annual sum emissions of hotelling at berth and maneuvering in port departure and port arrival, as shown in the formula below: where: E In port total emission from the whole evaluation period, t E Hotelling total emission from hotelling at berth, t E Manoeuvring total emission from manoeuvring in port, t The methodology consists of two calculations of emissions for every operational phase, depending on the type of pollutant: 1. Based on direct specific emission coefficients (for NO x, NMVOC, TSP) g/kwh 2. Based on emission coefficients for consumed fuel (for CO, SO x, CO 2 ) kg/t fuel. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 5

The first method was used to calculate emissions of NO x, NMVOC and PM. In this method, which is based on direct specific emission coefficients g/kwh, emissions were calculated using the formula below: [ ( )] where: - total emissions in the given operational phase, kg - emission factor of pollutant (i) by fuel type (m), engine category (e) and type (j), g/kwh (Table 1) main or auxiliary engine load factor, % - engine nominal power, kw - time of ships hotelling and manoeuvring, h - engine category (main, auxiliary) - pollutant (NO x, NMVOC and PM) fuel type (MDO, BFO) j type of engine (gas or steam turbine; high, medium or slow speed diesel engine). Table 1. Emission pollutant coefficients by engine, operational phase, engine type, g/kwh. Engine Phase Engine type Fuel typ e NOx, g/kwh NMVOC, g/kwh TSP*, g/kwh b e, g/kwh Main engine Auxiliary engine Manoeuvrin g and hotelling Manoeuvrin g and hotelling Gas turbine High speed diesel Medium speed diesel Low speed diesel Steam turbine High speed diesel Medium speed diesel BFO 3 0.5 1.5 336 MDO 2.8 0.5 0.5 319 BFO 9.9 0.6 2.4 234 MDO 9.3 0.6 0.9 223 BFO 10.8 1.5 2.4 234 MDO 10.2 1.5 0.9 223 BFO 14 1.8 2.4 215 MDO 13.1 1.8 0.9 204 BFO 1.6 0.3 2.4 336 MDO 1.6 0.3 0.9 319 BFO 11.2 0.4 0.8 227 MDO 10.1 0.4 0.3 217 BFO 14.2 0.4 0.8 227 MDO 13.5 0.4 0.3 217 (Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated 2011) *- total solid particles (PM 2,5 and PM 10 ). CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 6

The second method was used for calculations of CO, SO 2 and CO 2. In this method air pollution emissions were calculated using the formula below: ( ) where: E i emissions of pollutant, kg FC m,j,e amount of consumed fuel type (m) by engine category (e) and type (j), t (Table 1) EF i,m - specific size of pollutant emission type (i), fuel type (m), kg/t fuel (Table 2) i type of pollutant (CO, SO 2 and CO 2 ), j type of engine (gas or steam turbine; high, medium or slow speed diesel engine), m fuel type (BFO, MDO), e engine use (main, auxiliary). Scheme of calculation of emissions in ports that we have elaborated is shown in Figure 1. Table 2. Specific pollutant emissions coefficients by fuel type, kg/ t fuel. BFO MDO Pollutant Coefficient Unit Pollutant Coefficient Unit CO 7.4 kg/ t fuel CO 7.4 kg/ t fuel SO x 20 S* kg/ t fuel SO x 20 S* kg/ t fuel CO 2 36.67 C** kg/ t fuel CO 2 36.67 C** kg/ t fuel * - S Sulphur contents of fuel %. **- Carbon contents of fuel % (Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated December 2010) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 7

Figure 1. Scheme of calculation of air pollution emissions from ships in partner ports. Primary information about visiting ships that was needed for further identification of ships and collection of their technical data was requested from all partner ports in MS1-MS2 (we addressed Tallinn, Helsinki, Turku, Stockholm, Trelleborg, Lübeck, Rostock, Oslo, Kalundborg, Hamburg, Gdansk, Baltiisk). Special forms were prepared and submitted in order to get information on: 1. Number of ships by types visiting partner ports in 2005-2010 years: (Table 3). 2. Quantity of cargo by types in ports in 2005-2010 years (Table 4). 3. Details of ships visiting the specific port in 2005 (Table 5). 4. Details of ships visiting the specific port in 2010 (Table 6). 5. Maps of the port. Ship name, IMO number, flag code, date and time of arrival and departure, number and position of quay, company/operator of the quay this data was CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 8

requested for details of ships visiting different partner ports, as shown in Tables 5 and 6. Table 3. Number of ships by types visiting partner ports. Ship type Number of ships in 2005 Number of ships in 2006 Number of ships in 2007 Number of ships in 2008 Bulk ship General cargo Container cargo ship Fishing Passenger/RoRo Passenger ship Reefer ship RoRo ship Tug Chemical tanker Crude oil tanker Product tanker Liquid petroleum gas tanker Cruise ship Pilot ship Others Total: Number of ships in 2009 Number of ships in 2010 Table 4. Types of cargo in specific ports. Cargo type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Frozen cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Chemical cargo (t) Crude oil cargo (t) Liquefied gas cargo (t) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) Table 5. Details of ships visiting the specific port in 2005 year. Date Date and No of IMO Flag and Company/operator Ship name time of quay of Number Code time of of the quay departure the port arrival 1. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 9

2. n... Table 6. Details of ships visiting the specific port in 2010 year. Ship name IMO Date Date and No of Flag Company/operator and time of quay Number Code of the quay time of departure of the 1 2. n... All data about visiting ships obtained from partner ports was sorted by IMO number. Having the IMO number, we used registers of ships data base "IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopedia" for every different vessel to identify its technical characteristics and to get additional specific port information, including port maps. The data base consists of technical data of more than 116 000 ships bigger than 100 BRT, data of 10 000 ports and terminals and information of maritime companies. The main working window of the data base is shown in Figure 2. The following information about each vessel by IMO No has been searched: Speed, Ship Type, MMSI, DWT, Date of Build, GRT, Main Vessel Type, Length Overall, Length Between Perpendiculars, Beam, Draft, Depth, Main engine model, Engine Builder, Engine Details, Engine KW Total, Engine Layout, Engine RPM, Type, Number, Engine Speed, Engine Stroke, Propulsion Type, Propulsion Units, Cylinder Bore, Cylinder Stroke. Figure 2. Main window of IHS Fair play Worlds Shipping Encyclopaedia. For calculation of emissions the time of manoeuvring was calculated according to the max speed in port waters (moving speed is considered to be the maximum CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 10

allowed speed in port waters) set by port authority. Emissions were calculated assuming that ships used MDO and BFO fuels. We evaluated following parameters: ship type, main engine type and auxiliary engine type. The evaluation of main and auxiliary engine loads is based on the operational phase (manoeuvring in port or hotelling at berth), see Table 1. It is important to notice that for the main engine not only the load but also operation time is taken into account. Main engines are assumed to work 30 minutes after ship arrival at berth and 30 minutes before departure. If total hotelling time for a ship was less than 1 hour, it was assumed that main engines run the entire hotelling time in port. Table 7. Engine load and operation time of main and auxiliary engines. Navigation phase Load of MCR Main Engine, % Time all Main Engine operating, % Load of MCR Auxiliary Engine, % Manoeuvring 20 100 50 Hotelling (excluding tankers) 20-40 Hotelling (for tankers) 20 100 60 (Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated 2011) Technical data of a ship s auxiliary engine power is not included in Lloyd s register database. Evaluation of auxiliary engine power was instead performed using statistical data of auxiliary/main engine power based on ship type according to Table 8. Table 8. Auxiliary/main engine power ratio by ship groups. Ship type Ratio Dry Bulk carriers 0.3 Liquid bulk carriers 0.3 Container 0.25 General Cargo 0.23 Ro - Ro Cargo 0.24 Passenger 0.16 Fishing 0.39 Other 0.35 Tugs 0.1 (Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009, updated 2011) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 11

2 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARTNER PORTS Presented in this chapter are the main characteristics of 9 ports that submitted partial or complete data required for the emission calculation. Main characteristics of the ports include location of the port, main cargo types, amount of cargo loaded in ports and etc. 2.1 PORT OF KLAIPEDA Figure 3. Port of Klaipeda (source: Google Earth ) Country: Lithuania Coordinates: Latitude 55,7166 N Longitude 21,1166 E Max draught: 14,5 m Facilities: Bulk, Container, Liquid, RoRo, Dock, Passenger, Multipurpose CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 12

The port of Klaipeda is situated in a narrow strait called Sea Channel which connects Kuršių Marios (the Curonian Lagoon) with the Baltic Sea. It s the largest port in Lithuania equipped to handle most types of vessel up to moderate large size carrying bulk liquids, bulk raw products, containers and general cargo. The principal imports are sugar, frozen cargo, containers and machinery. Exports include grain, metals, fertilizers, timber, cement, peat, oil products and containers. Port operators include: stevedoring, shipbuilding, ship repair and other companies render cargo handling, warehousing, towage, logistics, forwarding, agency, shipbuilding, ship repair and other port-related services (IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia). Figure 4. Port of Klaipeda (source (http://www.veidas.lt/)) In the port of Klaipeda the number of visiting ships shows a decreasing trend. The decrease mainly regards the number of fishing vessels, which has decreased three times over a five year period. However, during the same period the number of ships like general cargo, Ro-Ro and crude oil tankers has remained relatively stable. Like in other ports the size of visiting ships has increased (Figure 5). As well as the cargo turnover (Figure 6), with the exception of 2008 financial crisis, which has more or less affected number of visiting ships and the cargo handled in all analysed ports. This can be seen in figure 6 amount of handled cargo in port show a stable growth up to 2008. After 2008 there is a sudden drop and once again a continued growth to 2010. Table 9. Number of ships visiting Port of Klaipeda by type in 2005 2010 years (data source: Port of Klaipeda) Ship type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bulk ship 265 322 286 317 298 392 General cargo 1775 1525 1873 1799 1717 1836 Container cargo ship 644 594 595 680 658 501 Fishing 1837 1445 1226 917 832 698 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 13

Number of ships Passenger/RoRo 792 785 776 751 680 767 Passenger ship 30 28 40 14 20 - Reefer ship 315 236 253 224 192 202 RoRo ship 200 204 213 217 109 108 Tug 488 553 483 427 345 319 Chemical tanker 53 55 141 163 187 191 Crude oil tanker 319 431 382 387 358 327 Product tanker 7 13 4 4 3 4 Liquid petroleum gas tanker 1 9 2 2 2 Cruise ship 29 21 28 33 31 45 Pilot ship Others 1411 1391 1535 2185 2004 1462 Total 8166 7612 7837 8120 7436 6852 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Number of Ships in Klaipeda 8166 7612 7837 8120 7436 6852 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 5. Number of ships and their average engine power in Port of Klaipeda, in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Klaipeda and IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia) Table 10. Cargo by type handled in Port of Klaipeda in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Klaipeda) Years 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Cargo (mln.t) 21.79 23.61 27.36 29.88 27.86 31.28 RoRo cargo (numbers) 171 700 209 700 225 700 207 200 176 700 229 095 Containers (TEU) 214 000 232 000 321 000 373 000 248 000 295 221 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 14

TEU, Ro-Ro units Millions of tonnes 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Cargo (mln.t) Ro-Ro cargo (numbers) Containers (TEU) Figure 6. Amounts of cargo and ship traffic comparison chart (data source: Port of Klaipeda). CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 15

2.2 PORT OF TURKU Figure 7. Port of Turku (source: Google Earth ) Country: Finland Coordinates: Latitude 60,4333 N Longitude 22,2166 E Max draught: 10 m Facilities: Bulk, Container, Liquid, RoRo, Dry dock, Passenger, Multipurpose CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 16

The port of Turku is situated on the SW coast of Finland, at the mouth of the River Aurajoki, equidistant from Stockholm and St. Petersburg. It has a total area of 225 ha, 5 berths with a total quayage of 1150 m with depth 7,6 10 m. Facilities available for dry bulk, container and liquid cargoes specialising in RoRo and passenger traffic. Principal exports are timber, paper, granite, agricultural products electronics and diesel engines. Imports include iron, machinery, motor vehicles, forage, oils and chemicals.(ihs Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia) Figure 8. Port of Turku (source: Port of Turku website ). The port of Turku shares the same trend of decreasing ship numbers as most other ports. However, in Turku the change is more consistent compared to, for example, port of Klaipeda. Number of visiting ships is decreasing in almost linear trend and in total decreased by more than 30%. As for cargo, the changes are not as consistent; although turnover of some types of cargo has been decreasing (oil products), others have increased (bulk cargo turnover increased with up to 45%) (Table 12). The total number of cargo handled in the port of Turku has decreased by 16%, number of passengers has decreased by 6%. Table 11. Number of ships by type in Port of Turku, in 2005 2010 (data source: port of Turku). Ship type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bulk ship 1 2 3 General cargo 298 243 243 194 136 114 Container cargo ship 25 45 34 53 45 40 Fishing Passenger/RoRo 1423 1379 1408 1419 1430 1414 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 17

Number of ships Passenger ship 6 38 5 3 2 Reefer ship RoRo ship 305 318 273 366 311 363 Tug 64 73 140 61 45 40 Chemical tanker 24 36 31 24 22 21 Crude oil tanker Product tanker 83 63 96 99 77 50 Liquid petroleum gas tanker Cruise ship 6 6 7 7 7 9 Pilot ship Train ferries 849 755 630 390 325 264 Others 29 20 34 34 30 12 Total: 3112 2977 2901 2652 2430 2330 Number of Ships in Turku 3500 3000 2500 3112 2977 2901 2652 2430 2330 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 9. Number of ships (data source: Port of Turku). Table 12. Cargo by type handled in Port of Turku, in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Turku). Cargo type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo (t) 3 239 749 3 352 762 3 262 423 2 778 325 2 439 756 2 634 301 Bulk cargo (t) 197 091 268 284 289 353 320 073 272 746 285 504 Frozen cargo (t) Containers (TEU) 16 719 20 120 21 982 22 736 17 567 13 808 Chemical cargo (t) 77 339 75 298 71 681 97 130 83 671 81 703 Oil products 378 640 349 369 329 320 294 678 241 229 275 183 Crude oil cargo (t) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 18

Tonnes, TEU Number Liquefied gas cargo (t) Passengers (number) 3 770 965 3 707 268 3 571 850 3 541 723 3 614 865 3 566 185 Vehicles (number) 543 035 548 366 536 607 505 654 450 671 453 296 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 1 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0 General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Chemical cargo (t) oil products (t) Containers (TEU) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) Figure 10. Amounts of cargo and ship traffic comparison chart (data source: Port of Turku). CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 19

2.3 PORT OF KALUNDBORG Figure 11. Port of Kalundborg (source: Google Earth ). Country: Coordinates: Max draught: Facilities: Denmark Latitude 55,6833 N Longitude 11,0833 E 14,2 m Bulk, Container, Liquid, RoRo, Passenger CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 20

Kalundborg is situated at the head of a sheltered inlet to the Kalundborg fjord, on the W coast of Sjaelland. Principal exports are super phosphates, grain and oil products. Imports include phosphate, pyrites, potash, coal and coke feed stuff and crude oil. Tanker, cruise, ferry and RoRo facilities are also available at the port (IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia). Figure 12. Port of Kalundborg (source: Port of Kalundborg website ) The Port of Kalundborg does not share the same tendencies as the other ports number of visiting ships are quite stable, even with small increases in 2008 and 2009 and almost equal levels in 2005 and 2010 (Table 13, Figure 13). Furthermore, the size of ships has not increased, but rather decreased, although not noticeably (Figure 13). The cargo turnover in the port has however increased (Figure 14). Looking closer at number of ships and cargo it becomes evident that this effect rather is generated by changes in ship types than by changes in ship size (Table 14). From 2008 the amount of crude oil has been increasing almost 43 times compared to the lowest level in 2007. Table 13. Number of ships by type in Port of Kalundborg, in 2005 2010 (data source: port of Kalundborg) Ship type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bulk ship 322 384 273 422 368 308 General cargo 59 60 93 88 80 65 Container cargo 2 Passenger/RoRo 2480 2512 2582 2615 2656 2475 Tug 151 139 152 180 158 161 Product tanker 23 11 7 19 31 34 Cruise ship 4 1 10 8 5 6 Total 3039 3107 3117 3332 3300 3049 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 21

Number of ships 3500 3000 Number of Ships in Kalundborg 3039 3107 3117 3332 3300 3049 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 13. Number of ships (data source: Port of Kalundborg ) Table 14. Cargo handled by type in Port of Kalundborg, in 2005 2010 (data source: Port of Kalundborg) Cargo type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo, t 24 747 17 046 23 840 19 374 21 828 18 690 Bulk cargo, t 556 609 743 697 753 055 575 800 728 426 856 640 Frozen cargo, t Containers, t 70 Chemical cargo, t Crude oil cargo, t 2239 1814 1238 21945 38597 52491 Liquefied cargo, t Passengers, numbers Vehicles, numbers 511 317 522 645 554 316 500 522 417 212 423 905 183 329 185 888 178 897 162325 129 369 128 181 Total, t 583 595 762 557 778 133 617 119 788 921 927 821 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 22

Tonnes Numbers 900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 General cargo, t Bulk cargo, t Crude oil cargo, t Passengers, numbers Vehicles, numbers Figure 14. Amounts of cargo in Port of Kalundborg (data source: Port of Kalundborg) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 23

2.4 PORT OF OSLO Figure 15. Port of Oslo (source: Google Earth ) Country: Norway Coordinates: Latitude 59,9166 N Longitude 10,7500 E Max draught: 11 m Facilities: Bulk, Container, Liquid, RoRo, Passenger, Multipurpose CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 24

The port of Oslo is a well sheltered, major harbour built around the mainland coast of the bay in the NE corner of Oslo fjord. The harbour is divided into the Eastern and Western harbour by a group of islands lying in the entrance of the bay which are joined by channels. The port serves as a considerable industrial and commercial centre, handling a large part of the country s foreign trade, both imports and exports. There are extensive RoRo ferry and cruise facilities. It has excellent road and rail connections with the rest of Norway and is equipped to handle most types of cargo (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide). Figure 16. Port of Oslo (source: port of Oslo website) The number of ships visiting the port of Oslo has been decreasing by around 12% every year since 2007, but stabilized in 2010 (Table 15). Total cargo traffic in port of Oslo has decreased by 10%. It is also noteworthy that the composition of cargo flow has changed, the general cargo has decreased by 18%, container cargo traffic increased by 15%, oil products by 8%. Table 15. Number of ships by type in Port of Oslo, in 2005 2010 (data source: Port of Oslo) Ship type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bulk ship 278 278 244 161 144 124 General cargo 1146 1173 1284 1130 829 811 Container cargo ship 496 512 387 412 401 401 Fishing Passenger/RoRo 1320 1340 1354 1123 1031 1027 Passenger ship RoRo ship (incl. In General cargo) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 25

Number of ships Tug Product and chemical tanker 239 274 271 284 274 292 Liquid petroleum gas tanker Cruise ship 139 147 133 146 146 150 Pilot ship Total 3618 3724 3673 3256 2825 2805 Number of Ships in Oslo 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 3618 3724 3673 3256 2825 2805 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 17. Number of ships (data source: Port of Oslo) Table 16. Cargo by type handled in Port of Oslo, in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Oslo) Cargo type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo (t) 2728000 2643000 2722000 2445000 2128000 2303000 Bulk cargo (t) 1331000 1684000 1608000 1407000 1066000 1019000 Frozen cargo (t) Containers (TEU) 171000 172000 196000 190000 179000 202000 Chemical cargo (t) Crude oil cargo (t) Liquefied gas cargo (t) Petroleum products (t) 1931000 2029000 1980000 2067000 2081000 2086000 Passengers (number) 2794000 2797000 2887000 2649000 2530000 2548000 Vehicles (number) 234000 225000 243000 197000 188000 198000 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 26

Tonness Number, TEU 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Petroleum products (t) Petroleum products (t) Containers (TEU) Passengers (number) Figure 18. Amounts of cargo in Port of Oslo (data source: Port of Oslo) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 27

2.5 PORT OF TALLINN Figure 19. Port of Tallinn (source: Google Earth ) Country: Estonia Coordinates: Latitude 59,4500 N Longitude 24,7666 E Max draught: 10,7 m Facilities: Break bulk, Dry bulk, dry dock, liquid, RoRo, Passenger CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 28

The Tallinn Port Authority is responsible for the following five constituent harbours: Vanasadam (Old City Harbour), Palijassaare Harbour (located 6 km W of Old harbour in same bay), Paldiski South Harbour (located 50 km W of the city), Muuga Harbour (located 17 km E of the city) and Saaremaa (located 135 km SW of Tallinn). Paljassaare, Paldiski, Muuga and Saaremaa are shown as separate entries. Vanasadam, the Old City Harbour is the main commercial harbour, the most easterly of the harbours in the S part of the bay, consisting of 4 basins and a pier extending NW of the harbour, with berths for tankers, RoRo, container and passenger vessels. Bekkeri Port situated in W part of Tallinn, located on the SE coast of the Kopli peninsula in the Bay of Kopli Vene-Balti Port located on Kopli peninsular, N of Bekkeri Port. The port is practically ice free with depths up to 18.5 m. The bay only freezes during severe winters and is kept open all year round with ice breakers. The main commodities handled are grain, coal, oil products, metal, timber, cement, general cargo, cars and passengers. (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide) Figure 20. Port of Tallinn, Paljassaare (source: Port of Tallinn website ) The number of ships in Tallinn shows an apparent decreasing tendency; from 12 373 in 2005 to 7 274 in 2010.The decreasing of number of ship in port of Tallinn is quite similar to the one seen in Turku. These ports are in the same region of Baltic Sea and both can be a gateway for further cargo traffic to Russia. Engine and cargo turnover does not show the same pattern as the average engine power has increased by 10 percent while cargo turnover has remained relatively stable over the five year period. This suggests an increasing size of average ships visiting the ports of Tallinn. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 29

Number of ships Table 17. Number of ships by type in Ports of Tallinn, in 2005 2010 (data source: Port of Tallinn) Ship type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bulk ship 232 290 213 80 135 187 General cargo 910 768 761 677 534 608 Container cargo ship 498 446 437 429 399 339 Fishing 30 17 27 Passenger/RoRo 9074 8379 7567 6290 4309 4835 Reefer ship 59 59 26 13 9 2 RoRo ship 353 370 423 724 806 243 Product tanker 799 921 717 558 695 738 Cruise ship 324 299 274 304 310 286 Others 94 175 169 57 42 36 Total 12373 11724 10614 9132 7239 7274 Number of Ships in Tallinn 14000 12000 12373 11724 10614 10000 9132 8000 7239 7274 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 21. Number of ships (data source: Port of Tallinn) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 30

Table 18. Cargo by type handled in Port of Tallinn, in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Tallinn) Cargo type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo (t) 5389000 5699000 5679000 5461000 4132000 5349000 Bulk cargo (t) 33991000 35385000 30196000 23505000 27415000 31248000 Frozen cargo (t) Containers (TEU) 127585 152399 180911 180927 131059 151969 Chemical cargo (t) Crude oil cargo (t) 2580700 325500 690439 232700 9850 869328 Liquefied gas cargo (t) Passengers (number) 7007558 6760149 6514294 7247366 7257646 7915113 Vehicles (number) 938590 988108 1057165 1135092 1142815 1355388 Tonnnes x 100000 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Tonnes x 10000 0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Crude oil cargo (t) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) Figure 22. Amounts of cargo (data source: Port of Tallinn) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 31

2.6 PORT OF ROSTOCK Figure 23. Port of Rostock (source: Google Earth ) Country: Germany. Coordinates: Latitude 54,1666 N Longitude 12,1166E. Max draught: 13,0 m Facilities: Break bulk, RoRo, Container, Dry bulk, Dry dock, Liquid, LPG, Passenger, Multipurpoise. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 32

The port of Rostock is situated in the W of the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the River Wamow, 80 km E of Lübeck. Rostock is the principal port of Mecklenburg- Vorpommern. The port consists of fishing, oil, passengers chemical and other terminals. (Source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide) Figure 24. Port of Rostock (source: port of Rostock website) In the port of Rostock the number of visiting ships increased consistently until 2008 and has since suffered a slight drop. The cargo turnover remained quite constant during the same period, with minor fluctuations. However, there have been some changes in types of cargo; where the fraction of liquid bulk cargo of the total cargo turnover has increased noticeably. Also, the number of cruise ships has increased. Table 19. Number of ships by type in Port of Rostock, in 2005 2010 (data source: Port of Rostock) Ship type Number of ships in 2005 Number of ships in 2006 Number of ships in 2007 Number of ships in 2008 Number of ships in 2009 Number of ships in 2010 Bulk ship General cargo 1363 1560 1520 1464 1280 1354 Passenger/RoRo Passenger ship 5466 5709 5856 6085 5340 5164 RoRo ship 375 450 385 634 489 291 Tug 44 38 50 58 33 147 Chemical tanker Crude oil tanker Product tanker Cruise ship 764 97 936 138 1048 93 1023 115 992 113 897 114 Others 838 783 794 821 766 1163 Total 8947 9614 9746 10200 9013 9130 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 33

Number of ships 12000 Number of Ships in Rostock 10000 8947 9614 9746 10200 9013 9130 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 25. Number of ships (data source: Port of Turku and IHS Fairplay World Shipping Encyclopaedia) Table 20. Cargo by type handled in Port of Rostock, in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Rostock), mln. tonnes 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo 0,7 1 1,1 0,6 0,4 0,4 Bulk cargo 5,8 6 5,1 5,9 5,4 6 Liquid cargo 2,5 2,9 3,9 4,7 4 4,6 Ferry and RoRo 13,9 15,3 16,4 16 11,7 12,7 Total 22,9 25,2 26,5 27,2 21,5 23,7 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 34

Tonnes, millions Number, millions 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo Bulk cargo Liquid cargo Ferry and Ro-Ro 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Figure 26. Amounts of cargo in Port of Rostock (data source: Port of Rostock) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 35

2.7 PORT OF HELSINKI Figure 27. Port of Helsinki (source: Google Earth ) Country: Finland. Coordinates: Latitude 60,1500N Longitude 24,9500E Max draught: 11,0 m Facilities: Break bulk, RoRo, Container, Passenger, Dry bulk, Multipurpoise, Liquid. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 36

Helsinki is situated on the S coast of Finland at the mouth of the River Vantaa, in the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki port is Finland's largest general cargo import port, the second largest export port and the leading container and passenger port. Extensive cargo handling facilities are provided by the following harbours: West, South, Laajasalo Oil Harbour (closing end 2010) and Vuosaari, approximately 16 km NE of the city. The former North Harbour has been gradually discontinued for commercial traffic, all services have moved to Vuosaari Harbour. The West Harbour specialises in container transport and Vuosaari Harbour in container and RoRo transport. Passenger services are mostly concentrated to the South Harbour and partly to the West Harbour. These harbours cover a total area of 164 ha and provide over 11,046 m of quays. In winter the port is kept clear of ice by large ice breaking vessels (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide). Figure 28. Port of Helsinki (source: Port of Helsinki website) Approximately 8 740 vessels, 10 900 000 of cargo, including 400 000 TEU and 10 000 000 passengers handled annually. Overall cargo traffic in port of Helsinki has remained stable. With a noticeable increase in general, bulk cargo and vehicles in 2008. As for the ships, the number of ships, visiting port of Helsinki has been decreasing by linear trend over the years. There is a difference of more than 4 000 between the number of ships in 2005 and 2010. Considering that there was no great change in cargo traffic we can conclude that just like in other ports there is a significant change in ships size, and that the CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 37

Number of ships change of cargo handled and number of visited ships ratio has been most notable in comparison with other ports. Table 21. Number of ships by type in Port of Helsinki, in 2005 2010 (data source: Port of Helsinki) Ship type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bulk ship 220 150 100 90 77 56 Container ship cargo 1150 1300 1100 1050 898 765 Passenger/RoRo 2350 2300 2640 2610 2206 2052 Passenger ship 3510 3150 3140 3810 3964 4123 Tug 5580 4670 4100 2360 1215 1083 Liquid petroleum gas tanker 70 90 75 40 44 33 Cruise ship 248 260 238 270 264 251 Others 137 220 72 86 Total 13128 11920 11530 10450 8740 8449 14000 12000 10000 13128 Number of Ships in Helsinki 11920 11530 10450 8740 8449 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 29. Number of ships (data source: Port of Helsinki) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 38

Tonnes, TEU, vehicles Passengers 14000000 600000 12000000 10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000 2000000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo (t) Bulk cargo (t) Containers (TEU) Passengers (number) Vehicles (number) 0 Figure 28. Amounts of cargo in Port of Helsinki (data source: Port of Helsinki) Table 22. Cargo by type handled in Port of Helsinki, in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Helsinki) Cargo type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo (t) 9 465 000 10 263 000 11 885 000 10 857 000 8 578 000 9 809 000 Bulk cargo (t) 1 220 000 1 100 000 1 189 000 819 000 1 125 000 1 033 000 Containers (TEU) 460 000 417 000 431 000 420 000 360 000 400 000 Passengers (number) 9 067 8 786 8 772 9 263 9 372 10 113 000 000 000 000 000 000 Vehicles (number) 384 000 429 000 550 000 518 000 431 000 491 000 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 39

2.8 PORT OF TRELLEBORG Figure 30. Port of Trelleborg (source: Google earth ) Country: Sweden Coordinates: Latitude 55,3666N, Longitude 13,1666E Max draught: 7.6 m Facilities: RoRo, Passenger, dry bulk, Liquid. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 40

Port of Trelleborg is one of the largest RoRo and ferry ports in Scandinavia, serving regular routes to Rostock, Travemunde and Sassanitz. It s most southern Swedish Port. Approx. 10.7 million tons. (Source IHS) of cargo and 2.1 million passengers are handled annually. The three pools of the harbour total 253 000 m². Nyhamnen, The western pool has a depth of 8.0 m. The eastern pool has a depth of 8.0 m in its western part and 6.5 m elsewhere. The land area of the harbour facilities totals 474 000 m² and a total quay length of 1 820 m. "The New Harbour", has a depth of 8.0 m and has quays to the N and S. Also on the S side is the oil dock with its nearby tanks (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide). Figure 31. Port of Trelleborg (source: http://www.greenport.com) Approximately 2 mln. passengers and 750 thousands vehicles handled annually. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 41

Number 2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Passengers (number) Year Vehicles (number) Figure 32. Amount of cargo, passengers in Port of Trelleborg (data source: Port of Trelleborg) Table 23. Cargo by type handled in Port of Trelleborg, in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Trelleborg) Cargo type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Passengers (number) 1 690 758 1 696 598 1 889 802 1 820 810 1 556 076 1 569 485 Vehicles (number) 711 851 746 304 889 661 865 497 732 916 760 260 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 42

2.9 PORT OF HAMBURG Figure 33. Port of Hamburg (source: Google earth ) Country: Germany Coordinates: Latitude 53,5333N Longitude 9,8833 Max draught: 15.1 m Facilities: Break Bulk, Container, Dry bulk, Dry dock, Liquid, RoRo, Passenger, Multipurpose CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 43

Hamburg is situated on the River Elbe, 65 nm from the open sea. Its Germany's largest and most important port, with over 320 berths, handling a wide variety of cargoes and especially prominent in container and petroleum movements. Also extensive transshipment facilities, including the container block train system and the Elbe Lateral Canal which links Hamburg to Magdeburg, Aken, Riesa, Dresden, Decin and Prague, as well as Brunswick and Hanover. Approx. 121 200 000 t of cargo, 8 000 000 TEU, 112 200 passengers and 23 800 vessels handled in port of Hamburg annually. Max draught on HW 15.1 m FW (inbound) 13.8 m FW (outbound), 12.8 m FW at all times. Bulk carriers up to 300 000 DWT partly laden with approx. 135 000 t of cargo (source: IHS Fairplay Ports & Terminals Guide). Figure 34. Port of Hamburg (source: http://www.kalitransport.com) Table 24. Number of ships by type in Port of Hamburg, in 2005 2010 (data source: Port of Hamburg) Ship type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Bulk ship 1975 1917 1759 1822 1614 1563 General cargo/reefer 823 915 933 780 817 979 Container cargo ship 7186 7560 7492 7155 5589 5252 Passenger/RoRo 260 205 200 260 272 264 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 44

Number of ships Passenger ship 223 207 205 197 202 208 Chemical tanker 1384 1461 1495 1512 1431 1339 Cruise ship 25 47 57 61 72 88 Pilot ship Others 91 70 76 111 134 150 Total 11 967 12 382 12 217 11 898 10 131 9843 Number of Ships in Hamburg 14000 12000 10000 11967 12382 12217 11898 10131 9843 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 35. Number of ships (data source: Port of Hamburg) Table 25. Cargo by type handled in port of Hamburg, in 2005-2010 (data source: Port of Hamburg) Cargo type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo, mln.t 85.8 114.3 120.4 118.2 88.7 100.4 Bulk cargo, mln. t 40 49 46.9 49 44.1 46.9 20' Containers, 1000 of TEU 8100 8862 9890 9737 7008 7896 CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 45

Tonnes TEU x 1000 140 120 12000 10000 100 80 60 40 20 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 General cargo, mln.t Year Bulk cargo, mln. T 0 Figure 36. Amounts of cargo in Port of Hamburg (data source: Port of Hamburg) CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 46

3 ANALYSIS OF CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTIONS EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS IN PORTS Data gathered about the number of ships visiting analysed ports showed, that in most ports, except Kalundborg and Rostock, the amount of visiting ships is decreasing, although the composition of total ships traffic, by ship type has remained constant (Figure 37, Figure 38). There could be various reasons that can influence these decreases, such as an economic crisis, changes in national legislations, actions of competitor ports etc. However, there is another tendency parallel to the decreasing numbers of ships having an effect on both air emissions and cargo loads (Figure 42, 43), namely changing ship sizes (Figure 39). Technical data gathered about the ships visiting the ports showed that the average ship size has increased in almost all ship types since 2005. For bulk and general cargo ships the increase is as large as 33 38% respectively (Figure 39). This infers that either the smaller older ships are being removed from service, or, that there has been an addition of new ships with greater gross tonnage that influence the average size. Yet, the former statement could in part be denied by the average ship age chart presented in Figure 40, Figure 41 and numbers of ships in Figure 37; at the same time as the average size of ships is increasing the average visiting ship in ports is getting older, suggesting that there is no addition of new ships and that only smaller ships are being put out of service/changed their shipping area. In terms of emission increase, bigger ships are rather beneficial because with the increase of size the ratio consumed fuel/cargo carried decreases, in turn decreasing the amount of harmful air pollutants. In addition, it can be understood that many ships that are still operating in the Baltic Sea do not fall even under MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Tier I requirements for NO x emissions (Figure 44). According to the MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI regulations for NO x emission from ships engines, NO x regulation applies only to engines installed on ships constructed on or after 1st January 2000 and for those which undergoes major conversion on or after 1st January 2000. In addition revised MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Tier I (entered into force October 2008) standards become applicable to existing engines installed on ships built between 1st January 1990 to 31st December 1999, with a displacement 90 liters per cylinder and rated output 5000 kw (Revised MARPOL Annex VI Adopted on 10 October 2008). There for majority of ships, that were older 5 years in 2005 and those that were older than 20 years in 2010 that were not modified were not governed by MARPOL 73/78 NO x regulations. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 47

Number of ships, thousands 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Figure 37. Total number of ships in 7 analysed ports. Figure 38. Total number of ships by type in 7 analysed ports. CLEANSHIP Task 3.1 Page 48