Tallinn Capital of Estonia with its The Fairy-Tale Charm. Dr. Tom Duryea

Prehistoric Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Danish Influence Brotherhood of the Swords & The Teutonic Knights The Hanseatic League Renaissance & Reformation (Swedes) The Russians Independence

Prehistoric Period Area first settled circa 10,000 BC by Kunda Culture Hunter-Gatherers Elk & Seals Lived on edge of Forests Ceramics & Pottery of thick clay mixed with pebbles, shells or plants Figures of Animals, Birds, Snakes and Men carved from Bone and Amber

Bronze & Iron Ages After 1800 BC First Fortified Settlements Asva, Ridala, and Iru Ship Building Trading in Bronze & Flint Stone Cist Graves Cremation Possibly visited by Greeks (325 BC) Most Iron Items Imported Some Iron Smelted from Marsh & Lake Ore

Early Middle Ages 9 th & 10 th Century Trading Port - Lindanise Wooden Fort on Toompea (Castle) Hill Russian & Scandinavian Traders & Merchants Recreated Wood Fort in Poland

Early Middle Ages 9 th & 10 th Century Trading Port - Lindanise Wooden Fort on Toompea Hill Russian & Scandinavian Traders & Merchants Recreated Wood Fort in Poland

Then Came the Danes King Valdemar II Spring 1219 German-Scandinavian Colonization of Livonia and Estonia Danes ready to Surrender, a red flag with a white cross fell from the sky, and gave the Danes the victory at Reval Danish flag, the Dannebrog

Then Came the Danes but not for Long The Order of the Brotherhood of the Swords (1227-1238) German Warrior Monks (invited by Merchants) 1 st Stone Fort Conversion of the Pagans Returned to Denmark Given Same Legal Rights as other German Merchant Towns

Then Came the Teutonic Knights German Roman Catholic Religious Order Formed in the Middle East 12 th Century Moved to Transylvania in 1211, Prussia 1230 Fought Christian Kingdoms in North Merchants & Naval Power in the Baltic Put Down Piracy

Then Came the Teutonic Knights Sold by Denmark to Knights 1346 Merchants & Artisans built 2 nd lower wall German Knights Estonian Merchants

Then Came the Teutonic Knights

What About the Hanseatic League Founded 13 th Century by North German towns and German Merchant Communities abroad to protect Mutual Trading Interests (1285) - Monopolies Piracy, Navigation (lighthouses, buoys, pilots) Dominated Commercial Activity in Northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th Century

What About the Hanseatic League German merchants helped establish important towns on the east coast of the Baltic including Reval (now Tallinn) Advanced Western Cities Need for Raw Materials Manufactured Goods Contacts with Mediterranean & Asian Products

Why Two City Walls Inner Wall Toompea Hill Built by the Teutonic Knights to Protect the Bishop (Komtour) and their Interests Administrative Center

Why Two City Walls Outer Wall Lower City Built by the German Merchants & Artisans (Hanseatic) Protection from the Knights (Conflict of Interest)

Why Two City Walls Outside the Walls Estonian Peasants Maintained Culture & Language

Renaissance & Reformation Strong German Influence - Luther 1561 Became part of Sweden Returned Power to Estonians sort of Protection from the Russians Ivan the Terrible Decimated by Plague, capitulated to Peter the Great 1710 Holy Spirit Lutheran Church - 1684

The Russians Peter the Great ordered a New Port Built Local German Town Council (Magistracy of Reval and Chivalry of Estonia) retained cultural and economical autonomy Rebuilt city after Plague (1709-13)

The Russians Catherine II (1783) imposed Russian government style Town Council - Courts Old Order reestablished Paul I (1796) 19 th Century Czars little by little erased Local Control

The Soviets Industrialization Machinery Construction and Electro-Technical Companies supported Soviet Military

The Soviets Industrialization Machinery Construction and Electro-Technical Companies supported Soviet Military Soviet Style Residential Building

Back to the Fairy-Tale

Back to the Fairy-Tale St. Nicolas Church 1275 Pikk Hermann 14 th Century Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 1900 St. Mary s Cathedral 1219-1330

St. Mary s Cathedral Tallinna Neitsi Maarja Piiskoplik Toomkirik Original 1229 Expanded 1330 Lutheran 1561

St. Mary s Cathedral Tallinna Neitsi Maarja Piiskoplik Toomkirik Dome 15th Century Spire 18th Century Furnishings 17 th Century

St. Mary s Cathedral Rebuilt after Fire of 1684

Back to the Fairy-Tale Toompea Castle 14 th Century

Back to the Fairy-Tale Toompea Castle 14 th Century Pikk Hermann Knights of the Swords

Back to the Fairy-Tale Peek into the Kitchen Old German name for Round Cannon Towers 1475

Back to the Fairy-Tale Bastion Passages 1670 s Built by Swedes between the Towers

Back to the Fairy-Tale Town Hall - 1404

Back to the Fairy-Tale Town Council Pharmacy before 1422 (3 rd owner)

Back to the Fairy-Tale Estonian History Museum (Great Guild Hall) 1410 Items from ancient Arabic gold coins to Medieval Weaponry

Back to the Fairy-Tale Great Guild Hall

Back to the Fairy-Tale City Wall

Back to the Fairy-Tale St. Catherine s Passage Ruins of St. Catherine s church 15th-17th century residences

Back to the Fairy-Tale Tallinn House of Blackheads -14 th Century Young Single Merchants (and foreigners)

Back to the Fairy-Tale City Wall Items from ancient Arabic gold coins to Medieval Weaponry

Back to the Fairy-Tale

Back to the Fairy-Tale Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (1900)

Any Questions? Kas küsimusi on?